Layer 3 Gigabit Ethernet Switch
24+2G - WGS3-2620
4G+4slot – WGS3-404
User’s Manual
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• Wear an anti-static wrist strap or take other suitable measures to prevent electrostatic discharge
whenever handling this equipment.
• When connecting to a power outlet, connect the field ground lead on the triple power plug to a
valid earth ground line to prevent electrical hazards.
FCC Compliance Statement
This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and if not installed and used properly, that is,
in strict accordance with the instructions provided with the equipment, may cause interference to radio
and TV communication. The equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A
computing device in accordance with the specifications in Subpart B of Part 15 of FCC rules, which are
designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation. However,
there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If you suspect this
equipment is causing interference, turn your Ethernet Switch on and off while your radio or TV is showing
interference, if the interference disappears when you turn your Ethernet Switch off and reappears when
you turn it back on, there is interference being caused by the Ethernet Switch.
You can try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
Reorient the receiving radio or TV antenna where this may be done safely.
To the extent possible, relocate the radio, TV or other receiver away from the Switch.
Plug the Ethernet Switch into a different power outlet so that the Switch and the receiver are on
different branch circuits.
If necessary, you should consult the place of purchase or an experienced radio/television technician for
additional suggestions.
CE Mark Warning
In a domestic environment, this product may cause radio interference, in which case the user may be
required to take adequate measures.
Revision
User's Manual for PLANET Layer 3 Gigabit Ethernet Switch
Model: WGS3-404, WGS3-2620
Rev: 2.0 (October. 2002)
Part No. EMQ-WGS3-v1
WGS3 Layer 3 Switch User’s Manual
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 FEATURES........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 SPECIFICATION .................................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 2. INSTALLING THE SWITCH ................................................................................................. 4
2.1 PACKAGE CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE ............................................................................................................... 4
2.2.1 Front Panel of WGS3-2620 ....................................................................................................... 4
2.2.1.1 Front Panel Description ......................................................................................................................4
2.2.1.2 Port Description..................................................................................................................................4
2.2.1.3 LED Definition.....................................................................................................................................5
2.2.2 Front Panel of WGS3-404 ......................................................................................................... 5
2.2.2.1 Front Panel Description ......................................................................................................................5
2.2.2.2 Port Description..................................................................................................................................6
2.2.2.3 LED Definition.....................................................................................................................................6
2.2.3 Rear Panel of WGS3-2620 and WGS3-404.............................................................................. 6
2.2.4 Module Hardware Description ................................................................................................... 7
2.2.4.1 Panel Description ...............................................................................................................................7
2.2.4.2 WGSW-C1GT LED Definition.............................................................................................................7
2.2.4.3 WGSW-C1SX LED Definition .............................................................................................................8
2.3 MOUNTING THE SWITCH....................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.1 Mounting Switches in a Rack..................................................................................................... 8
2.4 CONNECTING THE SWITCH SYSTEM ...................................................................................................... 8
2.4.1 Making a Connection to an RJ-45 Port...................................................................................... 9
2.4.2 Making a Connection to an Gigabit Fiber Module ..................................................................... 9
2.5 POWERING ON THE SWITCH................................................................................................................. 9
2.6 VERIFYING SYSTEM OPERATION......................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER 3. SWITCH MANAGEMENT....................................................................................................11
3.1 CONFIGURATION OPTIONS ..................................................................................................................11
3.2 REQUIRED CONNECTIONS...................................................................................................................11
3.2.1 Console Port (Out-of-Band) Connections.................................................................................11
3.2.2 In-Band Connections ............................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER 4. CONSOLE INTERFACE..................................................................................................... 13
4.1 LOGIN SCREEN.................................................................................................................................. 13
4.2 MAIN MENU....................................................................................................................................... 15
4.3 SYSTEM INFORMATION MENU ............................................................................................................. 17
4.3.1 Displaying System Information ................................................................................................ 18
4.3.2 Displaying Switch Version Information .................................................................................... 19
4.3.2.1 Switch Information of WGS3-2620 ...................................................................................................19
4.3.2.2 Switch Information of WGS3-404 .....................................................................................................20
4.4 MANAGEMENT SETUP MENU .............................................................................................................. 21
4.4.1 Changing the Network Configuration....................................................................................... 22
4.4.1.1 IP Configuration (Layer 2 Mode).......................................................................................................23
4.4.1.2 IP Connectivity Test (Ping)................................................................................................................25
4.4.1.3 HTTP Configuration..........................................................................................................................26
4.4.2 Configuring the Serial Port....................................................................................................... 27
4.4.3 Assigning SNMP Parameters .................................................................................................. 29
4.4.3.1 Configuring Community Names........................................................................................................30
4.4.3.2 Configuring IP Trap Managers..........................................................................................................31
4.4.4 User Login Configuration......................................................................................................... 32
4.4.5 Downloading System Software................................................................................................ 34
4.4.6 Saving or Restoring the System Configuration........................................................................ 35
4.5 DEVICE CONTROL MENU.................................................................................................................... 37
4.5.1 Setting the System Operation Mode........................................................................................ 38
4.5.2 Layer 2 Menu........................................................................................................................... 39
4.5.2.1 Configuring Port Parameters ............................................................................................................40
4.5.2.2 Using a Mirror Port for Analysis........................................................................................................41
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4.5.2.3 Configuring Port Trunks....................................................................................................................42
4.5.2.4 Configuring the Static Unicast Address Table...................................................................................44
4.5.2.5 Configuring the Static Multicast Address Table.................................................................................45
4.5.3 Using the Bridge Menu ............................................................................................................ 46
4.5.3.1 Configuring Global Bridge Settings...................................................................................................47
4.5.3.2 Configuring STA for Ports.................................................................................................................50
4.5.4 Configuring Virtual LANs.......................................................................................................... 52
4.5.4.1 VLAN Port Configuration ..................................................................................................................52
4.5.4.2 VLAN Table Configuration ................................................................................................................55
4.5.4.3 Reset Address Table Mode...............................................................................................................57
4.5.5 Configuring IGMP Snooping.................................................................................................... 58
4.5.6 Configuring IP Settings............................................................................................................ 60
4.5.6.1 Subnet Configuration........................................................................................................................62
4.5.6.1.1 Adding an IP Interface ..............................................................................................................63
4.5.6.1.2 Configuring Port Groups ...........................................................................................................65
4.5.6.1.3 Modifying an IP Interface ..........................................................................................................66
4.5.6.1.4 Configuring RIP ........................................................................................................................67
4.5.6.1.5 Configuring OSPF.....................................................................................................................69
4.5.6.1.5 Configuring DVMRP..................................................................................................................72
4.5.6.2 Protocol Configuration ......................................................................................................................73
4.5.6.2.1 Setting the ARP Timeout...........................................................................................................75
4.5.6.2.2 Setting the RIP Advertisement Policy .......................................................................................76
4.5.6.2.3 Configuring Global Settings for OSPF ......................................................................................77
4.5.6.2.3.1 OSPF Area Configuration .................................................................................................79
4.5.6.2.3.2 OSPF Area Range Configuration......................................................................................81
4.5.6.2.3.3 OSPF Virtual Link Configuration .......................................................................................82
4.5.6.2.4 Configuring DHCP Relay ..........................................................................................................84
4.5.6.3 Static ARP Configuration..................................................................................................................85
4.5.6.4 Static Route Configuration................................................................................................................86
4.5.6.5 Configuring the Default Route ..........................................................................................................88
4.5.7 Security Menu.......................................................................................................................... 89
4.5.7.1 Configuring MAC Address Filters .....................................................................................................90
4.5.7.2 IP Filtering Configuration ..................................................................................................................91
4.5.8 Jumbo Packet Configuration.................................................................................................... 92
4.6 MONITORING THE SWITCH.................................................................................................................. 93
4.6.1 Displaying Port Statistics ......................................................................................................... 94
4.6.1.1 Displaying Ethernet Port Statistics....................................................................................................95
4.6.1.2 Displaying RMON Statistics..............................................................................................................97
4.6.2 Layer 2 Address Tables ........................................................................................................... 99
4.6.2.1 Displaying the Unicast Address Table ............................................................................................100
4.6.3 Displaying Bridge Information................................................................................................ 101
4.6.3.1 Viewing the Current Spanning Tree Bridge Information..................................................................102
4.6.3.2 Displaying the Current Spanning Tree Port information..................................................................104
4.6.4 Displaying VLAN Information................................................................................................. 106
4.6.4.1 VLAN Dynamic Registration Information ........................................................................................107
4.6.4.2 VLAN Forwarding Information ........................................................................................................108
4.6.5 IP Multicast Registration Table .............................................................................................. 109
4.6.6 IP Address Table.....................................................................................................................110
4.6.6.1 Displaying Subnet Information........................................................................................................ 111
4.6.6.2 ARP Table.......................................................................................................................................112
4.6.6.3 Routing Table..................................................................................................................................113
4.6.6.3.1 Displaying Detailed Routing Information.................................................................................115
4.6.6.4 Multicast Table................................................................................................................................116
4.6.6.4.1 Displaying IGMP Registration Table........................................................................................117
4.6.6.4.2 Displaying the Multicast Forwarding Cache............................................................................119
4.6.6.4.3 Displaying the DVMRP Routing Table.....................................................................................120
4.6.6.4.4 Displaying the DVMRP Neighbor Table ..................................................................................121
4.6.6.5 OSPF Table ....................................................................................................................................122
4.6.6.5.1 Display Interface Table............................................................................................................123
4.6.6.5.2 Displaying the Link State Table...............................................................................................124
4.6.6.5.3 Displaying the Neighbor Table................................................................................................126
4.6.6.5.4 Displaying the Virtual Neighbor Table .....................................................................................128
4.7 RESETTING THE SYSTEM.................................................................................................................. 130
4.8 LOGGING OFF THE SYSTEM.............................................................................................................. 131
CHAPTER 5. WEB INTERFACE ............................................................................................................ 132
5.1 WEB-BASED CONFIGURATION AND MONITORING ............................................................................... 132
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5.2 NAVIGATING THE WEB BROWSER INTERFACE .................................................................................... 134
5.2.1 Home Page............................................................................................................................ 134
5.2.2 Configuration Options............................................................................................................ 136
5.3 PANEL DISPLAY ............................................................................................................................... 137
5.3.1 Port State Display .................................................................................................................. 137
5.3.2 Configuring the Serial Port..................................................................................................... 139
5.4 MAIN MENU..................................................................................................................................... 140
5.5 SYSTEM INFORMATION MENU ........................................................................................................... 142
5.5.1 Displaying System Information .............................................................................................. 142
5.5.2 Displaying Switch Version Information .................................................................................. 143
5.5.2.1 WGS3-2620....................................................................................................................................143
5.5.2.2 WGS3-404......................................................................................................................................144
5.6 MANAGEMENT SETUP MENU ............................................................................................................ 145
5.6.1 Changing the Network Configuration ( Layer 2 Mode of WGS3-2620) ................................. 146
5.6.2 Assigning SNMP Parameters ................................................................................................ 149
5.6.2.1 Configuring Community Names......................................................................................................149
5.6.2.2 Configuring IP Trap Managers........................................................................................................150
5.6.3 User Login Configuration....................................................................................................... 151
5.6.3.1 Displaying the Current User Configuration .....................................................................................151
5.6.4 Downloading System Software.............................................................................................. 152
5.6.5 Saving or Restoring the System Configuration...................................................................... 153
5.7 DEVICE CONTROL MENU.................................................................................................................. 154
5.7.1 Layer 2 Menu......................................................................................................................... 155
5.7.1.1 Configuring Port Parameters ..........................................................................................................155
5.7.1.2 Using Port Mirror for Analysis.........................................................................................................157
5.7.1.2.1 Using Port Mirroring on WGS3-2620 ......................................................................................157
5.7.1.2.2 Using Port Mirroring on WGS3-404 ........................................................................................158
5.7.1.3 Configuring Port Trunks..................................................................................................................159
5.7.1.4 Static Unicast Address Table..........................................................................................................161
5.7.1.5 Configuring the Static Multicast Address Table ..............................................................................162
5.7.2 Using the Bridge Menu .......................................................................................................... 163
5.7.2.1 Configuring Global Bridge Settings.................................................................................................163
5.7.2.2 Configuring STA for Ports...............................................................................................................166
5.7.3 Configuring Virtual LANs ....................................................................................................... 168
5.7.3.1 VLAN Port Configuration ................................................................................................................168
5.7.3.2 VLAN Table Configuration..............................................................................................................171
5.7.3.3 Reset Address Table Mode.............................................................................................................173
5.7.4 Configuring IGMP Snooping.................................................................................................. 174
5.7.5 Configuring IP Settings.......................................................................................................... 176
5.7.5.1 Subnet Configuration......................................................................................................................177
5.7.5.1.1 Adding an IP Interface ............................................................................................................178
5.7.5.1.2 Modifying an IP Interface ........................................................................................................178
5.7.5.1.3 Configuring RIP ......................................................................................................................178
5.7.5.1.4 Configuring OSPF...................................................................................................................180
5.7.5.1.5 Configuring DVMRP................................................................................................................183
5.7.5.2 Protocol Configuration ....................................................................................................................184
5.7.5.2.1 Setting the ARP Timeout.........................................................................................................186
5.7.5.2.2 Setting the RIP Advertisement Policy .....................................................................................186
5.7.5.2.3 Configuring Global Settings for OSPF ....................................................................................187
5.7.5.2.3.1 OSPF Area Configuration ...............................................................................................189
5.7.5.2.3.2 OSPF Area Range Configuration....................................................................................190
5.7.5.2.3.3 OSPF Virtual Link Configuration .....................................................................................191
5.7.5.2.4 Configuring BOOTP/DHCP Relay...........................................................................................193
5.7.5.3 Static ARP Configuration................................................................................................................195
5.7.5.4 Static Route Configuration..............................................................................................................196
5.7.5.5 Configuring the Default Route ........................................................................................................198
5.7.6 Configuring Security Filters.................................................................................................... 199
5.7.6.1 Configuring MAC Address Filters ...................................................................................................199
5.7.6.2 Configuring IP Address Filters........................................................................................................199
5.7.7 Jumbo Packet Configuration.................................................................................................. 200
5.8 MONITORING THE SWITCH................................................................................................................ 201
5.8.1 Displaying Port Statistics ....................................................................................................... 202
5.8.1.1 Displaying Ethernet Port Statistics..................................................................................................202
5.8.1.2 Displaying RMON Statistics............................................................................................................205
5.8.2 Layer 2 Address Tables ......................................................................................................... 207
5.8.2.1 Displaying the Unicast Address Table............................................................................................207
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5.8.3 Displaying Bridge Information................................................................................................ 208
5.8.3.1 Viewing the Current Spanning Tree Information.............................................................................208
5.8.3.2 Displaying the Current STA for Ports..............................................................................................210
5.8.4 Displaying VLAN Information................................................................................................. 212
5.8.4.1 VLAN Dynamic Registration Information ........................................................................................212
5.8.4.2 VLAN Forwarding Information ........................................................................................................212
5.8.5 IP Multicast Registration Table .............................................................................................. 213
5.8.6 IP Menu.................................................................................................................................. 214
5.8.6.1 Displaying Subnet Information........................................................................................................214
5.8.6.2 ARP Table ......................................................................................................................................215
5.8.6.3 Routing Table..................................................................................................................................215
5.8.6.4 Multicast Table ...............................................................................................................................217
5.8.6.4.1 Displaying IGMP Registration Table........................................................................................218
5.8.6.4.2 Displaying the Multicast Forwarding Cache............................................................................219
5.8.6.4.3 Displaying the DVMRP Routing Table.....................................................................................220
5.8.6.4.4 Displaying the DVMRP Neighbor Table ..................................................................................221
5.8.6.5 OSPF Table ....................................................................................................................................222
5.8.6.5.1 Display Interface Table............................................................................................................222
5.8.6.5.2 Displaying the Link State Table...............................................................................................222
5.8.6.5.3 Displaying the Neighbor Table................................................................................................223
5.8.6.5.4 Displaying the Virtual Neighbor Table .....................................................................................225
5.9 RESETTING THE SYSTEM.................................................................................................................. 227
CHAPTER 6.ADVANCED TOPICS......................................................................................................... 228
6.1 LAYER 2 SWITCHING........................................................................................................................ 228
6.1.1 Unicast Switching................................................................................................................... 229
6.1.2 Multicast Switching ................................................................................................................ 230
6.1.3 Spanning Tree Algorithm ....................................................................................................... 230
6.2 LAYER 3 SWITCHING........................................................................................................................ 232
6.2.1 Initial Configuration................................................................................................................ 232
6.2.2 IP Switching ........................................................................................................................... 233
6.2.3 Routing Path Management.................................................................................................... 234
6.2.4 ICMP Router Discovery ......................................................................................................... 234
6.2.5 Proxy ARP ............................................................................................................................. 234
6.2.6 Routing Protocols................................................................................................................... 235
6.2.6.1 RIP and RIP-2 Dynamic Routing Protocols ....................................................................................235
6.2.6.2 OSPFv2 Dynamic Routing Protocol................................................................................................236
6.2.7 Non-IP Protocol Routing........................................................................................................ 238
6.3 VIRTUAL LANS ................................................................................................................................ 239
6.3.1 Assigning Ports to VLANs...................................................................................................... 240
6.3.1.1 VLAN Classification........................................................................................................................240
6.3.1.2 Port Overlapping.............................................................................................................................240
6.3.1.3 Port-based VLANs..........................................................................................................................240
6.3.1.4 Automatic VLAN Registration (GVRP)............................................................................................240
6.3.2 Forwarding Tagged/Untagged Frames.................................................................................. 241
6.3.3 Connecting VLAN Groups ..................................................................................................... 242
6.4 MULTICAST FILTERING...................................................................................................................... 243
6.4.1 IGMP Snooping...................................................................................................................... 243
6.4.2 IGMP Protocol........................................................................................................................ 243
6.4.3 GMRP Protocol...................................................................................................................... 244
6.4.4 DVMRP Routing Protocol ...................................................................................................... 244
6.5 CLASS-OF-SERVICE (COS) SUPPORT............................................................................................... 245
6.6 BOOTP/DHCP RELAY.................................................................................................................... 246
6.7 SECURITY FEATURES....................................................................................................................... 247
6.7.1 SNMP Community Strings..................................................................................................... 247
6.7.2 User Name and Passwords................................................................................................... 247
6.7.3 MAC Address Filters.............................................................................................................. 247
6.7.4 IP Address Filters................................................................................................................... 247
6.8 SNMP MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE .................................................................................................... 248
6.9 REMOTE MONITORING (RMON)....................................................................................................... 248
APPENDIX A TROUBLESHOOTING..................................................................................................... 249
A.1 TROUBLESHOOTING CHART ............................................................................................................. 249
A.2 UPGRADING FIRMWARE VIA THE SERIAL PORT .................................................................................. 250
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APPENDIX B PIN ASSIGNMENTS........................................................................................................ 252
CONSOLE PORT PIN ASSIGNMENTS ........................................................................................................ 252
DB-9 PORT PIN ASSIGNMENTS .............................................................................................................. 253
CONSOLE PORT TO 9-PIN COM PORT ON PC......................................................................................... 253
CONSOLE PORT TO 25-PIN DCE PORT ON MODEM................................................................................. 255
GLOSSARY............................................................................................................................................. 256
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Chapter 1. Introduction
Both WGS3-404 and WGS3-2620 are IP-based Layer 3 Gigabit Ethernet Switch. WGS3-404 is with
4-port 10/100/1000Mbps and 4-slot for 1000Base-T and 1000Base-SX modules. WGS3-2620 is with
24-port 10/100Mbps and 2-port 1000Mbps switches.
The 2 and four RJ-45 gigabit copper ports support 10/100/1000Mbps auto-MDI/MDI-X detection that can
directly connect to any Gigabit Ethernet Servers, Switches, L3 backbone with a straight Category 5/5e,
8-wire UTP cable.
The wire-speed switch engine provides up to 8.53 and 16Gbps switch fabric for L2 and L3 IP routing
capability. Up to 256 IP subnet / L2 tagged VLAN are also available to segment the IP or MAC-based
networks. IEEE802.1D Spanning Tree, bridging, Port mirroring and port trunking also support for optimal
LAN connection and diagnose. IGMP snooping, filtering, dual priority helps to build a multimedia
networks like video-conference etc.
Designed to offer the guaranteed IP Layer 3 routing with RIP, OSPF and DVMRP support, the
WGS3-404 and WGS3-2620 empower the performance of pure IP-based network easier then ever.
1.1 Features
• WGS3-404 is with 4-port 10/100/1000Mbps and 4-slot for 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-T modules.
• WGS3-2620 is with 2-port 1000Mbps, 24-port 10/100Mbps Ethernet Switch
• Complies with IEEE 802.3, 10Base-T, IEEE 802.3u, 100Base-TX, IEEE 802.3z, 1000Base-SX
and IEEE 802.3ab, 1000Base-T standards
• IEEE 802.3x, full-duplex flow control compliant; back-pressure half-duplex flow control
• IEEE 802.1p, dual priority; IEEE802.1Q, VLAN Tagging; IEEE802.1D Bridging compliant
• 32K MAC address table auto-ageing / 64K IP address at most
• IPv4 Layer 3 routing, supporting RIP-1/2, OSPF, DVMRP (Distance-Vector Multicast Routing
Protocol)
• 8.53G/19.2G non-blocking, Store and Forward switching architecture
• RS-232 console interface for console program managements, Web / Telnet Support
• Port-based Trunking support increase the bandwidth between switches (2/4/8-port in one trunk)
• 255 port-based VLANs eliminate the broadcast-packet, increase the LAN security for different
segments
• IGMP multicast snooping and filtering
• Port mirroring for port traffic diagnose with sniffer programs
• RMON group 1, 2, 3, 9 support
• 19”, 1U height rack mounting
• 100~240VAC, 50~60Hz universal Power input
• FCC, CE class A compliant
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1.2 Specification
HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS
Product
IP Layer 3 10/100/1000Mbps Routing Switch
Model
WGS3-2620
WGS3-404
100Base-TX Ports 24
1000Base-T Ports
Module Slot
2
4
4
LED for system
LED indicators for
100Base-TX
Power, SNMP, Console, Fan
Two per port; Link, Mode (Modes
include FDX, ACT, Speed)
LNK, FDX
Power, OverHeat, FanFailure
LED indicators for
1000Base-T
10, 100, 1000, FDX/COL, ACT
Media Type
RJ-45 STP, Auto-MDI/MDI-X on Gigabit port
100Mbps: Category 5 UTP, 4-wire
1000Mbps: Category 5/5e or above, 8-wire
1.U, 19” Rack mount
Cabling
Rack Mount
Dimensions
Weight
430 mm x 334 mm x 44 mm (W x D x H)
4.2kg
4kg
SWITCHING SPECIFICATIONS
Architecture
Buffer Memory
Switching fabric
MAC address
Table
High Performance Store & Forward Switching Architecture
4MB
6MB
8.53Gbps
19.2Gbps
Layer 2: 32K MAC-entry
Layer 3:64K IP- entry
Forwarding/filtering Layer 2 wired speed forwarding
rate
Layer 3 wired speed forwarding
Runt & CRC on all network packets
10/100 Ports: Up to 8 ports per trunk
Gigabit Ports: 2 gigabit ports as a
trunk
Error Checking
Trunking
Up to 4 ports per trunk
Port Mirroring
QoS
Monitor port transmitting / receiving activity
Port based, VLAN tag
4 priority queues for each port
Dual priority queues for each port
Layer 2: Transparent to higher layer protocols
Layer 3: IP RIP-1, RIP-2, OSPF DVMRP
IP and MAC filtering
Protocol
Compatibility
Security
Configuration
Network
telnet, Web, RS-232 DB-9 console port and SNMP
RFC 1157 SNMP v1/v2
Management
RFC 1213 MIB II
RFC 1493 Bridge MIB
RFC 1643 Ethernet MIB
RFC 1724 RIP v2 MIB
RFC 1757 RMON 4 groups: stats, history, Alarms & Events
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
Protocols and
Standards
IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet
IEEE 802.3z/802.3ab Gigabit Ethernet
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IEEE 802.3x Flow Control
IEEE 802.1p QoS priority
IEEE 802.1Q VLAN tag
IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol
RFC 768 UDP
RFC 783 TFTP
RFC 791 IP
RFC 792 ICMP
RFC 826 ARP
RFC 854 Telnet
RFC 1058 RIP
RFC 1122 Host Requirements
RFC 1256 ICMP Router Discover Protocol
RFC 1519 CIDR
RFC 1583 OSPF version 2
RFC 1723 RIP v2
RFC 1812 IP Router Requirement
RFC 2068 HTTP
RFC 2131 DHCP Relay
RFC 2236 IGMPv2
DVMRP
Environment Specification
Power
65 watts / 220 BTU
Consumption
AC Power
Temperature
Humidity
100~240V AC, 50/60Hz auto-sensing
0~40 degree C operating
10~90% non-condensing
Emission
FCC Class A, CE mark
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Chapter 2. Installing the Switch
Before installing the switch, verify that you have all the items listed under "Package Contents." Also be
sure you have all the necessary tools and cabling before installing the switch. Note that this switch can
be installed on any suitably large flat surface or in a standard EIA 19-inch rack. After installing the switch,
refer to the following chapter to set up its more advanced features, such as Spanning Tree Protocol or
VLAN port groups.
2.1 Package Contents
This package includes:
• WGS3-404 or WGS3-2620
• Quick Installation Guide
• Rack mount bracket kit
• AC power cord
• This Manual CD
• Console cable
2.2 Description of Hardware
2.2.1 Front Panel of WGS3-2620
The front panel of the Switch has 24 RJ-45 ports for 10/100 Mbps in the middle. The port status LEDs
are indicated at the left. The 1000Base-T ports are situated at the right.
2.2.1.1 Front Panel Description
LEDs
System LEDs
10/100 RJ-45 Ports
1000Base-T Ports
2.2.1.2 Port Description
Ports
# of Ports
Description
10/100
24
These RJ-45 ports support network speeds of either 10Mbps or 100
Mbps, and can operate in half- or full-duplex modes.
These two RJ-45 ports provide 1000Base-T network connection and
can operate on full-duplex modes.
1000Base-T
2
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2.2.1.3 LED Definition
The LEDs indicate the status of 10/100 Mbps Ethernet ports, 1000Base-T ports, Temp. Fan and Power.
LED
State
Indication
System
Power
SNMP
Console
Fan*1
On
On
On
On
On
Switch is receiving power.
SNMP agent operational.
RS-232 Console interface is operating
One of the fans is failed and standby fan is running
The internal temperature is equal to or higher than 60 degree C
Temp*2
10BaseT/100BaseTX Ports
LNK
On
Port has established a valid network connection
Mode*3
COL
On
On
On
On
Collision occurs on the port
Traffic is passing through the port
Been set to full duplex
ACT
FDX
100M
Connected on 100M speed
1000BaseT Ports
LNK
On
On
Port has established a valid network connection
Traffic is passing through the port
ACT
*1 There are two 4-inch fans and one 2-inch fan in the unit. Normally, one of the 4-inch fans and
2-inch fan is running. Another 4-inch fan is standby and not working. Once one of the two
running fans is failed, the standby fan will be drove to run and the Fan LED will light on.
*2 When the internal temperature is equal to or higher than 60 degree C, the standby fan will be drove
to run and the Temp LED will light on. Once the temperature is equal to or higher than 70 degree
C, the buzzer will sound. You can press the buzzer On/Off button to turn off the buzzer.
*3 Use the Mode button to select LED display mode.
2.2.2 Front Panel of WGS3-404
The front panel of the WGS3-404 has 4 RJ-45 ports for 10/100/1000 Mbps in the middle. The port status
LEDs are indicated at the left. The expansion modules are situated at the right.
2.2.2.1 Front Panel Description
LEDs
System LEDs
10/100/1000 Mbps ports
Expansion Ports
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2.2.2.2 Port Description
Ports
# of Ports
4
Description
10/100/1000
These RJ-45 ports support network speeds of 10, 100 or 1000 Mbps,
and can operate in full-duplex modes.
Expansion
Ports
4
These ports provide for the installation of one or two expansion
modules that establish a Fast or Gigabit Ethernet connection.
Note: You may install an 1000Base-SX or 1000Base-T expansion
module and use fiber optic or category 5 cabling.
2.2.2.3 LED Definition
The LEDs indicate the status of 10/100/1000 Mbps Ethernet ports, Over Heat, Fan Failure and Power.
The LEDs are explained in the following tables.
LED
Color
Indication
System
Power
Green
Red
Lights to indicate switch is receiving power.
Lights to indicate one of the fans is failed and standby fan is
running
Fan Failure*1
Over Heat*2
Red
Lights to indicate the internal temperature is equal to or higher
than 60 degree C
10/100/1000 Ports
Act
Green
Yellow
Lights to indicate the Switch is actively receiving or sending the
data over the port.
FDX/COL
Lights green to indicate that the port is operating in full-duplex
mode.
Blinks orange periodically to indicate that the connection is
experiencing collisions.
1000
100
10
Green
Green
Yellow
Lights to indicate that the Switch is sending or receiving data at
1000 Mbps.
Lights to indicate that the Switch is sending or receiving data at
100 Mbps.
Lights to indicate that the Switch is sending or receiving data at
10 Mbps.
*1 There are two 4-inch fans and one 2-inch fan in the unit. Normally, one of the 4-inch fans and
2-inch fan is running. Another 4-inch fan is standby and not working. Once one of the two
running fans is failed, the standby fan will be drove to run and the Fan LED will light on.
*2 When the internal temperature is equal to or higher than 60 degree C, the standby fan will be
drove to run and the Temp LED will light on. Once the temperature is equal to or higher than 70
degree C, the buzzer will sound. You can press the buzzer On/Off button to turn off the buzzer.
2.2.3 Rear Panel of WGS3-2620 and WGS3-404
The rear panel of WGS3-2620 and WGS3-404 has a power connector, a Buzzer button and a console
port. The following picture shows their rear panel.
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Console
Buzzer Button
Power
Port
Function
Power
This is where you will connect the AC power cord. 100~240VAC is allowed.
This is where you will connect to the RS-232 serial port on your PC for
configuring the management function, discussed in Chapter 3.
Console
NOTE: To depress the Buzzer button will change the reaction of the buzzer. If the button is set to on,
the buzzer will ring as the system is under the status of overheat. Set to off, the buzzer will not
work even if the system overheats.
2.2.4 Module Hardware Description
WGS3-404 provides 4 slots for optional Gigabit copper and fiber module. The following picture show
that front panel of gigabit expansion module.
2.2.4.1 Panel Description
WGSW-C1GT Module Status LEDs
WGSW-C1SX Module Status LEDs
2.2.4.2 WGSW-C1GT LED Definition
LED
Color
Function
1000
Green
Lights to indicate that the Switch is sending or receiving data at 1000
Mbps.
100
Green
Yellow
Yellow
Lights to indicate that the Switch is sending or receiving data at 100
Mbps.
10
Lights to indicate that the Switch is sending or receiving data at 10
Mbps.
FDX/COL
Lights green to indicate that the port is operating in full-duplex mode.
Blinks orange periodically to indicate that the connection is experiencing
collisions.
Act
Green
Lights to indicate that the connection is acting.
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2.2.4.3 WGSW-C1SX LED Definition
LED
Color
Function
1000
Green
Lights to indicate that receiver of fibre port is in normal optical input
levels.
Act
Green
Yellow
Lights to indicate that the connection is acting.
Lights to indicate that the port is operating at full duplex. This port does
not support half duplex.
FDX/COL
2.3 Mounting the Switch
The switch can be placed directly on your desktop, or mounted in a rack. Before you start installing the
switch, make sure you can provide the right operating environment, including power requirements,
sufficient physical space, and proximity to other network devices that are to be connected. Verify the
following installation requirements:
• Power requirements: 100 to 240 V AC (+/-10%) at 50 to 60 Hz (+/-3Hz). The switch's power
supply automatically adjusts to the input voltage level.
• The switch should be located in a cool dry place, with at least 10 cm. (4 in.) of space on the
sides for ventilation.
• Place the switch out of direct sunlight, and away from heat sources or areas with a high amount
of electromagnetic interference.
• If you intend to mount the switch in a rack, make sure you have all the necessary mounting
screws, brackets, bolts and nuts, and the right tools.
• Check if network cables and connectors needed for installation are available.
2.3.1 Mounting Switches in a Rack
Please comply with the following instructions to ensure that your switch is securely mounted in the rack.
• Use a standard EIA 19-inch rack.
• Use the brackets and screws supplied in the rack mounting kit.
• Use a cross-head screwdriver to attach the brackets to the side of the switch.
• Position the switch in the rack by lining up the holes in the brackets with the appropriate holes on
the rack, and then use the supplied screws to mount the switch in the rack.
2.4 Connecting the Switch System
The transmission speed for each port on the switch is automatically set by the switch to match the
highest speed supported by the connected device. The transmission mode can be set for each port using
auto-negotiation (if also supported by the attached device). However, if the device attached to any port
on the switch does not support auto-negotiation, you can manually configure the transmission mode via
the console port on the rear panel, or via an in-band connection (including Telnet, the Web agent).
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2.4.1 Making a Connection to an RJ-45 Port
The Gigabit copper ports support Auto-MDI/MDI-X. You can use straight-through or crossover
twisted-pair cable to connect any gigabit copper port on the switch to any device that uses a standard
network interface such as a workstation or server, or to a network interconnection device such as a
bridge or router.
Prepare the network devices you wish to network. Make sure you have installed 10BASE-T,
100BASE-TX or 1000BASE-T network interface cards for connecting to the switch's RJ-45 ports.
Prepare straight-through shielded or unshielded twisted-pair cables with RJ-45 plugs at both ends. Use
100-ohm Category 3, 4 or 5 cable for standard 10Mbps Ethernet connections, 100-ohm Category 5 cable
for 100Mbps Fast Ethernet connections, or Category 5e cable for 1000Mbps Gigabit Ethernet
connections.
Connect one end of the cable to the RJ-45 port of the network interface card, and the other end to any
available RJ-45 port on the switch. When inserting an RJ-45 plug, be sure the tab on the plug clicks
into position to ensure that it is properly seated. Using the switch in a stand-alone configuration, you can
network up to 26 end nodes
NOTE: Make sure each twisted-pair cable does not exceed 100 meters (328 feet). We advise using
Category 5e cable for all network connections to avoid any confusion or inconvenience in the
future when you upgrade attached devices to Gigabit Ethernet.
Restrictions on Cascade Length - The IEEE 802.3 standard recommends restricting the number of
hubs (i.e., repeaters) cascaded via twisted-pair cable to 4; while IEEE 802.3u provides even stricter
recommendations for Fast Ethernet. Therefore, when cascading devices other than this switch, please
refer to the accompanying documentation for cascade restrictions. However, note that because switches
break up the path for connected devices into separate collision domains, you should not include the
switch or connected cabling in your calculations for cascade length involving other devices.
2.4.2 Making a Connection to an Gigabit Fiber Module
The modules are fitted with SC connectors. Please be sure you run cable from the Rx (Tx) port on the
module to the Tx (Rx) port on the target device. The length of Gigabit fiber optic cable for a single
switched link should not exceed 220m for 62.5/125 multimode fiber and 500 m for 50/125 multimode fiber.
However, power budget constraints must also be considered when calculating the maximum cable length
for your specific environment.
2.5 Powering On the Switch
Plug the power cord into the power socket on the rear of the switch, and the other end into a power
outlet.
Check the LED marked PWR on the front panel to see if it is on. The unit will automatically select the
setting that matches the connected input voltage. Therefore, no additional adjustments are necessary
when connecting it to any input voltage within the range marked on the rear panel.
The switch performs a self-diagnostic test upon power-on. (Note that this test takes about one minute to
complete.)
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NOTE: The unit supports a "hot remove" feature which permits you to connect or disconnect
twisted-pair or fiber cables without powering off the switch and without disrupting the operation
of the devices attached to the switch. However, due to the spanning tree learning process, the
new attached device may takes about 30 seconds to be able to connect the other devices.
This period can be shortened by adjusting the spanning tree configuration.
2.6 Verifying System Operation
Verify that all attached devices have a valid connection. The switch monitors the link status for each port.
If any device is properly connected to the switch and transmitting a link beat signal, the Link indicator will
light up for the corresponding port. If the Link indicator fails to light when you connect a device to the
switch, check the following items:
Be sure all network cables and connectors are properly attached to the connected device and the switch.
See if your cable is functioning properly by using it for another port and attached device that displays
valid indications when connected to the network.
Be sure no twisted-pair cable exceeds 100 meters (328 feet).
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Chapter 3. Switch Management
3.1 Configuration Options
For advanced management capability, the on-board management agent provides a menu-driven system
configuration program. This program can be accessed by serial port on the rear panel (out-of-band), or
by a Telnet connection over the network (in-band).
The management agent is based on SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol). This SNMP agent
permits the switch to be managed from any PC in the network using in-band management software.
The management agent also includes an embedded HTTP Web agent. This Web agent can be accessed
using Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.0 or later from any computer attached to the network.
The system configuration program and the SNMP agent support management functions such as:
• Enable/disable any port
• Set the communication mode for any port
• Configure SNMP parameters
• Add ports to network VLANs
• Configure IP routing and multicast VLANs
• Display system information or statistics
• Configure the switch to join a Spanning Tree
• Download system firmware
3.2 Required Connections
3.2.1 Console Port (Out-of-Band) Connections
Attach a VT100 compatible terminal or a PC running a terminal emulation program to the serial port on
the switch’ s rear panel. Use the null-modem cable provided with this package, or use a null modem
connection that complies with the wiring assignments shown in Appendix B of this manual.
When attaching to a PC, set terminal emulation type to VT100, specify the port used by your PC (i.e.,
COM 1~4), and then set communications to 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity, and 19200 bps (for initial
configuration). Also be sure to set flow control to “none.” (Refer to “Configuring the Serial Port” for a
complete description of configuration options.)
NOTE: If the default settings for the management agent’s serial port have been modified and you are
having difficulty making a console connection, you can display or modify the current settings
using a Web browser as described under “Configuring the Serial Port”.
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3.2.2 In-Band Connections
Prior to accessing the switch’ s on-board agent via a network connection, you must first configure it with
a valid IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway (for Layer 2 mode) using an out-of-band
connection.
After configuring the switch’ s IP parameters, you can access the on-board configuration program from
anywhere within the attached network. The on-board configuration program can be accessed using
Telnet from any computer attached to the network. The switch can also be managed by any computer
using a Web browser (Internet Explorer 4.0 or above, or Netscape Navigator 4.0 or above), or from a
network computer using SNMP network management software.
Please note that:
• Each VLAN group can be assigned its own IP interface address. Therefore, if the port connected
to the management station has joined several VLANs, you can manage the switch via any of
these IP addresses.
• This switch supports four concurrent Telnet sessions.
• The on-board program only provides access to basic configuration functions. To access the full
range of SNMP management functions, you must use SNMP- based network management
software.
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Chapter 4. Console Interface
4.1 Login Screen
Once a direct connection to the serial port or a Telnet connection is established, the login screen for the
on-board configuration program appears as shown below.
If this is your first time to log into the configuration program, then the default user names are “admin” with
no password. The administrator has Read/Write access to all configuration parameters and statistics.
You should define a new administrator password, record it and put it in a safe place. Select User
Configuration from the Management Setup Menu and enter a new password for the administrator. Note
that passwords can consist of up to 15 alphanumeric characters and are not case sensitive.
NOTE: You are allowed three attempts to enter the correct password; on the third failed attempt the
current connection is terminated.
After you enter the user name and password, you will have access to the system configuration program
illustrated by the following menu map:
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System Information
Menu
System Information
Switch Information
IP Configuration (1)
IP Connectivity Test (Ping)
HTTP Configuration
Network Configuration
Serial Port Configuration
SNMP Configuration
User Configuration
TFTP Download
Management Setup
Menu
SNMP Communities
IP Trap Manager
Configuration File
Layer 2 (3)
Multilayer (3)
Port Configuration
Mirror Port Configuration
Port Trunking Configuration
Static Unicast Address Configuration
Static Multicast Address Configuration
System Mode (3)
Layer 2 Menu
Bridge Menu
VLAN Menu
IP Menu (2)
Bridge Configuration
Spanning Tree Port Configuration
Device Control
Menu
VLAN Port Configuration
VLAN Table Configuration
Reset Address Table Mode(4)
IGMP Snooping Configuration(1)
Security Menu
Jumbo Packet Menu (4)
Subnet Configuration
Protocol Configuration
Static ARP Configuration
Static Route
Default Route
MAC Filtering Configuration
IP Filtering Configuration (2)
Port Statistics
RMON Statistics
Unicast Address Table
Port Statistics
Layer 2 Address Table
Bridge Menu
Network Monitor
Menu
Spanning Tree Bridge Information
Spanning Tree Port Information
VLAN Menu
IP Menu (2)
IP Multicast Registration Table (1)
VLAN Dynamic Registration Information
VLAN Forwarding Information
Subnet Information
ARP Table
Routing Table
Multicast Table
OSPF Table
System Restart Menu
Exit
1. Displayed for layer 2 mode of WGS3-2620 only.
2. Displayed for multilayer mode of WGS3-2620 and WGS3-404 only
3. Displayed for WGS3-2620 only
4. Displayed for WGS3-404 only
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4.2 Main Menu
With the system configuration program you can define system parameters, manage and control the
switch and all its ports, or monitor network conditions. The figure below of the Main Menu and the
following table briefly describe the selections available from this program.
NOTE: Options for the currently selected item are displayed in the highlighted area at the bottom of the
interface screen.
Menu
Description
(Operation Mode)
The text string in the top right corner of the screen shows if the switch is
operating as a Layer 2 switch or as a multilayer routing switch.
WGS3-404 is always operating as a multilayer routing switch and not
showing this message.
System Information Menu
System Information
Switch Information
Provides basic system description, including contact information.
Shows hardware/firmware version numbers, power status, and
expansion modules used in the switch.
Management Setup Menu
Network Configuration Includes IP Configuration *1, Ping facility, and HTTP (Web agent) setup.
Serial Port
Sets communication parameters for the serial port, including baud rate,
console time-out, and screen data refresh interval.
Configuration
SNMP Configuration
User Configuration
Activates authentication failure traps; and configures community access
strings, and trap managers.
Sets the user names and passwords for system access.
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TFTP Download
Configuration File
Downloads new version of firmware to update your system (in-band).
Download the VLAN and routing configuration to a file or upload the
configuration file to the switch.
Device Control Menu
System Mode *3
Sets the switch to operate as a Layer 2 switch or as a multilayer routing
switch.
Layer 2 Menu
Bridge Menu
VLAN Menu
Configures port communication mode, mirror ports, port trunking and
static unicast/multicast address.
Configures GMRP and GVRP for the bridge, and STA for the global
bridge or for specific ports.
Configures VLAN settings for specific ports, and defines the port
membership for VLAN groups.
IGMP Snooping
Configuration *1
Configures IGMP multicast filtering.
IP Menu *2
Configures the subnets for each VLAN group, global configuration for
unicast and multicast protocols, BOOPP/DHCP relay, static ARP table
entries, static routes and the default route.
Security
Restrict access through MAC address or IP address *2
Jumbo Packet Menu *4 Allows the switch to send jumbo packet up to 9k
Network Monitor Menu
Port Statistics
Displays statistics on port traffic, including information from the
Interfaces Group, Ethernet-link MIB, and RMON MIB.
Layer 2 Address Table Contains tables for all unicast, static unicast, and static multicast
addresses, as well as the filter table for MAC addresses.
Bridge Menu
VLAN Menu
Displays Spanning Tree Bridge and Port information
Displays dynamic port registration information for VLANs, as well as all
VLAN forwarding information for static and dynamic assignment.
IP Multicast
Registration Table *1
Displays all the multicast groups active on this switch, including the
multicast IP addresses and corresponding VLANs.
IP Menu *2
Displays all the IP subnets used on this switch, as well as the
corresponding VLANs and ports. Also contains the ARP table, routing
table and multicast table.
System Restart
Menu
Restarts the system with options to reload factory defaults.
Exit
Exits the configuration program.
*1: Only displays on WGS3-2620 when it is set to Layer 2 mode.
*2. Only displays on WGS3-404 and WGS3-2620 when it is set to multilayer mode.
*3. Only displays on WGS3-2620
*4. Only displays on WGS3-404
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4.3 System Information Menu
Use the System Information Menu to display a basic description of the switch, including contact
information, and hardware/firmware versions.
Menu
Description
System Information
Switch Information
Provides basic system description, including contact information.
Shows hardware/firmware version numbers, power status, and
expansion modules used in the switch.
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4.3.1 Displaying System Information
Use the System Information screen to display descriptive information about the switch, or for quick
system identification as shown in the following figure and table.
Parameter
Description
System Description
System Object ID
System Up Time
System hardware description.
MIB II object identifier for switch’ s network management subsystem.
Length of time the current management agent has been running. (Note
that the first value is centiseconds.)
System Name*
System Contact*
System Location*
Name assigned to the switch system.
Contact person for the system.
Specifies the area or location where the system resides.
* Maximum string length is 99, but the screen only displays 45 characters. You can use the arrow
keys to browse the whole string.
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4.3.2 Displaying Switch Version Information
Use the Switch Information screen to display hardware/firmware version numbers for the main board, as
well as the fan power status.
4.3.2.1 Switch Information of WGS3-2620
Parameter
Description
Hardware Version
Firmware Version
Serial Number
Port Number
Hardware version of the main board.
System firmware version in ROM.
The serial number (MAC address) of the main board.
Number of ports on this switch.
Shows if power is active
Power Status
Fan Power Status
Shows if power to the fan is active or inactive.
G1 and G2 Information Shows the G1 and G2 connection type. It is always 1000Base-T on this
version
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4.3.2.2 Switch Information of WGS3-404
Parameter
Description
Hardware Version
Firmware Version
Serial Number
Port Number
Hardware version of the main board.
System firmware version in ROM.
The serial number (MAC address) of the main board.
Number of ports on this switch.
Packet Memory Size
Shows memory size for packet buffer. It is always 6M bytes.
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4.4 Management Setup Menu
After initially logging onto the system, adjust the communication parameters for your console to ensure a
reliable connection (Serial Port Configuration). Specify the IP addresses for the switch (Network
Configuration / IP Configuration), and then set the Administrator and User passwords ( User
Configuration). Remember to record them in a safe place. Also set the community string which controls
access to the on-board SNMP agent via in-band management software (SNMP Configuration). The items
provided by the Management Setup Menu are described in the following sections.
Menu
Description
Network
Includes IP Configuration *1, Ping facility, and HTTP (Web agent) setup.
Configuration
Serial Port
Sets communication parameters for the serial port, including baud rate,
console time-out, and screen data refresh interval.
Configuration
SNMP Configuration Activates authentication failure traps; and configures communities and trap
managers.
User Configuration Sets the user names and passwords for system access.
TFTP Download
Configuration File
Downloads new version of firmware to update your system (in-band).
Download the configuration to a file or upload the configuration file to the
switch.
*1: Only displays on WGS3-2620 when it is set to Layer 2 mode.
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4.4.1 Changing the Network Configuration
Use the Network Configuration menu to set the bootup option, configure the switch’ s Internet Protocol
(IP) parameters, or enable the on-board Web agent. The screen shown below is described in the
following table.
Parameter
Description
IP Configuration*
Screen used to set the bootup option, or configure the switch’s IP
parameters.
IP Connectivity Test (Ping) Screen used to test IP connectivity to a specified device.
HTTP Configuration Screen used to enable the Web agent.
* This menu does not appear on WGS3-404 or if the WGS3-2620 is set to multilayer mode. In this case,
you need to configure an IP interface for each VLAN that needs to connect to any device outside of its
own VLAN group. (See “Subnet Configuration”)
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4.4.1.1 IP Configuration (Layer 2 Mode)
Use the IP Configuration screen to set the boot-up option, or configure the switch’s IP parameters. The
screen shown below is described in the following table.
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Parameter
Description
Interface Type
IP Address
Indicates IP over Ethernet.
IP address of the switch you are managing. The system supports SNMP over UDP/IP
transport protocol. In this environment, all systems on the Internet, such as network
interconnection devices and any PC accessing the agent module must have an IP
address. Valid IP addresses consist of four numbers, of 0 to 255, and separated by
periods. Anything outside of this format will not be accepted by the configuration
program.
Subnet Mask
Subnet mask of the switch. This mask identifies the host address bits used for routing
to specific subnets.
Default Gateway Gateway used to pass trap messages from the system’ s agent to the management
station. Note that the gateway must be defined (when operating at Layer 2) if the
management station is located in a different IP segment.
IP State
Specifies whether IP functionality is enabled via manual configuration, or set by Boot
Protocol (BOOTP).
Options include:
USER-CONFIG - IP functionality is enabled based on the default or user specified IP
Configuration. (This is the default setting.)
BOOTP Get IP - IP is enabled but will not function until a BOOTP reply has been
received. BOOTP requests will be periodically broadcasted by the switch in an effort
to learn its IP address. (BOOTP values can include the IP address, default gateway,
and subnet mask.)
VLAN ID
The VLAN used for management access when “Mgmt VLAN” is selected. See the
next item.
Mgt. Access
Specifies which VLAN have access right to its management interface. Options
include:
All VLANs – All VLANs have access right to its management interface. (This is the
default setting.)
Mgmt VLAN – Only the specified VLAN have access right to its management interface
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4.4.1.2 IP Connectivity Test (Ping)
Use the IP Connectivity Test to see if another site on the Internet can be reached. The screen shown
below is described in the following table.
Parameter
Description
IP Address
IP address of the site you want to ping.
Test Times
The number of ICMP echo requests to send to the specified site. Range: 1~1000
The number of times the specified site has responded or not to pinging.
Success / Failure
NOTE: The switch waits up to 10 seconds for a response to each ping.
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4.4.1.3 HTTP Configuration
Use the HTTP Configuration screen to enable/disable the on-board Web agent.
NOTE: Port 80 is used for HTTP service.
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4.4.2 Configuring the Serial Port
You can access the on-board configuration program by attaching a VT100 compatible device to the
switch’s serial port. (For more information on connecting to this port, see “Required Connections” on
Section 3.2) The communication parameters for this port can be accessed from the Serial Port
Configuration screen shown below and described in the following table.
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Parameter
Default
Description
Management Mode
Console Mode
Indicates that the port settings are for direct console
connection.
Baud Rate
19200
The rate at which data is sent between devices. Options :
9600, 19200 and 38400 baud.
Data Bits
Stop Bits
Parity
8 bits
1 bit
Sets the data bits of the RS-232 port. Options : 7, 8
Sets the stop bits of the RS-232 port. Options : 1, 2
None
Sets the parity of the RS-232 port. Options :
none/odd/even
Time-Out
0
If no input is received from the attached device after this
interval, the current session is automatically closed.
Range : 0 - 100 minutes; where 0 indicates disabled
Auto Refresh
10 second
Sets the interval before a console session will auto
refresh the console information, such as Spanning Tree
Information, Port Configuration, Port Statistics, and
RMON Statistics. Range : 0, or 5-255 seconds; where 0
indicates disabled
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4.4.3 Assigning SNMP Parameters
Use the SNMP Configuration screen to display and modify parameters for the Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP). The switch includes an on-board SNMP agent which monitors the status
of its hardware, as well as the traffic passing through its ports. A computer attached to the network,
called a Network Management Station (NMS), can be used to access this information. Access rights to
the on-board agent are controlled by community strings. To communicate with the switch, the NMS must
first submit a valid community string for authentication. The options for configuring community strings and
related trap functions are described in the following sections.
Parameter
Send
Description
Issue a trap message to specified IP trap managers whenever authentication of an
Authentication Fail SNMP request fails. (The default is enabled.)
Traps
SNMP
Assigns SNMP access based on specified strings.
Communities
IP Trap Managers Specifies management stations that will receive authentication failure messages or
other trap messages from the switch.
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4.4.3.1 Configuring Community Names
The following figure and table describe how to configure the community strings authorized for
management access. Up to 5 community names may be entered.
Parameter
Description
Community Name
A community entry authorized for management access. Maximum string length :
19 characters
Access
Status
Management access is restricted to Read Only or Read/ Write.
Sets administrative status of entry to enabled or disabled.
NOTE: The default community strings are displayed on the screen.
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4.4.3.2 Configuring IP Trap Managers
The following figure and table describe how to specify management stations that will receive
authentication failure messages or other trap messages from the switch. Up to 5 trap managers may be
entered.
Parameter
IP Address
Description
IP address of the trap manager.
A community specified for trap management access.
Community
Name
Status
Sets administrative status of selected entry to enabled or disabled.
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4.4.4 User Login Configuration
Use the User Configuration menu to restrict management access based on specified user names and
passwords. There are two user types, Administrator and Guest. Only the Administrator has write access
for parameters governing the SNMP agent. You should therefore assign a user name and password to
the Administrator as soon as possible, and store it in a safe place. (If for some reason your password is
lost, or you cannot gain access to the System Configuration Program, contact Technical Support for
assistance.) The parameters shown on this screen are indicated in the following figure and table.
Parameter
User Name
Description
Specifies a user authorized management access to the switch via the console,
Telnet or HTTP.
Access Right There are two options. ADMIN: Read/Write for all screens. GUEST: Read Only
for all screens.
Console
Telnet
HTTP
Authorizes management via the console.
Authorizes management via Telnet.
Authorizes management via HTTP (that is, Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.0 or later
version. It does not support Netscape currently).
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To add a new user, select <Add>. When you add a user, the following screen is displayed.
Parameter
Description
User Name*
Specifies a user authorized management access to the switch via the console,
Telnet or HTTP.
Password*
Passwords can consist of up to 11 alphanumeric characters and are not case
sensitive.
Access Right
Console Access
Telnet Access
HTTP Access
ADMIN: Read/Write for all screens. GUEST: Read Only for all screens.
Authorizes management via the console.
Authorizes management via Telnet.
Authorizes management via HTTP (that is, Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.0 or later
version).
* These entries can consist of up to 15 alphanumeric characters and are not case sensitive.
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4.4.5 Downloading System Software
Use the TFTP Download menu to load software updates to permanent flash ROM in the switch. The
download file should be a 3 binary file or image file; otherwise the agent will not accept it. The success of
the download operation depends on the accessibility of the TFTP server and the quality of the network
connection. After downloading the new software, the agent will automatically restart itself. Parameters
shown on this screen are indicated in the following figure and table.
Parameter
Description
Download Server IP
Download Filename
Download Option
IP address of a TFTP server.
The binary file to download.
Specify the file to be Runtime code or POST code.
NOTE: You can also download firmware using the Web agent or by a direct console connection after a
restart.
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4.4.6 Saving or Restoring the System Configuration
Use the Configuration File menu to save the switch configuration settings to a file on a TFTP client. The
file can be later downloaded to the switch to restore the switch’s settings. The success of the operation
depends on the accessibility of the TFTP client and the quality of the network connection. Parameters
shown on this screen are indicated in the following figure and table.
Parameter
Station IP
Operation
Description
IP address of a PC running TFTP client software.
Download from switch – Downloads the current switch configuration to a file
on the client PC.
Upload to switch – Uploads a configuration file to the switch from the client
PC.
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Saving and restoring switch configuration settings can be initiated by using any TFTP client utility, such
as the command line utility included in Windows NT/2000/XP. For example, using Windows NT, from a
DOS window command prompt, enter the TFTP command in the form:
TFTP [-i] host [GET : PUT] source [destination]
To transfer a file –
On Switch: Specify the IP address of the TFTP client, and select “Download from switch” or “Upload to
Switch.” Then select <Start> from the menu to start.
On TFTP Client: Set the mode to <binary>, specify the IP address of the target switch and the directory
path / name of the file to transfer. Then start transferring the configuration from the TFTP client or the
switch and wait until the transfer completes.
For example, type “tftp -i 203.70.249.118 GET source wgs3.txt” on Windows 2000’s command prompt to
download switch’s configuration and type “tftp –i 203.70.249.118 PUT wgs3.txt” to upload the
configuration file to switch.
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4.5 Device Control Menu
The Device Control menu is used to control a broad range of functions, including port mode, port
mirroring, port trunking, Spanning Tree, Virtual LANs, IP subnets, multicast filtering, and routing protocols.
Each of the setup screens provided by these configuration menus is described in the following sections.
Menu
Description
System Mode
Layer 2 Menu
Bridge Menu
Sets the switch to operate as a Layer 2 switch or as a multilayer routing switch.
Configures port communication mode, mirror ports, and port trunking.
Configures the Spanning Tree Protocol for the bridge or for specific ports,
GMRP and GVRP for automatic registration of multicast and VLAN groups,
traffic class priority threshold, and address aging time.
VLAN Menu
Configures VLAN settings for specific ports, and defines the port membership
for VLAN groups.
IGMP Snooping
Configuration *1
Configures IGMP multicast filtering.
IP Menu *2
Configures the subnets for each VLAN group, global configuration for unicast
and multicast routing protocols, IGMP snooping
Security
Restrict access through MAC address or IP address*2
Jumbo Packet Menu
Allow the WGS3-404 to send up to 9k jumbo packet
1: Only displayed for Layer 2 mode of WGS3-2620.
2: Only displayed for Multilayer mode of WGS3-2620 and WGS3-404.
3: Only displayed for WGS3-404
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4.5.1 Setting the System Operation Mode
WGS3-2620 can be set to operate as a Layer 2 switch, making all filtering and forwarding decisions
based strictly on MAC addresses. Or it can be set to operate as a multilayer routing switch, whereby it
switches packets for all non-IP protocols (such as NetBUEI, NetWare or AppleTalk) based on MAC
addresses, and routes all IP packets based on the specified routing protocol. The System Mode menu is
shown below. Note that the switch will be automatically rebooted whenever the system operation mode is
changed.
Parameter
Layer 2
Description
Filtering and forwarding decision will be based on MAC addresses for all protocol
traffic.
Multilayer
Switching based on MAC addresses will be used for all non-IP protocol traffic, and
routing will be used for all IP protocol traffic.
NOTE: When the switch is set to multilayer mode, the IP menus are enabled, and the “IP Configuration
(Layer 2 Mode)” menu is disabled. When operating in multilayer mode, you should configure an
IP interface for each VLAN that needs to communicate with any device outside of the VLAN.
(See “Subnet Configuration”)
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4.5.2 Layer 2 Menu
The Layer 2 menu contains options for port configuration, port mirroring, port trunking and static
unicast/multicast address configuration. These menu options are described in the following sections.
Menu
Description
Port Configuration
Enables any port, enables/disables flow control, and sets
communication mode to auto-negotiation, full duplex or half duplex.
Mirror Port Configuration
Sets the source and target ports for mirroring.
Port Trunking Configuration
Specifies ports to group into aggregate trunks.
Static Unicast Address
Configuration
Used to manually configure host MAC addresses in the unicast table.
Static Multicast Address
Configuration
Used to manually configure host MAC addresses in the multicast
table.
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4.5.2.1 Configuring Port Parameters
Use the Port Configuration menu to display or set communication parameters for any port on the switch,
including administrative status, auto-negotiation, default communication speed and duplex mode, as well
as flow control in use.
Parameter
Default
Description
Link Status
Admin Status
Indicates if the port has a valid connection to an external device.
Enabled
Allows you to disable a port due to abnormal behavior (e.g., excessive
collisions), and then re-enable it after the problem has been resolved.
You may also disable a port for security reasons.
Auto Negotiate Enabled
Enables or disables auto-negotiation for port speed, duplex mode, and
flow control.
Default Type
10HDX
Off
If auto-negotiation is disabled, the port will be set to the indicated speed
and duplex mode.
Current Type
Flow Control
Indicates the current speed and duplex mode.
Used to enable or disable flow control. Flow control can eliminate frame
loss by “blocking” traffic from end stations or segments connected
directly to the switch when its buffers fill. When enabled, back pressure
is used for half duplex and IEEE 802.3x for full duplex. Note that flow
control should not be used if a port is connected to a hub.
Jack Type
RJ-45 or SC Shows the jack type for each port.
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4.5.2.2 Using a Mirror Port for Analysis
You can mirror traffic from any source port to a target port for real-time analysis. You can then attach a
logic analyzer or RMON probe to the target port and study the traffic crossing the source port in a
completely unobtrusive manner. When mirroring port traffic, note that the target port must be included in
the same VLAN as the source port. (See “Configuring Virtual LANs”)
You can use the Port Mirror Configuration screen to mirror one or more ports to the monitor port as
shown below.
Parameter
Description
Port Mirroring
Enables or disables the mirror function.
Mirrored Ports (Tx/Rx)
The port whose transmitted or received traffic will be mirrored. Press Add
to specify mirrored ports.
Monitor Port
The port that will duplicate the transmitted or received traffic appearing on
the mirrored port.
NOTE: You can mirror multiple ports to a single port to view traffic on WGS3-2620. However, note
that some packets may be dropped for moderate to heavy loading.
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4.5.2.3 Configuring Port Trunks
Ports can be combined into an aggregate link to increase the bandwidth of a network connection or
ensure fault recovery. You can configure trunks between any two switches. The ports on this switch can
be grouped into a trunk consisting of two, four or eight ports, creating an aggregate bandwidth to 400,
800, 1600, 4000 or 8000 Mbps when operating at full duplex. Besides balancing the load across each
port in the trunk, the additional ports provide redundancy by taking over the load if another port in the
trunk should fail. However, before making any physical connections between devices, use the Port
Trunking Configuration menu to specify the trunk on the devices at both ends. When using a port trunk,
remember that::
• The ports that can be assigned to the same trunk on WGS3-2620 are listed below:
Two ports as a trunk
<<13, 01>> <<14, 02>> <<15, 03>> <<16, 04>>
<<17, 05>> <<18, 06>> <<19, 07>> <<20, 08>>
<<21, 09>> <<22, 10>> <<23, 11>> <<24, 12>>
Four ports as a trunk
<<13, 01, 14, 02>> <<15, 03, 16, 04>>
<<17, 05, 18, 06>> <<19, 07, 20, 08>>
<<21, 09, 22, 10>> <<23, 11, 24, 12>>
Eight ports as a trunk
<<13, 01, 14, 02, 15, 03, 16, 04>>
<<17, 05, 18, 06, 19, 07, 20, 08>>
<<21, 09, 22, 10, 23, 11, 24, 12>>
Gigabit Ethernet Ports as a trunk
<<25, 26>>
• The ports that can be assigned to the same trunk on WGS3-404 are listed below:
Two ports as a trunk
<<1, 2>> <<3, 4>> <<5, 6>> <<7, 8>>
Four ports as a trunk
<<1, 2, 3, 4>> <<5, 6, 7, 8>>
• Ports can only be assigned to one trunk.
• The ports at both ends of a connection must be configured as trunk ports.
• The ports at both ends of a trunk must be configured in an identical manner, including
communication mode, and VLAN assignments.
• None of the ports in a trunk can be configured as a mirror or monitor port.
• All the ports in a trunk have to be treated as a whole when moved from/to, added or deleted from
a VLAN.
• The Spanning Tree Algorithm will treat all the ports in a trunk as a whole.
• Enable the trunk prior to connecting any cable between the switches to avoid creating a loop.
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You can use the Port Trunking Configuration screen to set up port trunks as shown below:
Parameter
Trunk#
Description
The trunk identifier.
Port Count
Port Number
Trunks can contain 2, 4 or 8 ports.
The ports assigned to each trunk.
To add a trunk, press <Add>. To delete a trunk, highlight the required entry and press Enter. Before
disconnecting a port trunk, take the following steps:
• Before removing a port trunk via the configuration menu, you must disable all the ports in the
trunk or remove all the network cables. Otherwise, a loop may be created.
• To disable a single link within a port trunk, you should first remove the network cable, and then
disable both ends of the link via the configuration menu. This allows the traffic passing across
that link to be automatically distributed to the other links in the trunk, without losing any
significant amount of traffic.
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4.5.2.4 Configuring the Static Unicast Address Table
The Static Unicast Address Table can be used to assign the MAC address for a host device to a specific
port on this switch. Static unicast addresses are never aged out, and cannot be learned on another port.
If any packets with a source address specified in this table enter another port, they will be dropped. The
Static Unicast Address Table is described in the following figure and table.
Parameter
Address
Port
Description
The MAC address of a host device attached to this switch.
The switch port the host device is attached to.
NOTE: To assign a MAC address to a specific port, use <Add>. To delete or modify an address,
highlight it with the cursor and press Enter. To scroll through the address table, use the <Next
Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To display a specific page, set the page number in the Page
field and then press <Apply>.
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4.5.2.5 Configuring the Static Multicast Address Table
The Static Multicast Address Table can be used to assign a destination MAC address (and the
corresponding ports) to the VLAN group used for a specific multicast service. Static multicast addresses
are never aged out, and traffic with these addresses can only be forwarded to ports specified in this
table.
Parameter
VLAN
Description
The VLAN corresponding to this multicast service.
The destination MAC address for a multicast service.
The ports to which this multicast traffic can be forwarded.
Address
Port
NOTE: To assign a destination MAC address to one or more ports, use <Add>. To delete or modify an
address, highlight it with the cursor and press Enter. To scroll through the address table, use
the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To display a specific page, set the page number in
the Page field and then press <Apply>.
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4.5.3 Using the Bridge Menu
The Bridge menu is used to display or configure settings for the Spanning Tree Algorithm, as well as the
global bridge settings for GMRP (GARP Multicast Registration Protocol) and GVRP (GARP VLAN
Registration Protocol), traffic classes priority threshold, and address aging time.
The Spanning Tree Algorithm can be used to detect and disable network loops, and to provide backup
links between switches, bridges or routers. This allows the switch to interact with other bridging devices
(that is, an STA-compliant switch, bridge or router) in your network to ensure that only one route exists
between any two stations on the network, and provide backup links that automatically take over when a
primary link goes down. For a more detailed description of how to use this algorithm, refer to “Spanning
Tree Algorithm” on Chapter “Advanced Topics”.
Menu
Description
Bridge Configuration
Contains global bridge settings for STA (including bridge priority, hello time,
forward delay, maximum message age), GMRP, GVRP, traffic class priority
threshold, and address aging time.
Spanning Tree Port
Configuration
Contains STA settings for individual ports, including port priority, path cost, and
fast forwarding
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4.5.3.1 Configuring Global Bridge Settings
The following figure and table describe bridge configuration for STA, GMRP, GVRP, priority threshold,
and address aging time.
Parameter
Default
Description
Spanning Tree Enabled
Bridge Priority 32,768
Enable this parameter to participate in a STA compliant network.
Bridge priority is used in selecting the root device, root port, and
designated port. The device with the highest priority becomes the STA
root device. However, if all devices have the same priority, the device
with the lowest MAC address will then become the root device.
Enter a value from 0 - 65535.
Remember that the lower the numeric value, the higher the priority.
Hello Time
2
Time interval (in seconds) at which the root device transmits a
configuration message.
The minimum value is 1.
The maximum value is the lower of 10 or
[(Max. Message Age / 2) -1].
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Forward Delay 15
The maximum time (in seconds) the root device will wait before
changing states (that is, listening to learning to forwarding). This delay
is required because every device must receive information about
topology changes before it starts to forward frames. In addition, each
port needs time to listen for conflicting information that would make it
return to a blocking state; otherwise, temporary data loops might result.
The maximum value is 30.
The minimum value is the higher of 4 or
[(Max. Message Age / 2) + 1].
Max (Message) 20
Age
The maximum time (in seconds) a device can wait without receiving a
configuration message before attempting to reconfigure. All device
ports (except for designated ports) should receive configuration
messages at regular intervals. Any port that ages out STA information
(provided in the last configuration message) becomes the designated
port for the attached LAN. If it is a root port, a new root port is selected
from among the device ports attached to the network.
The minimum value is
the higher of 6 or [2 x (Hello Time + 1)].
The maximum value is
the lower of 40 or [2 x (Forward Delay - 1)].
GMRP*1
Disabled
GARP Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP) allows network devices
to register end stations with multicast groups. If GMRP is globally
enabled for the switch, then you can individually enable or disable
GMRP for a specific port. See “4.5.4.1 VLAN Port Configuration”.
IGMP and IGMP Snooping also provide multicast filtering. For
multilayer mode, the full IGMP protocol set is automatically
enabled/disabled along with DVMRP. (See “6.4.2 IGMP Protocol”,and
“4.5.5 Configuring IGMP Snooping”.)
GVRP
Disabled
GARP VLAN Registration Protocol (GVRP) defines a way for switches
to exchange VLAN information in order to register VLAN members on
ports across the network. This function should be enabled to permit
automatic VLAN registration, and to support VLANs which extend
beyond the local switch.
If GVRP is globally enabled for the switch, then you can individually
enable or disable GVRP for a specific port. See “4.5.4.1 VLAN Port
Configuration”.
Priority
4
WGS3-2620 supports Quality of Service (QoS) by using two priority
queues, with Weighted Fair Queuing for each port. Up to 8 separate
traffic classes are defined in IEEE 802.1p. So any packets with a
priority equal to or higher than this threshold are placed in the high
priority queue. You can use “4.5.4.1 VLAN Port Configuration” to
configure the default priority for each port.
Threshold*1
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High/Medium/ 6/4/2
Low Priority*2
WGS3-404 supports Quality of Service (QoS) by using four priority
queues (High, Medium, Low and Lowest), with Weighted Fair Queuing
for each port. Up to 8 separate traffic classes are defined in IEEE
802.1p. So any packets with a priority equal to or higher than High
Priority (default is 6) are placed in the high priority queue and so do
others. Any packets with a priority lower than Low Priority (default is
2) are placed in the lowest priority queue. You can use “4.5.4.1 VLAN
Port Configuration” to configure the default priority for each port.
Aging Time
300
Time-out period in seconds for aging out dynamically learned MAC
addresses information.
Range: 10 - 1000000 seconds
1: Only displayed on WGS3-2620.
2: Only displayed on WGS3-404
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4.5.3.2 Configuring STA for Ports
The following figure and table describe port STA configuration.
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Parameter
Type
Default
Description
Shows port type as:
100TX : 10BASE-T / 100BASE-TX
1000T : 1000BASE-T
1000FX: 1000Base-SX or 1000Base-LX
Priority
128
Defines the priority for the use of a port in the STA algorithm. If the path
cost for all ports on a switch are the same, the port with the highest
priority (that is, lowest value) will be configured as an active link in the
Spanning Tree. Where more than one port is assigned the highest
priority, the port with lowest numeric identifier will be enabled. The range
is 0 - 255.
(Path) Cost
100/19/4
This parameter is used by the STA algorithm to determine the best path
between devices. Therefore, lower values should be assigned to ports
attached to faster media, and higher values assigned to ports with
slower media. (Path cost takes precedence over port priority.)
The default and recommended range is:
Ethernet: 100 (50~600)
Fast Ethernet: 19 (10~60)
Gigabit Ethernet: 4 (3~10)
The full range is 0 - 65535.
Fast
Disabled
This parameter is used to enable/disabled the Fast Spanning Tree mode
for the selected port. In this mode, ports skip the Blocked, Listening and
Learning states and proceed straight to Forwarding.
Forwarding
NOTE: Since end-nodes cannot cause forwarding loops, they can pass through the Spanning Tree
state changes more quickly than allowed by standard convergence time. Fast Forwarding can
achieve quicker convergence for end-node workstations and servers, and also overcome other
STA related time-out problems. (Remember that Fast Forwarding should only be enabled for
ports connected to an end-node device.)
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4.5.4 Configuring Virtual LANs
You can use the VLAN configuration menu to assign any port on the switch to any of up to 256 Virtual
LAN groups. In conventional networks with routers, broadcast traffic is split up into separate domains.
Switches do not inherently support broadcast domains. This can lead to broadcast storms in large
networks that handle traffic such as IPX or NetBEUI. By using IEEE 802.1Q compliant VLANs, you can
organize any group of network nodes into separate broadcast domains, confining broadcast traffic to the
originating group. This also provides a more secure and cleaner network environment. For more
information on how to use VLANs, see “6.3 Virtual LANs”. The VLAN configuration screens are described
in the following sections.
4.5.4.1 VLAN Port Configuration
You can use the VLAN Port Configuration screen to configure GARP, the default VLAN identifier, default
port priority, VLAN tagging on the attached link, GVRP and GMRP status, and filtering of incoming
frames for VLAN groups to which this port does not belong.
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Parameter
GARP *1
Default
Description
Group Address Registration Protocol is used by GVRP and GMRP to
register or deregister client attributes for client services within a bridged
LAN.
Join Time
20
60
The interval (centiseconds) between transmitting requests/queries to
participate in a group.
Leave Time
The interval (centiseconds) a port waits before leaving a group. This
time should be set to more than twice the Join Time. This ensures that
after a Leave or LeaveAll message has been issued, the applicants
can re-join before the port actually leaves the group.
Leave All Time
1000
The interval (centiseconds) between sending out a LeaveAll query
message for group participants and the port leaving the group. This
interval should be considerably larger than the Leave Time to minimize
the amount of traffic generated by nodes rejoining the group.
1: The default values for the GARP timers are independent of the media access method or data rate.
These values should not changed unless you are experiencing some difficulties with GMRP or GVRP
registration/deregistration.
Parameter
Default
Description
VLAN and Priority
These fields set the default values for VLANs, port priority, GVRP and
GMRP.
Port VID
1
0
The VLAN ID assigned to untagged frames received on this port.
Port Default
Priority *2
Set the default ingress priority to any value beneath the priority threshold
to specify the low priority queue, or to any value equal to or above this
threshold to specify the high priority queue.
VLAN Tagging Layer 2 -
Indicates whether or not VLAN tags will be included on frames passing
through this port. The options include:
*3
Rx All,
Rx All:
Accepts all frames, tagged or untagged.
Tx All
Rx Untag: Only accepts untagged frames.
Multilayer -
Rx All,
Tx All:
If PVID and frame tag are same, sends tagged frame,
otherwise sends untagged.
Tx Untag
Tx Untag: Sends only untagged frames.
2: The switch supports Quality of Service (QoS) by using two or four priority queues, with Weighted Fair
Queuing for each port. Inbound frames that do not have VLAN tags are tagged with the input port’ s
default ingress user priority, and then placed in the appropriate priority queue at the output port. The
default priority for all ingress ports is zero. Therefore, any inbound frames that do not have priority tags
will be placed in the low priority queue of the output port. (Note that if the output port is an untagged
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member of the associated VLAN, these frames are stripped of all VLAN tags prior to transmission.)
3: If you want to create a small port-based VLAN for just one or two switches, you can assign ports to the
same untagged VLAN (and use a separate connection where a VLAN crosses the switches). However,
to participate in a VLAN group that extends beyond this switch, we recommend using the VLAN ID for
that group (using VLAN tagging for Layer 2 mode, or a common PVID for multilayer mode).
When operating the switch in Layer 2 mode, ports assigned to a large VLAN group that crosses several
switches must use VLAN tagging. But when operating in multilayer mode, this switch does not currently
support tagging, so you should set the PVID to the same value at both ends of the link (if the device you
are attaching to is VLAN-aware), and configure an IP interface for this VLAN if you need to connect it to
other group.
This parameter is for WGS3-2620 only. WGS3-404’s default setting is Rx All and use VLAN Table
Configuration for Tx.
Parameter
GVRP
Default
Description
Enabled
Enables or disables GVRP for this port. When disabled, any GVRP
packets received on this port will be discarded and no GVRP registrations
will be propagated from other ports.
Note that GVRP must be enabled globally for the switch before this
setting can take effect. (See “4.5.3.1 Configuring Global Bridge Settings”)
GMRP*4
Enabled
Disabled
Enables or disables GMRP for this port. When enabled, this port will allow
end stations to register with multicast groups using GMRP. Note that
GMRP must be enabled for the switch before this setting can take effect.
IGMP and IGMP Snooping also provide multicast filtering. (See “6.4.2
IGMP Protocol”)
Ingress
If enabled, incoming frames for VLANs which do not include this ingress
port in their member set will be discarded at the ingress port.
Filtering *5
4: Only displayed on WGS3-2620.
5: This control does not affect VLAN independent BPDU frames, such as GVRP or STP. However, they
do affect VLAN dependent BPDU frames, such as GMRP.
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4.5.4.2 VLAN Table Configuration
Use this screen to create a new VLAN or modify the settings for an existing VLAN.
The VLAN Table Configuration of WGS3-2620 and WGS3-404 are slightly different. For WGS3-2620,
the VLAN Table Configuration is as the following:
The configuration parameter for WGS3-2620 is as the following:
Parameter
VLAN
Description
The ID for the VLAN currently displayed. Range: 1-4094
Port entries may be marked as:
Port
- : (Normal) Uses GVRP to determine port membership.
S : (Static) Adds port as a static entry. GVRP protocol is disabled.
R : (Registration Fixed) Adds port as a static entry. GVRP protocol messages are still
forwarded through this port.
X : (Forbidden) Disables GVRP for this VLAN on the specified port.
If a removed port is no longer assigned to any other group as an untagged port, it will
automatically be assigned to VLAN group 1 as untagged.
NOTE: Use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons to scroll through the table. To display a specific
page, set the page number in the Page field and press <Apply>. To modify a VLAN group,
highlight the entry in the table and press Enter. To add a VLAN group, press <Add>.
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The VLAN Table Configuration of WGS3-404 is as the following:
Parameter
VLAN
Description
The ID for the VLAN currently displayed.
Range: 1-4094
MEMBERS
Port entries may be marked as:
- : (Normal) Uses GVRP to determine port membership.
S : (Static) Adds port as a static entry. GVRP protocol is disabled.
R : (Registration Fixed) Adds port as a static entry. GVRP protocol messages are still
forwarded through this port.
X : (Forbidden) Disables GVRP for this VLAN on the specified port.
If a removed port is no longer assigned to any other group as an untagged port, it will
automatically be assigned to VLAN group 1 as untagged.
UNTAG
Specify the outbound packets for this VLAN on this port should be tagged or
untagged.
U: The outbound packets for this VLAN on this port should be untagged.
T: The outbound packets for this VLAN on this port should be tagged.
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4.5.4.3 Reset Address Table Mode
WGS3-404 provide two address table modes, SVL (Shared VLAN Learning) and IVL (Independent VLAN
Learning).
SVL: Configuration and operation of the MAC address learning process with the same MAC address
table for all VLANs. If an individual MAC Address is learned in one VLAN, that learned information is
used in forwarding decisions taken for that address relative to all other VLANs. SVL is suitable when
you need to have asymmetric VLANs. Under normal circumstances, a pair of devices communicating in a
VLAN environment will both send and receive using the same VLAN. However, there are some
circumstances in which it is convenient to make use of two distinct VLANs, one used for A to transmit to
B: the other used for B to transmit to A.
IVL: Configuration and operation of the MAC address learning process with difference MAC address
table for all VLANs. If a given individual MAC Address is learned in one VLAN, that learned information is
not used in forwarding decisions taken for that address relative to any other VLAN. IVL is suitable when
two or more VLANs are connected by a bridge(switch) or there are duplicate MAC addresses on different
VLANs.
Parameter
Default
SVL
Description
Reset Address
Table Mode
Specify the address table mode to be SVL or IVL.
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4.5.5 Configuring IGMP Snooping
This option is displayed on Device Control Menu for Layer 2 mode of WGS3-2620 and on Protocol
Configuration Menu ( under Device Control Menu -> IP Menu) for Layer 3 mode of WGS3-2620 or
WGS3-404. Multicasting is used to support real-time applications such as video conferencing or
streaming audio. A multicast server does not have to establish a separate connection with each client. It
merely broadcasts its service to the network; and any hosts which want to receive the multicast register
with their local multicast switch/router. Although this approach reduces the network overhead required by
a multicast server, the broadcast traffic must be carefully pruned at every multicast switch/router it
passes through to ensure that traffic is only passed on to the hosts which subscribed to this service.
This switch uses IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) Snooping to monitor any attached hosts
which want to receive a specific multicast service. It looks up the IP Multicast Group used for this service,
and adds any port which received a similar request to that group.
You can use the IGMP Snooping Configuration screen to configure multicast filtering shown below.
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Parameter
Default
Description
IGMP Snooping
Status*1
Disabled
If enabled, the switch will monitor network traffic to determine which
hosts want to receive multicast traffic. This is also referred to as
IGMP Snooping.
IGMP Router
Timeout
5
5
A switch port that stops receiving multicast protocol packets for this
interval will be removed from the IGMP forwarding list.
Range: 3 - 5 minutes
IGMP Group
Timeout
The time between last spotting an IGMP Report message for an IP
multicast address on a specific port and the switch removing that
entry from its list.
Range: 3 - 5 minutes
Act as IGMP
Querier*2
Disabled
If enabled, the switch can serve as the “querier,” which is responsible
for asking hosts is they want to receive multicast traffic.
1: This item is only displayed for Layer 2 mode of WGS3-2620. For WGS3-404 and multilayer mode of
WGS3-2620, the full IGMP protocol set is automatically enabled/disabled along with DVMRP. (See “6.4
Multicast Filtering” and “4.5.6.1.5 Configuring DVMRP”.)
2: This item is only displayed for Layer 2 mode of WGS3-2620. When IGMP is enabled for WGS3-404
and multilayer mode of WGS3-2620, the switch will always serve as the querier if elected.
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4.5.6 Configuring IP Settings
If this switch is WGS3-404 or WGS3-2620 in multilayer mode(see
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4.5.1 Setting the System Operation Mode), the IP Menu will be displayed. Use this menu to configure the
IP subnets for each VLAN on your switch, the unicast and multicast routing protocols, static ARP entries,
static IP routes, and the default IP Route.
Parameter
Description
Subnet Configuration
Specifies the IP interface for VLANs configured on this switch, including the
subnet address and routing
Protocols
Protocol Configuration
Configures ARP timeout, enables Proxy ARP, sets the preferred servers for
BOOTP/DHCP Relay, as well as enabling/configuring unicast and multicast
protocols globally for this switch.
Static ARP Configuration Used to map an IP address to a specific physical MAC address
Static Route
Used to configure static routes to other IP networks, subnetworks, or hosts.
Default Route
Defines the router to which this switch will forward all traffic for unknown
networks.
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4.5.6.1 Subnet Configuration
Use this menu to specify an IP interface for any VLAN configured on this switch that needs to
communicate with a device outside of its own group (that is, another network segment). You also need to
define a VLAN for each IP subnet connected directly to this switch. Note that you must first create a
VLAN as described under “Configuring Virtual LANs” before configuring the corresponding subnet. If you
need to manage the switch in-band then you must define the IP subnet address for at least one VLAN.
Parameter
IP Address
Description
The IP address associated with the specified VLAN interface. In general, it is the
router IP address for the specified VLAN members.
Subnet Mask
A template that identifies the address bits in the host address used for routing to
specific subnets. Each bit that corresponds to a “1” is part of the network / subnet
number; and each bit that corresponds to “0” is part of the host number.
VLAN
RIP
The VLAN associated with this IP interface.
Routing Information Protocol for unicast routing.
Open Shortest Path First unicast routing protocol.
Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol.
OSPF
DVMRP
NOTE: Use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons to scroll through the subnet configuration table.
To display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then press <Apply>. To
modify an IP interface, highlight the entry in the table and press Enter. To add an IP interface,
press <Add>.
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4.5.6.1.1 Adding an IP Interface
Select <Add> on the Subnet Configuration menu to add an IP interface. When the Add Subnet screen
opens as shown below, assign a VLAN group to this interface, configure the IP address, and then enable
the required routing protocols. You can specify a VLAN that has already been configured on this switch
or press “Select” to open the Port Group Configuration screen and create or modify a VLAN group.
To configure the unicast or multicast routing protocols, select the IP address for a specific interface from
the Subnet Configuration menu, and then select “Advanced” configuration from the Modify Subnet
screen.
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Parameter
VLAN
Description
The VLAN associated with this IP interface.
Select
Use this option to create or modify a VLAN under the “Port Group Configuration”
menu.
IP Address
The IP address associated with the specified VLAN interface. In general, it is the
router IP address for the specified VLAN members.
Subnet Mask
A template that identifies the address bits in the host address used for routing to
specific subnets. Each bit that corresponds to a “1” is part of the network / subnet
number; and each bit that corresponds to“0” is part of the host number.
Proxy ARP
Enables or disables Proxy ARP for the interface. This feature allows the switch
forward an ARP request from a node in the attached subnetwork (that does not have
routing or a default gateway configured) to a remote subnetwork. (See “6.2.5 Proxy
ARP”.)
Note that Proxy ARP must be enabled globally for the switch before this setting can
take effect. (See “4.5.6.2 Protocol Configuration”.)
RIP
Routing Information Protocol for unicast routing.
Open Shortest Path First unicast routing protocol.
Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol.
OSPF
DVMRP
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4.5.6.1.2 Configuring Port Groups
You can create a new VLAN group or modify the members of an existing group by pressing “Select” on
the Add Subnet screen.
Parameter
VLAN
Description
A VLAN already configured on this switch.
Port entries may be marked as:
Port
S : Adds port as a static entry.
P : Adds port as a static entry, and sets the port’ s PVID to this VLAN ID.
NOTE: Use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons to scroll through the table. To display a specific
page, set the page number in the Page field and then press <Apply>. To modify a VLAN,
highlight the entry in the table and press Enter. To add a new VLAN, press <Add>.
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4.5.6.1.3 Modifying an IP Interface
To modify an IP interface, first highlight the IP address in the Subnet Configuration menu, and then press
Enter. The Modify Subnet screen is nearly the same as the Add Subnet screen. However, it also includes
an “Advanced” option that allows you to configure the unicast and multicast routing protocols as
described in the following sections.
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4.5.6.1.4 Configuring RIP
The Routing Information Protocol is used to specify how routers exchange routing table information. (See
“RIP and RIP-2 Dynamic Routing Protocols” on Chapter “Advanced Topics”.) When RIP is enabled on
this routing switch, it broadcasts RIP messages to all devices in the network every 30 seconds, and
updates its own routing table when RIP messages are received from other routers. RIP messages
contain both the IP address and a metric for each destination network it knows about, where the metric
indicates the number of hops from this device to the destination network.
You can use the following menu to specify authentication, the protocol used for sending or receiving
routing messages on this port, the default metric used in calculating the best path, and enable or disable
Poison Reverse.
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Parameter
Description
Authentication Type Authentication can be used to ensure that routing information comes from a valid
source.
Authentication Key A simple password must be provided if authentication is enabled. (An
authentication string is case sensitive, and can be up to 16 characters.)
Send Type
The protocol used for traffic sent out this port:
RIP1 Broadcast— Route information is broadcast to other routers on the network
using RIPv1.
RIP2 Broadcast— Route information is broadcast to other routers on the network
using RIPv2.
RIP2 Multicast— Route information is multicast to other routers on the network
using RIPv2.
Do Not Send— The switch will passively monitor route information advertised by
other routers attached to the network.
Receive Type
Default Metric
The routing protocol messages accepted on this port includes RIP1, RIP2,
RIP1/RIP2, or Disabled (i.e., none received).
A “metric” indicates the number of hops between the switch and the destination
network.
The “default metric” is used for the default route in RIP updates originated on this
interface. A value of zero indicates that no default route should be originated; in this
case, a default route via another router may be propagated.
Range: 0-15
Poison Reverse*
Propagates routes back to an interface port from which they have been acquired,
but sets the distance vector metrics to infinity.
NOTE: This is a method of preventing routing information from looping back to the source. Note that
Split Horizon is also enabled on this switch for this purpose. (See “6.2.6.1 RIP and RIP-2
Dynamic Routing Protocols”.)
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4.5.6.1.5 Configuring OSPF
Open Shortest Path First is more suited for large area networks which experience frequent changes in
the links. It also allows for subnets. This protocol actively tests the status of each link to its neighbors to
generate a shortest path tree, and builds a routing table based on this information. OSPF then utilizes IP
multicast to propagate routing information. A separate routing area scheme is also used to further reduce
the amount of routing traffic. You can use the following menu to specify the area identifier, or other key
routing parameters as described in the following table.
Parameter
Area ID*1
Default
0.0.0.0
Description
A 32-bit integer uniquely identifying an OSPF protocol broadcast area
This identifier can be in the form of an IP address or integer. Each
port on the switch can be configured to represent one OSPF area.
You must first specify OSPF areas for global access in the Area ID
Configuration menu, before they can be used for a specific IP
interface.
ID 0.0.0.0 is used for the OSPF backbone.
Router Priority
Interface Cost
1
The priority used when selecting the designated router and
designated backup router.
Range: 0-255; Disable election: 0
100
Explicitly specify the cost of sending a packet on the interface.
Range: 1-65535
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Transit Delay
1 second
The estimated number of seconds it takes to transmit a link state
update packet over this interface.
Range: 0-3600 seconds
Retransmit Interval 5 seconds
The number of seconds between retransmitting link-state
advertisements to router adjacencies on this interface. This value is
also used when retransmitting database descriptions and link-state
request packets.
Range: 0-3600 seconds
Hello Interval *2
10 seconds The interval, in seconds, between sending Hello packets out the
router interface. This interval determines how fast topology changes
will be detected. However, for small intervals, more overhead will be
incurred in exchanging routing information.
Range: 1-65535 seconds
Dead Interval *2
40 seconds The number of seconds that a router’s Hello packets have not been
seen before its neighbors declare the router down. This should be a
multiple of the Hello interval.
Range: 1-65535 seconds
Poll Interval
120 seconds Sets the poll interval (in seconds) for this interface. If a neighboring
router has become inactive (Hello Packets have not been seen for
Router Dead Interval), then it may still be necessary to send Hello
Packets to the dead neighbor. These Hello Packets are sent at the
reduced rate which should be much larger than Hello Interval. The
default is 120 seconds.
Authentication Type NONE
Use this option to specify how to authenticate neighboring OSPF
routers. There are three options:
NONE: Not to authenticate neighboring routers.
SIMPLE: Use password to authenticate neighboring OSPF routers.
The password is assigned on Authentication Key field. With SIMPLE
authentication, the password goes in clear-text over the network.
Thus, anyone with a sniffer software on the OSPF network segment
would be able to pull the OSPF password, and the network attacker
would be one step closer to compromising your OSPF environment.
MD5: Use MD5 to authenticate neighboring routers. With MD5
authentication, the key does not pass over the network. MD5 is a
message-digest algorithm specified in RFC1321. MD5 should be
considered the most secure OSPF authentication mode. You have to
specify an active MD5 key on MD5 Key Table.
Authentication Key
When use SIMPLE authentication type, enter the password here. The
password can be any string of keyboard-entered characters up to 8
bytes in length. All neighboring routers on the same network must
have the same password to exchange OSPF information.
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MD5 Key Table
When use MD5 authentication mode, you have to specify an active
MD5 key on this table. Up to 8 key can be added on the table but
only one can be Active. The others should be left to be Valid. To
remove the key, set the status to be Invalid and select <Apply>. Each
key consists of two parameters:
Key ID : An identifier from 1 to 255.
Key : An alphanumeric password of up to 16 bytes.
1: The Area ID is used to specify a group of contiguous networks and hosts. OSPF protocol broadcast
messages are restricted by area to limit their impact on network performance.
2: This value must be the same for all routers attached to a common network.
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4.5.6.1.6 Configuring DVMRP
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol is used to route multicast traffic to nodes which have
requested a specific multicast service via IGMP. (See “6.4.4 DVMRP Routing Protocol”) To configure
DVMRP, you must specify the routing metric, probe interval, and neighbor router timeout.
Parameter
Metrics
Default
1 hop
Description
This value is used to select the best reverse path to networks that are
connected directly to an interface on this switch.
Range: 1-31 hops
Probe Interval 10 seconds The interval between sending neighbor probe messages to the multicast
group address for all DVMRP routers.
Range: 5-30 seconds
Neighbor
Timeout
35 seconds The interval to wait without hearing from a DVMRP neighbor before
declaring it dead. This is used for timing out routes, and for setting the
children and leaf flags.
Range: 10-8000 seconds
NOTE: IGMP is automatically enabled/disabled along with DVMRP. (See “6.4.2 IGMP Protocol”.)
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4.5.6.2 Protocol Configuration
Use the Protocol Configuration screen to globally enable or disable unicast or multicast routing protocols
for the switch.
Parameter
ARP
Description
Sets the aging time for dynamic ARP entries.
Proxy ARP
Enables or disables Proxy ARP globally for the switch. This feature allows the
switch to forward an ARP request from a node in the attached subnetwork (that
does not have routing or a default gateway configured) to a remote subnetwork.
(See “6.2.5 Proxy ARP”.)
If Proxy ARP is globally enabled for the switch, then you can enable or disable it
for a specific interface. See “4.5.6.1.1 Adding an IP Interface”, or “4.5.6.1.3
Modifying an IP Interface”.
RIP
Enables or disables the Routing Information Protocol. The Advanced menu sets
the interval at which the switch advertises known routes, and also
enables/disables advertising for static routes or the default route.
OSPF
Enables or disables the OSPF routing protocol. The Advanced menu organizes
an autonomous system into normal, stub, or not so stubby areas; configures a
range of subnet addresses for which link state advertisements can be aggregated;
and configures virtual links for areas that do not have direct physical access to the
OSFP backbone, to add redundancy, or to merge backbone areas.
DHCP Relay
Enables or disables BOOTP/DHCP Relay. The Advanced menu defines the
preferred servers or the outbound subnetworks for broadcasting a BOOTP/DHCP
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request.
IGMP Snooping
DVMRP
Enables or disables IGMP Snooping. The Advanced menu sets the timeout for
inactive multicast ports or for specific multicast flows when there are no longer
any clients.
Enables or disables the Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol.
NOTE: Once RIP and DVMRP have been globally enabled, you can enable or disable them for any
specific subnet via the Subnet Configuration menu.
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4.5.6.2.1 Setting the ARP Timeout
You can use the following configuration screen to modify the aging time for dynamically learned entries in
the ARP cache.
Parameter
Default
Description
ARP Timeout 20 minutes The time that dynamically learned entries are retained in the ARP cache.
Range: 0-999 minutes, where 0 disables aging
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4.5.6.2.2 Setting the RIP Advertisement Policy
You can use the following configuration screen to set the timing interval and policies RIP uses to
advertise route information.
Parameter
Default
Description
RIP Update Time 30 seconds The interval at which RIP advertises known route information.
Range: 0-999 seconds, where 0 disables route advertisements
Default Route
Advertisement
Disabled
Disabled
Enables or disables advertising this switch as a default router.
Enables or disables advertisement of static routes.
Static Route
Advertisement
Ignore Host Route Disabled
If enabled, the switch will not import a default route from other routers.
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4.5.6.2.3 Configuring Global Settings for OSPF
To implement OSPF for a large network, you must first organize the network into logical areas to limit the
number of OSPF routers that actively exchange Link State Advertisements (LSAs). You can then define
an OSPF interface by assigning an IP interface configured on this switch to one of these groups. This
OSPF interface will send and receive OSPF traffic to neighboring OSPF routers. You can further
optimize the exchange of OSPF traffic by specifying an area range that covers a large number of
subnetwork addresses. This is an important technique for limiting the amount of traffic exchanged
between Area Border Routers (ABRs). And finally, you must specify a virtual link to any OSPF area that
is not physically attached to the OSPF backbone. Virtual links can also be used to provide a redundant
link between contiguous areas to prevent areas from being partitioned, or to merge backbone areas.
The following menu provides all the global configuration options for OSPF:
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Parameter
Default
Description
Router ID
Selection
STATIC INTF Defines how the Router ID is determined: There are three options:
STATIC: User can manual configure the Router ID.
STATIC INTF: The VLAN 1 IP address will be used as Router ID
ACTIVE INTF: The first active interface will be used as Router ID
Router ID
VLAN 1 IP
Disabled
A 32-bit number assigned to each router running the OSPF protocol.
This number uniquely identifies the router within an Autonomous
System.
RFC 1583
Enable or disable the compatibility to RFC 1583 OSPF version 2
Compatibility
Area ID
Defines an area within which all OSPF routers actively exchange
routing information to ensure that they all have an identical link state
database.
Configuration
OSPF Area
Range
Defines a range of subnetwork addresses. An area range is used to
summarize route information exchanged between Area Border
Routers.
Configuration
OSPF Virtual Link
Configuration
Defines a virtual link that can be used to connect an OSPF area not
physically adjacent to the OSPF backbone, or to create a backup link
to any area.
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4.5.6.2.3.1 OSPF Area Configuration
OSPF protocol broadcast messages (i.e., Link State Advertisements) are restricted by area to limit their
impact on network performance. Before assigning an Area ID to a specific OSPF interface, you must first
specify the Area ID in this table. Each entry in this table identifies a logical group of OSPF routers that
actively exchange Link State Advertisements (LSAs) to ensure that they share an identical view of the
network topology. You can configure the area as a normal one which can send and receive external Link
State Advertisements (LSAs), a stubby area that cannot send or receive external LSAs, or a
not-so-stubby area (NSSA) that can import external route information into its area.
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Parameter
Area ID
Description
An OSPF area identifier configured for a group of OSPF routers. (For information
on how to assign this identifier to a specific interface, see4.5.6.1.5 Configuring
OSPF.)
Type
Indicates area type:
Normal – An area which can send or receive external route information.
Stub – An area which cannot send or receive external route information. It relies
on a single default route provided by its Area Border Router (ABR) to access
destinations outside of the stub. A stub can be used to reduce the amount of
topology data that has to be exchanged over the network.
NSSA – A not so stubby area cannot send but can receive external route
information. The ABR imports external routes and floods this information to all
routers within the NSSA.
An Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) can import external routes and flood this information
to the entire Autonomous System.
NOTE: To add a new Area ID, use the <Add> button. (The default 0.0.0.0 indicates the OSPF
backbone.) To modify or delete an existing Area ID, highlight the table entry with the cursor and
select Enter.
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4.5.6.2.3.2 OSPF Area Range Configuration
After you configure an area identifier, you can specify a subnetwork address range that covers all the
individual networks in this area. This technique limits the amount of traffic exchanged between Area
Border Routers (ABRs) by allowing them to advertise a single summary range. By summarizing routes,
the routing changes within an area do not have to be updated in the backbone ABRs or in other areas.
To optimize the route summary, first configure all the OSPF routers in an area so that they fall within a
contiguous address range. The route summary consists of an address and mask, where the mask can be
a Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM). Using VLSMs allows you to configure each subnetwork within a
larger network with its own subnet mask. This provides a longer subnet mask that covers fewer host IP
addresses, thereby reducing the size of the routing tables that have to be exchanged. (For more
information on VSLMs, see RFCs 1219 and 1878.)
Parameter
Description
Area Identity
An OSPF area that includes all the OSPF routers within the assigned address
range
IP Address
The IP address used to calculate the area range.
The subnet mask used to calculate the area range.
Enables or disables advertising for this range.
Address Mask
Advertisement
NOTE: To add a new OSPF Area Range, use the <Add> button. To delete an existing range, highlight
the table entry with the cursor and select Enter.
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4.5.6.2.3.3 OSPF Virtual Link Configuration
All OSPF areas must connect to the backbone. If an area does not have a direct physical connection to
the backbone, you can configure a virtual link that provides a logical path to the backbone. To connect an
isolated area to the backbone, the logical path can cross a single nonbackbone area to reach the
backbone. To define the path, you must specify one endpoint on the ABR that connects the isolated area
to the common nonbackbone area, and the other endpoint on the ABR that connects this common
nonbackbone area and the backbone itself. (However, note that you cannot configure a virtual link that
runs through a stub or NSSA area.)
Virtual links can also be used to create a redundant link between any area and the backbone to help
prevent partitioning, or to connect two existing backbone areas into a common backbone.
To configure a virtual link, specify the transit area through which the endpoint routers connect, and the
address of the router on this side of the link.
Parameter
Area ID
Description
An identifier for the transit area the virtual link crosses
The IP address of the OSPF router on this end of the virtual link.
Neighbor IP
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Modifying a Virtual Link –
You can modify or delete a virtual link by selecting the required entry in the table with your cursor and
pressing Enter. The screen will display configuration options as shown in the following example.
Parameter
Area ID
Default
Description
An identifier for the transit area the virtual link crosses.
The IP address of the OSPF router on this end of the virtual link.
Neighbor IP
Transit Delay
1 second
The estimated number of seconds it takes to transmit a link state
update packet over this virtual link. Range: 0-3600 seconds
Retransmit
Interval
5 seconds
The number of seconds between retransmitting link-state
advertisements to the router at the other end on the virtual link. This
value is also used when retransmitting database descriptions and
link-state request packets. Range: 0-3600 seconds
Hello Interval2
Dead Interval2
10 seconds The interval, in seconds, between sending Hello packets out the router
interface. Range: 1-65535 seconds
40 seconds The number of seconds that a router’s Hello packets have not been
seen before the router at the other end of the virtual link is declared
down. This should be a multiple of the Hello interval. Range: 1-65535
seconds
Authentication
Type
None
Authentication can be used to ensure that routing information comes
from a valid source. The options include none or a simple password.
Authentication
Key
A simple password must be provided if authentication is enabled. (An
authentication string is case sensitive, and can be up to 16 characters.)
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4.5.6.2.4 Configuring DHCP Relay
If a DHCP server is not located in the same subnet with a host, you can configure this switch to forward
any host configuration queries to a server located on another subnet or on another network. Depending
on the configuration setup, the switch either:
• Forwards the packet to a preferred server as defined in the switch configuration using unicast
routing, or
• Broadcasts the DHCP Request again to another directly attached IP subnet specified in the
switch configuration.
Specify the address for any DHCP server, or specify the subnet address for an outbound IP interface
already configured on this switch as described in the following screens.
Parameter
Description
Index Server
Address
Used to define any preferred DHCP servers or the outbound subnetwork for
relaying a DHCP request broadcast. (Up to five entries are permitted.)
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4.5.6.3 Static ARP Configuration
Use the following screen to display or edit entries in the Static ARP Table. Entries added to this table are
retained until the associated IP interface is deleted or the switch is reset to the factory defaults.
Parameter
IP Address
MAC Address
Interface
Description
IP address statically mapped to a physical MAC address.
MAC address statically mapped to the corresponding IP address.
The index number of the IP interface that will use this static ARP entry. (Port “0” refers
to the CPU.)
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4.5.6.4 Static Route Configuration
This switch can be configured to dynamically learn the routes to other IP networks, subnets or hosts
using unicast or multicast routing protocols. If the route to a specific destination cannot be learned via
these protocols or you wish to restrict the path used for transmitting traffic to a destination, then it can be
statically configured using the Static Route Table.
Before defining a static route, remember that you must first configure at least one IP interface on this
switch. Static routes take precedence over dynamically learned routes, and remain in the table until you
remove them or the corresponding IP interface from this switch.
Parameter
Description
Destination
Network
A destination network, subnet or host.
Destination Mask The subnet mask that specifies the bits to match. A routing entry will be used for a
packet if the bits in the address set by the destination mask match the Destination
Network.
VLAN
The VLAN within which the gateway or destination address resides.
Next Hop
The IP address of the router at the next hop. Note that the network portion of the
next hop must match that used for one of the subnet IP interfaces configured on this
switch. (See “4.5.6.1 Subnet Configuration”)
Type
The IP route type for the destination network. This switch supports the following
types:
Direct - A directly connected subnetwork.
Indirect - A remote IP subnetwork or host address.
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NOTE: Use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons to scroll through the static route table. To
display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then press <Apply>. To
modify a static route, highlight the entry in the table and press Enter. To add a static route,
press <Add>.
The following screen is displayed for modifying or adding a static route. You must provide route
information as described in the preceding table, plus the routing metric used to indicate the number of
hops to the destination network.
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4.5.6.5 Configuring the Default Route
Defines the router to which this switch will forward all traffic for unknown networks. The default route can
be learned from RIP protocol (See “4.5.6.1.4 Configuring RIP”) or manually configured. If the switch does
not contain a default route, any packet that does not match an entry in the routing table will be dropped.
To manually configure a default route, enter the next hop in the following table.
Parameter
VLAN
Description
The VLAN which has the IP interface to the default router.
The IP address of the default router.
Next Hop
Address
Metric
The number of hops required to reach the default router.
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4.5.7 Security Menu
The Security menu contains options to filter specified MAC or IP addresses. These menu options are
described in the following sections.
Menu
Description
MAC Filtering
Configuration
Specifies the source or destination MAC address for any traffic to be filtered from
the switch for security reasons.
IP Filtering
Specifies the source or destination IP address for any traffic to be filtered from the
switch for security reasons.
Configuration *
* This menu item is only displayed for multilayer mode.
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4.5.7.1 Configuring MAC Address Filters
Any node that presents a security risk or is functioning improperly can be filtered from this switch. You
can drop all the traffic from a host device based on a specified MAC address. Traffic with either a source
or destination address listed in the Security Filtering Configuration table will be filtered.
NOTE: To add a MAC address to the security filtering, use <Add>. To delete an address, highlight it
with the cursor and press Enter. To scroll through the address table, use the <Next Page> and
<Prev Page> buttons. To display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and
then press <Apply>.
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4.5.7.2 IP Filtering Configuration
If any node presents a security risk, you can filter all traffic for this node by entering its address into the
IP Security Filtering Configuration. Any packet passing through the switch that has a source or
destination IP address matching an entry in this table will be filtered.
NOTE: To add a IP address to the security filter, use <Add>. To delete an address, highlight it with the
cursor and select Enter. Use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons to scroll through the
table. To display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then press <Apply>.
To add an entry, press <Add>.
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4.5.8 Jumbo Packet Configuration
This menu is only available for WGS3-404. In general, Ethernet only allow maximum 1518 bytes packet
size. This option allow the switch to transmit up to 9216 bytes packet size to increase data transmission
efficiency.
Parameter
Default
Description
Load Default Size YES
Select YES to use default packet size: 1536. To enable Jumbo
Packet function, Toggle it to NO.
Jumbo Packet
Size
1536
Specify the maximum packet size allowed on this switch.
Range: 1536 to 9216
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4.6 Monitoring the Switch
The Network Monitor Menu provides access to port statistics, address tables, STA information, VLANs
registration and forwarding information, multicast groups. Each of the screens provided by these menus
is described in the following sections.
Menu
Description
Port Statistics
Displays statistics on port traffic, including information from the Interfaces Group,
Ethernet-like MIB, and RMON MIB.
Layer 2 Address
Table
Contains the unicast address table.
Bridge Menu
VLAN Menu
Displays Spanning Tree settings for the overall switch and for specific ports.
Displays ports dynamically learned through GMRP or GVRP, and ports that are
currently forwarding VLAN traffic.
IP Multicast
Displays all the multicast groups active on this switch, including the multicast IP
Registration Table *1 address and the corresponding VLANs.
IP Menu *2
Displays all the IP subnets used on this switch, as well as the corresponding
VLANs and ports. Also contains the ARP table, routing table and multicast menu.
*1: This menu is only displayed if WGS3-2620 is set to Layer 2 mode.
*2: This menu is only displayed on WGS3-404 or WGS3-2620 when it is set to multilayer mode.
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4.6.1 Displaying Port Statistics
Port Statistics display standard statistics on network traffic from the Interfaces Group and Ethernet-like
MIBs, as well as a detailed breakdown of traffic based on the RMOM MIB.
Menu
Description
Port Statistics
RMON Statistics
Displays statistics on network traffic passing through the selected port.
Displays detailed statistical information for the selected port such as packet type
and frame size counters.
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4.6.1.1 Displaying Ethernet Port Statistics
Port Statistics display key statistics from the Interfaces Group and Ethernet MIBs for each port. Error
statistics on the traffic passing through each port are displayed. This information can be used to identify
potential problems with the switch (such as a faulty port or unusually heavy loading). The values
displayed have been accumulated since the last system reboot.
Select the required port. The statistics displayed are indicated in the following figure and table.
Parameter
Description
Interfaces Group
In Octets
The total number of octets received on the interface, including framing characters.
The number of subnetwork-unicast packets delivered to a higher-layer protocol.
In Unicast Pkts
In Non-Unicast
Pkts
The number of non-unicast (that is, subnetwork- broadcast or subnetwork-multicast)
packets delivered to a higher-layer protocol.
In Discards
The number of inbound packets which were chosen to be discarded even though no
errors had been detected to prevent their being deliverable to a higher-layer protocol.
One possible reason for discarding such a packet could be to free up buffer space.
In Errors
The number of inbound packets that contained errors preventing them from being
deliverable to a higher-layer protocol.
Alignment Errors The number of alignment errors (mis-synchronized data packets).
Out Octets
The total number of octets transmitted out of the interface, including framing
characters.
Out Unicast Pkts The total number of packets that higher-level protocols requested be transmitted to a
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subnetwork-unicast address, including those that were discarded or not sent.
Out Non-Unicast The total number of packets that higher-level protocols requested be transmitted to a
Pkts
non- unicast (that is, a subnetwork-broadcast or subnetwork-multicast) address,
including those that were discarded or not sent.
Out Discards
The number of outbound packets which were chosen to be discarded even though no
errors had been detected to prevent their being transmitted. One possible reason for
discarding such a packet could be to free up buffer space.
Out Errors
The number of outbound packets that could not be transmitted because of errors.
Number of Ethernet Cyclic Redundancy Check errors detected by this device.
CRC Errors
Ethernet-Like
Single Collisions The number of successfully transmitted frames for which transmission is inhibited by
exactly one collision.
Deferred
A count of frames for which the first transmission attempt on a particular interface is
delayed because the medium was busy.
Transmissions
Excessive
Collisions
The number of frames for which transmission failed due to excessive collisions.
Drop Events
Octets
The total number of events in which packets were dropped due to lack of resources
Number of octets passing through this port.
Multiple Collisions A count of successfully transmitted frames for which transmission is inhibited by more
than one collision.
Late Collisions
The number of times that a collision is detected later than 512 bit-times into the
transmission of a packet.
Carrier Sense
Errors
The number of times that the carrier sense condition was lost or never asserted when
attempting to transmit a frame.
Fragments
The total number of frames received that were less than 64 octets in length (excluding
framing bits, but including FCS octets) and had either an FCS or alignment error.
Jabbers
The total number of frames received that were longer than 1518 octets (excluding
framing bits, but including FCS octets), and had either an FCS or alignment error.
NOTES: Statistics are refreshed every 10 seconds by default (See “4.4.2 Configuring the Serial Port”).
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4.6.1.2 Displaying RMON Statistics
Use the RMON Statistics screen to display key statistics for each port from RMON group 1. (RMON
groups 2, 3 and 9 can only be accessed using SNMP management software.) The following screen
displays the overall statistics on traffic passing through each port. RMON statistics provide access to a
broad range of statistics, including a total count of different frame types and sizes passing through each
port. Values displayed have been accumulated since the last system reboot.
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Parameter
Drop Events
Bytes
Description
The total number of events in which packets were dropped due to lack of resources.
Total number of bytes of data received on the network. This statistic can be used as
a reasonable indication of Ethernet utilization.
Frames
The total number of frames (bad, broadcast and multicast) received.
Broadcast Frames The total number of good frames received that were directed to the broadcast
address. Note that this does not include multicast packets.
Multicast Frames
The total number of good frames received that were directed to this multicast
address.
CRC/Alignment
Errors
The number of CRC/alignment errors (FCS or alignment errors).
Undersize Frames The total number of frames received that were less than 64 octets long (excluding
framing bits, but including FCS octets) and were otherwise well formed. Oversize
Frames The total number of frames received that were longer than 1518 octets
(excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and were otherwise well formed.
Fragments
The total number of frames received that were less than 64 octets in length
(excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and had either an FCS or
alignment error.
Jabbers
The total number of frames received that were longer than 1518 octets (excluding
framing bits, but including FCS octets), and had either an FCS or alignment error.
Collisions
The best estimate of the total number of collisions on this Ethernet segment.
64 Byte Frames
The total number of frames (including bad packets) received and transmitted that
were 64 octets in length(excluding framing bits but including FCS octets).
65-127 Byte
Frames
The total number of frames (including bad packets) received and transmitted where
the number of octets fall within the specified range (excluding framing bits but
including FCS octets).
128-255 Byte
Frames
256-511 Byte
Frames
512-1023 Byte
Frames
1024-1518 Byte
Frames
1519-1536 Byte
Frames
NOTE: Statistics are refreshed every 10 seconds by default (See “4.4.2 Configuring the Serial Port”).
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4.6.2 Layer 2 Address Tables
This menu includes the unicast address table.
Menu
Description
Unicast Address Table
Provides a full listing for unicast addresses
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4.6.2.1 Displaying the Unicast Address Table
The Unicast Address Table contains the MAC addresses associated with each port (that is, the source
port associated with the address). The information displayed in the Address Table is indicated in the
following figure and table.
Parameter
Address
Port
Description
The MAC address of a node seen on this switch.
The port whose address table includes this MAC address.
NOTE: Use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons to scroll through the address table. To display
a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then press <Apply>.
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4.6.3 Displaying Bridge Information
The Bridge menu is used to display settings for the Spanning Tree Algorithm. For a more detailed
description of how to use this algorithm, refer to “6.1.3 Spanning Tree Algorithm”.
Menu
Description
Spanning Tree Bridge Displays a full list of STA values used for the bridge.
Information
Spanning Tree Port
Information
Displays a list of STA values used for each port, including status, designated
cost, designated bridge, and designated port.
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4.6.3.1 Viewing the Current Spanning Tree Bridge Information
The STA Bridge Information screen displays a summary of STA information for the overall bridge. To
make any changes to these parameters, use the Bridge STA Configuration menu. The parameters
shown in the following figure and table describe the current bridge STA settings.
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Parameter
Priority
Description
Device priority is used in selecting the root device, root port, and designated port. The
device with the highest priority becomes the STA root device. However, if all devices
have the same priority, the device with the lowest MAC address will then become the
root device.
Hello Time
Max Age
The time interval (in seconds) at which the root device transmits a configuration
message.
The maximum time (in seconds) a device can wait without receiving a configuration
message before attempting to reconfigure.
Forward Delay
The maximum time (in seconds) the root device will wait before changing states (i.e.,
listening to learning to forwarding).
Hold Time
The minimum interval between the transmission of consecutive Configuration BPDUs
Designated Root The priority and MAC address of the device in the Spanning Tree that this switch has
accepted as the root device.
Root Cost
Root Port
The path cost from the root port on this switch to the root device.
The number of the port on this switch that is closest to the root. This switch
communicates with the root device through this port. If there is no root port, then this
switch has been accepted as the root device of the Spanning Tree network.
Configuration
Changes
The number of times the Spanning Tree has been reconfigured.
Topology Up Time The time since the Spanning Tree was last reconfigured.
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4.6.3.2 Displaying the Current Spanning Tree Port information
The parameters shown in the following figure and table are for spanning tree port Information.
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Parameter
Type
Description
Shows port type as:
100TX : 10BASE-T/ 100BASE-TX
1000T : 1000BASE-T
1000FX: 1000Base-SX/1000Base-LX
Displays current state of this port within the Spanning Tree:
Status
Disabled - No link has been established on this port. Otherwise, the port has been
disabled by the user or has failed diagnostics.
Blocking - Port receives STA configuration messages, but does not forward packets.
Listening - Port will leave blocking state due to a topology change, starts transmitting
configuration messages, but does not yet forward packets.
Learning - Port has transmitted configuration messages for an interval set by the
Forward Delay parameter without receiving contradictory information. Port address table
is cleared, and the port begins learning addresses.
Forwarding - The port forwards packets, and continues the learning addresses.
The rules defining port status are:
ꢀ A port on a network segment with no other STA compliant bridging device is always
forwarding.
ꢀ If two ports of a switch are connected to the same segment and there is no other STA
device attached to this segment, the port with the smaller ID forwards packets and
the other is blocked.
ꢀ All ports are blocked when the switch is booted, then some of them change state to
listening, to learning, and then to forwarding.
Designated
Cost
The cost for a packet to travel from this port to the root in the current Spanning Tree
configuration. The slower the media, the higher the cost.
Designated
Bridge (ID)
The priority and MAC address of the device through which this port must communicate
to reach the root of the Spanning Tree.
DesignatedPort The priority and number of the port on the designated bridging device through which this
(ID) switch must communicate with the root of the Spanning Tree.
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4.6.4 Displaying VLAN Information
These menus display information on the ports that have been automatically learned via GVRP; and all
those ports that have been configured by dynamic or static means to forward VLAN traffic.
Menu
Description
VLAN Dynamic Shows the ports that have been automatically learned via GVRP.
Registration
Information
VLAN
Shows all those ports that have been configured by either dynamic or static means to
forward VLAN traffic.
Forwarding
Information
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4.6.4.1 VLAN Dynamic Registration Information
This table shows the ports that have been automatically learned via GVRP.
NOTES: To scroll through the dynamic registration table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons.
To display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then press <Apply>.
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4.6.4.2 VLAN Forwarding Information
Shows all those ports that have been configured by either dynamic or static means to forward VLAN
traffic.
NOTE: To scroll through the dynamic registration table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons.
To display a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then press <Apply>.
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4.6.5 IP Multicast Registration Table
This table displays all the multicast groups active on the switch, including the multicast IP address and
the corresponding VLANs.
Parameter
VLAN
Description
A VLAN with host members that have asked to receive the indicated multicast
service.
Multicast IP
A source IP address that represents a specific multicast service.
(Multicast Group Port The ports that belong to the indicated VLAN group.
Lists)
Learned by
Shows if this entry was learned dynamically or via IGMP Snooping. An entry is
learned dynamically if a multicast packet was seen crossing the port, or via IGMP
Snooping if an IGMP registration packet was seen crossing the port.
NOTE: To scroll through the address table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To display
a specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then press <Apply>.
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4.6.6 IP Address Table
This menu contains IP subnet information, the ARP cache, routing table, as well as multicast groups and
multicast routing information.
Menu
Description
Subnet
Displays a list of all the IP interfaces configured on this switch.
Information
ARP Table
Shows the IP-to-MAC addresses discovered by ARP.
Routing Table
Shows the routes through which all recognized Ethernet networks (and the
corresponding VLAN) can be reached.
Multicast Table
OSPF Table
Displays all the multicast groups active on this switch, including the multicast IP
address and the corresponding VLANs. Also includes the IGMP registration table, the
multicast forwarding cache, and DVMRP routing information.
Displays a link state advertisement summary, the neighbor table, and the virtual
neighbor table.
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4.6.6.1 Displaying Subnet Information
You can display a list of all the IP interfaces configured on this switch. This table includes the gateway
address, corresponding VLAN, and member ports that use this address.
Parameter
IP Address
Subnet Mask
Description
The address for an IP interface on this switch.
A template that identifies the address bits in the host address used for routing to
specific subnets. Each bit that corresponds to a “1” is part of the network / subnet
number; and each bit that corresponds to “0” is part of the host number.
VLAN
The VLAN group associated with this IP interface.
(Port Members)
The ports that can be reached through this IP interface.
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4.6.6.2 ARP Table
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) defines a method for finding a host’s Ethernet address from its
Internet address. This table shows the IP-to-MAC address cache discovered via ARP.
Parameter
IP Address
Description
IP addresses for which ARP has resolved the physical address through a broadcast
message.
MAC Address
VLAN
MAC address that maps to the corresponding IP address.
The VLAN group to which this host has been assigned.
The port to which this host device is attached.
Port
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4.6.6.3 Routing Table
The Routing Table lists the routes through which all recognized Ethernet networks (and corresponding
VLAN) can be reached. This table includes all routes learned through routing protocols or manual
configuration.
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Parameter
Description
Destination
Network
A destination network, subnet or host.
Destination Mask The subnet mask that specifies the bits to match. A routing entry will be used for a
packet if the bits in the address set by the destination mask match the Destination
Network.
VLAN
The VLAN within which the gateway or destination address resides.
The IP address of the router at the next hop.
The IP route type for the destination network. This switch supports the following types:
Direct - A directly connected subnetwork.
Indirect - A remote IP subnetwork or host address.
Myself - A switch IP address on a specific IP subnetwork.
Bcast - A subnetwork broadcast address.
Mcast - An IP multicast address.
Next Hop
Type
Invalid - An illegal IP address to be filtered.
The route was learned in one of the following ways:
Local - Manually configured
Protocol
Mgmt - Set via SNMP
ICMP - Obtained via ICMP redirect.
RIP - Learned via RIP protocol.
OSPF – Learned via OSPF protocol.
Other - Learned by some other method.
NOTE: Use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons to scroll through the routing table. To display a
specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then press <Apply>. Select <Flush
RIP> to clear any routing entries learned through RIP.
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4.6.6.3.1 Displaying Detailed Routing Information
To display detailed routing information, select any entry in the Routing Table with your cursor and press
Enter. The following screen will display. All the items displayed on this page are the same as that shown
in the Routing Table, except for Routing Metric, which represents a relative measure of the path cost
from this switch to the destination network. (Note that this metric depends on the specific routing
protocol.)
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4.6.6.4 Multicast Table
You can use this menu to display all the multicast groups currently active on this switch, the IGMP
registration table, the multicast forwarding cache, and DVMRP routing information.
Parameter
Description
IP Multicast
Displays all active multicast groups, including the multicast IP address and the
corresponding VLANs. (See 4.6.5 IP Multicast Registration Table.)
Registration Table
IGMP Registration
Table
Displays all active multicast groups, including the IP interface each entry
appears on, the entry age, and the time left before the entry is aged out.
Multicast Forwarding
Cache Table
Displays all active multicast groups, including the multicast source address, the
upstream neighbor, the multicast routing protocol, and the entry age.
DVMRP Routing Table Displays the source address for each known multicast service, the upstream
neighbor, the IP interface each entry appears on, the routing metric, and the
entry age.
DVMRP Neighbor
Table
Displays all the neighbor routers accessible through each IP interface, including
the entry age, the time left before the entry is aged out, the protocol version, and
the number of routing updates received from each neighboring router.
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4.6.6.4.1 Displaying IGMP Registration Table
The switch provides a local registry of active multicast groups for each IP interface, including the age and
expiration time for each entry.
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Parameter
Description
Group Address
An IP multicast group address with subscribers directly attached or downstream
from this switch.
Intf
The IP interface on this switch that has received traffic directed to the IP
multicast group address. (See 4.6.6.1 Displaying Subnet Information.)
Reporter
IP address of the source of the last membership report received for this multicast
group on this interface. If no membership report has been received, this object
has the value 0.0.0.0.
Up Time
Expire
The time elapsed since this entry was created.
The time remaining before this entry will be aged out. (The default is 260
seconds.)
V1 Timer
The time remaining until the switch assumes that there are no longer any IGMP
Version 1 members on the IP subnet attached to this interface. (The default is
400 seconds.)
If the switch receives an IGMP Version 1 Membership Report, it sets a timer to
note that there are Version 1 hosts present which are members of the group for
which it heard the report.
If there are Version 1 hosts present for a particular group, the switch will ignore
any Leave Group messages that it receives for that group.
NOTE: To scroll through the table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To display a
specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then select <Apply>.
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4.6.6.4.2 Displaying the Multicast Forwarding Cache
The switch maintains a cache of multicast routing entries used to calculate the delivery tree in multicast
routing protocols. The Multicast Forwarding Cache includes the subnetwork that contains the multicast
source and the nearest upstream neighbor for each known multicast group address.
Parameter
Description
Group Address
An IP multicast group address with subscribers directly attached or downstream
from this switch.
Source Address
Mask
The IP subnetwork at the root of the multicast delivery tree. This subnetwork
contains a known multicast source.
Subnet mask that is used for the source address. This mask identifies the host
address bits used for routing to specific subnets.
Upstream Nbr
Protocol
The IP address of the network device immediately upstream for this group.
The multicast routing protocol associated with this entry.
The time elapsed since this entry was created.
Up Time
NOTE: To scroll through the table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To display a
specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then select <Apply>.
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4.6.6.4.3 Displaying the DVMRP Routing Table
The DVMRP Routing Table contains all the IP multicast routes learned by the DVMRP protocol. The
routes displayed in this table are used by this switch to forward new IP multicast traffic. They do not
reflect active multicast flows.
Parameter
Description
Source Address
The IP subnetwork at the root of the multicast delivery tree. This subnetwork
contains a known multicast source.
Subnet Mask
Upstream Nbr
Intf
Subnet mask that is used for the source address. This mask identifies the host
address bits used for routing to specific subnets.
The IP address of the network device immediately upstream for this multicast
delivery tree.
The IP interface on this switch that connects to the upstream neighbor. (See
4.6.6.1 Displaying Subnet Information.)
Metric
The metric for this interface used to calculate distance vectors.
The time elapsed since this entry was created.
Up Time
NOTE: To scroll through the table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To display a
specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then select <Apply>.
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4.6.6.4.4 Displaying the DVMRP Neighbor Table
The DVMRP Neighbor Table contains the switch’s DVMRP neighbors, as discovered by receiving
DVMRP protocol messages.
Parameter
Intf
Description
The IP interface on this switch that connects to the upstream neighbor. (See
4.6.6.1 Displaying Subnet Information.)
Neighbor Address
The IP address of the network device immediately upstream for this multicast
delivery tree.
UpTime
ExpireTime
Ver
The time since this device last became a DVMRP neighbor to this switch.
The time remaining before this entry will be aged out.
The neighboring router’s DVMRP version number.
RcvRoute
The total number of routes received in valid DVMRP packets from this neighbor.
This can be used to diagnose problems such as unicast route injection, as well
as giving an indication of the level of DVMRP route exchange activity.
NOTE: To scroll through the table, use the <Next Page> and <Prev Page> buttons. To display a
specific page, set the page number in the Page field and then select <Apply>.
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4.6.6.5 OSPF Table
You can use this menu to display the OSPF router linkages for the autonomous system based on the
Link State Table, Neighbor Table, and Virtual Neighbor Table.
Parameter
Description
Interface Table
Link State Table
Neighbor Table
Virtual Neighbor
Displays interface OSPF status
Displays a summary link state advertisements.
Displays current neighbor routers.
Table Displays current virtual neighbors.
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4.6.6.5.1 Display Interface Table
This function allow you to display each IP interface’s OSPF status.
Parameter
IP Address
Rtr ID
Description
IP address of the interface
The OSPF identifier for the neighboring router.
The designated router IP address for the broadcast network on the interface
Designated Rtr
Backup Rtr
The backup designated router IP address for the broadcast network on the
interface
Status
Events
The interface status.
The number of events encountered that cause a neighbor state change since
boot up.
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4.6.6.5.2 Displaying the Link State Table
The link state table displays all advertisements in the link state database. This database contains linkage
information for all the areas to which this router is attached. Note that all the routers within an area
exchange information to ensure that they maintain an identical link state database. This database can
therefore be used to troubleshoot network configuration problems.
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Parameter
Area Identity
Type
Description
An OSPF area identifier configured for a group of OSPF routers.
The link state advertisement type:
RtrLSA: Router LSA – All area routers advertise the state of links from the router
itself to the its local area.
NetLSA: Network LSA – The designated router for each area advertises the link
state for each transit area; i.e., an area with more than one attached router. This
LSA includes information about each router attached to the area, including the
designated router itself.
SumLSA: Summary LSA – Advertise the cost to a specific subnetwork outside
the router’s area, or the cost to a specific autonomous system boundary router.
ExtLSA: External LSA – Advertises link state information for each known
network outside the autonomous system.
Link State ID
The identifier for the router originating this entry, usually in the form of an IP
address.
Router ID
Sequence No.
Age
The IP address of the originating router.
The link state sequence number, used to remove previous duplicate LSAs.
The number of seconds since this LSA was originated.
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4.6.6.5.3 Displaying the Neighbor Table
Each router exchanges link state information with all neighbors physically attached to the same network
segment. This table displays a summary of the link state for all adjacent neighbors. (Note that
neighboring routers are discovered by this device via Hello messages.).
Parameter
IP Address
ID
Description
IP address of the neighboring router
The index number of the router interface to which this neighbor is attached. For
IP protocol, this value will always be zero.
Router ID
Option
The OSPF identifier for the neighboring router.
The optional OSPF capabilities supported by the neighbor. The neighbor's
optional OSPF capabilities are also listed in its Hello packets. This enables
received Hellos to be rejected (i.e., neighbor relationships will not even start to
form) if there is a mismatch in certain crucial OSPF capabilities. The OSPF
optional capabilities currently accepted include external routing capability and
TOS capability.
You need to map the binary bits to the supported options. For example, “3”
indicates both routing capability and TOS capability.
Priority
The neighbor’s router priority. This priority is used in electing the designated
router for the area in which it exists. This value will be set to zero if this router
cannot be elected.
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State
The communication state for two adjacent routers:
Down: This is the initial state of a neighbor conversation. It indicates that there
has been no recent information received from the neighbor.
Attempt: This state is only valid for neighbors attached to non-broadcast
networks. It indicates that no recent information has been received from the
neighbor, but that the router is attempting to contact the neighbor by sending
Hello packets.
Init: A Hello packet has recently been seen from the neighbor. However,
bidirectional communication has not yet been established with the neighbor.
2-Way: Communication between the two routers has been established. This is
the most advanced state short of beginning adjacency establishment. Note that
both the Designated Router and Backup Designated Router are selected from
the set of neighbors in state 2-Way or greater.
ExStart: This is the first step in creating an adjacency between the two
neighboring routers. The goal of this step is to decide which router is the master,
and to decide upon the initial sequence number. Neighbor conversations in this
state or greater are called adjacencies.
Exchange: The router is describing its entire link state database by sending
database description packets to the neighbor. (Each database description
packet has a sequence number, and is explicitly acknowledged.) All adjacencies
in Exchange state or greater are used by the flooding procedure. In fact, these
adjacencies are fully capable of transmitting and receiving all types of OSPF
routing protocol packets.
Loading: Link State Request packets are sent to the neighbor asking for more
recent advertisements that have been discovered (but not yet received) in the
Exchange state.
Full: The neighboring routers are fully adjacent. These adjacencies will now
appear in router links and network links advertisements.
Events
The number of events encountered that cause a neighbor state change since
boot up.
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4.6.6.5.4 Displaying the Virtual Neighbor Table
Virtual links can be used to link an area isolated from the backbone, to create a redundant link between
any area and the backbone to help prevent partitioning, or to connect two existing backbone areas into a
common backbone. Note that the processes of establishing a active link between virtual neighbors is
similar to that used for physically adjacent neighbors..
Parameter
Area ID
Description
The transit area the virtual link must cross to connect the border routers.
The OSPF identifier for the router at the other end of the link.
IP address of the border router at the other end of the link.
Router ID
IP Address
Option
The optional OSPF capabilities supported by the neighbor. The neighbor's
optional OSPF capabilities are also listed in its Hello packets. This enables
received Hellos to be rejected (i.e., neighbor relationships will not even start to
form) if there is a mismatch in certain crucial OSPF capabilities. The OSPF
optional capabilities currently accepted include external routing capability and
TOS capability.
You need to map the binary bits to the supported options. For example, “3”
indicates both routing capability and TOS capability.
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State
The communication state for two adjacent routers:
Down: This is the initial state of a neighbor conversation. It indicates that there
has been no recent information received from the neighbor.
Attempt: This state is only valid for neighbors attached to non-broadcast
networks. It indicates that no recent information has been received from the
neighbor, but that the router is attempting to contact the neighbor by sending
Hello packets.
Init: A Hello packet has recently been seen from the neighbor. However,
bidirectional communication has not yet been established with the neighbor.
2-Way: Communication between the two routers has been established. This is
the most advanced state short of beginning adjacency establishment. Note that
both the Designated Router and Backup Designated Router are selected from
the set of neighbors in state 2-Way or greater.
ExStart: This is the first step in creating an adjacency between the two
neighboring routers. The goal of this step is to decide which router is the master,
and to decide upon the initial sequence number. Neighbor conversations in this
state or greater are called adjacencies.
Exchange: The router is describing its entire link state database by sending
database description packets to the neighbor. (Each database description
packet has a sequence number, and is explicitly acknowledged.) All adjacencies
in Exchange state or greater are used by the flooding procedure. In fact, these
adjacencies are fully capable of transmitting and receiving all types of OSPF
routing protocol packets.
Loading: Link State Request packets are sent to the neighbor asking for more
recent advertisements that have been discovered (but not yet received) in the
Exchange state.
Full: The neighboring routers are fully adjacent. These adjacencies will now
appear in router links and network links advertisements.
Events
The number of events encountered that cause a neighbor state change since
boot up.
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4.7 Resetting the System
Use the Restart command under the Main Menu to reset the management agent. The reset screen is
shown below.
Parameter
Description
Reload Factory Defaults
[Restart]
Reloads the factory defaults
Restarts the switch.
NOTE: When restarting the system, it will always run the Power-On Self-Test. It will also retain all
system information, unless you select to reload the factory defaults.
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4.8 Logging Off the System
Use the Exit command under the Main Menu to exit the configuration program and terminate
communications with the switch for the current session.
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Chapter 5. Web Interface
5.1 Web-Based Configuration and Monitoring
As well as the menu-driven system configuration program, this switch provides an embedded HTTP Web
agent. Using a Web browser you can configure the switch and view statistics to monitor network activity.
The Web agent can be accessed by any computer on the network using Internet Explorer 4.0 or above
Web browser.
NOTE: Current firmware version does not support Netscape Navigator.
Prior to accessing the switch from a Web browser, be sure you have first performed the following tasks:
1. Configure it with a valid IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway (for Layer 2 mode) using an
out-of-band serial connection. Provide a default gateway for Layer 2 operation of WGS3-2620 or a
default route for WGS3-2620 multilayer operation and WGS3-404 (see 4.5.6.5 Configuring the Default
Route).
2. Set a user name and password using an out-of-band serial connection( see 4.4.4 User Login
Configuration). Access to the Web agent is controlled by the same user name and password as the
on-board configuration program.
NOTE: If the path between your management station and this switch does not pass through any device
that uses the Spanning Tree Algorithm, then you can set the switch port attached to your
management station to Fast Forwarding (see 4.5.3.2 Configuring STA for Ports) to improve the
switch’s response time to management commands issued through the Web interface.
After you enter the user name and password, you will have access to the system configuration program
illustrated by the following menu hierarchy:
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System Information
Menu
System Information
Switch Information
IP Configuration
IP Connectivity Test (Ping)
HTTP Configuration
Network Configuration(1)
Serial Port Configuration
SNMP Configuration
User Configuration
TFTP Download
Management Setup
Menu
SNMP Communities
IP Trap Manager
Configuration File
Layer 2 (3)
Multilayer (3)
Port Configuration
Mirror Port Configuration
Port Trunking Configuration
Static Unicast Address Configuration
Static Multicast Address Configuration
System Mode (3)
Layer 2 Menu
Bridge Menu
VLAN Menu
IP Menu (2)
Bridge Configuration
Spanning Tree Port Configuration
Device Control
Menu
VLAN Port Configuration
VLAN Table Configuration
Reset Address Table Mode(4)
IGMP Snooping Configuration(1)
Security Menu
Jumbo Packet Menu (4)
Subnet Configuration
Protocol Configuration
Static ARP Configuration
Static Route
Default Route
MAC Filtering Configuration
IP Filtering Configuration (2)
Port Statistics
RMON Statistics
Unicast Address Table
Port Statistics
Layer 2 Address Table
Bridge Menu
Network Monitor
Menu
Spanning Tree Bridge Information
Spanning Tree Port Information
VLAN Menu
IP Menu (2)
IP Multicast Registration Table (1)
VLAN Dynamic Registration Information
VLAN Forwarding Information
Subnet Information
ARP Table
Routing Table
Multicast Table
OSPF Table
System Restart Menu
1. Displayed for layer 2 mode of WGS3-2620 only.
2. Displayed for multilayer mode of WGS3-2620 and WGS3-404 only
3. Displayed for WGS3-2620 only
4. Displayed for WGS3-404 only
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5.2 Navigating the Web Browser Interface
To access the Web-browser interface you must first enter a user name and password. The administrator
has Read/Write access to all configuration parameters and statistics. The default user name for the
administrator is “admin” with no password.
5.2.1 Home Page
When your Web browser connects with the switch’ s Web agent, the home page is displayed as shown
below for WGS3-2620. The home page displays the Main Menu on the left side of the screen and
System Information on the right side.
The Main Menu links are used to navigate to other menus and display configuration parameters and
statistical data.
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The following is the web interface of WGS3-404.
If this is your first time to access the management agent, you should define a new Administrator name
and password, record it and put it in a safe place. Select Mgt Setup / User Cfg. from the Main Menu, and
then enter a new name and password for the Administrator. Note that user names and passwords can
consist of up to 11 alphanumeric characters and are not case sensitive.
NOTE: Your are allowed three attempts to enter the correct password; on the third failed attempt the
current connection is terminated.
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5.2.2 Configuration Options
Configurable parameters have a dialog box or a drop-down list. Once a configuration change has been
made on a page, be sure to click on the “Apply” button at the bottom of the page to confirm the new
setting. The following table summarizes the Web page configuration buttons.
Web Page Configuration Buttons
Button
Apply
Action
Sets specified values in the SNMP agent.
Cancels specified values prior to pressing the “Apply” button.
Immediately updates values from the SNMP agent
Cancel
Refresh
NOTE 1. To ensure proper screen refresh, be sure that Internet Explorer 5.0 is configured as follows:
Under the menu “Tools / Internet Options / General / Temporary Internet Files / Settings,” the
setting for item “Check for newer versions of stored pages” should be “Every visit to the page.”
NOTE 2. When using Internet Explorer 5.0, you may have to manually refresh the screen after making
configuration changes by pressing the browser’s refresh button.
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5.3 Panel Display
The Web agent displays an image of the switch’ s ports, showing port links and activity. Clicking on the
image of a port displays statistics and configuration information for the port. Clicking on the image of the
serial port (labeled “Mgmt”, for WGS2-2620 only) displays the Console Configuration screen. Clicking on
any other part of the front panel displays “Displaying Switch Version Information”.
5.3.1 Port State Display
Click on any port to display a summary or port status as shown below, as well as Etherlike statistics.
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Parameter
Type
Description
Shows port type as:
100BASE-TX (10BASE-T / 100BASE-TX)
1000BASE-T, 1000Base-FX
Admin Status
Shows if the port is enabled, or has been disabled due to abnormal behavior or for
security reasons. See “Configuring Port Parameters”.
Link Status
Indicates if the port has a valid connection to an external device.
Indicates the current port speed.
Speed Status
Duplex Status
Indicates the port’ s current duplex mode.
Flow Control Status Shows the flow control type in use. Flow control can eliminate frame loss by
“blocking” traffic from end stations
connected directly to the switch.
VLAN ID
The VLAN ID assigned to untagged frames received on this port. Use the PVID to
assign ports to the same untagged VLAN.
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5.3.2 Configuring the Serial Port
If you are having difficulties making an out-of-band console connection to the serial port on the switch,
you can display or modify the current settings for the serial port through the Web agent. Click on the
serial port icon in the switch image to display or configure these settings, as shown below.
Parameter
Default
Description
Management Mode Console Mode
Indicates that the port settings are for direct console connection.
Baud Rate
19200
The rate at which data is sent between devices. Options : 9600,
19200 and 38400 baud.
Data Bits
Stop Bits
Parity
8 bits
Sets the data bits of the RS-232 port. Options : 7, 8
Sets the stop bits of the RS-232 port. Options : 1, 2
Sets the parity of the RS-232 port. Options : none/odd/even
1 bit
none
Time-Out
0 minutes
If no input is received from the attached device after this interval,
the current session is automatically closed. Range : 0 - 100
minutes; where 0 indicates disabled
Auto Refresh
10 second
Sets the interval before a console session will auto refresh the
console information, such as Spanning Tree Information, Port
Configuration, Port Statistics, and RMON Statistics.
Range : 0, or 5-255 seconds; where 0 indicates disabled
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5.4 Main Menu
Using the on-board Web agent, you can define system parameters, manage and control the switch, and
all its ports, or monitor network conditions. The interface screen includes the menu tree on the left side
and a list of commands beneath the image of the switch. The following table briefly describes the
selections available from this program.
Menu
Description
System Information Menu
System Information
Switch Information
Provides basic system description, including contact information.
Shows hardware/firmware version numbers, power status, and expansion
modules used in the switch.
Management Setup Menu
Network Configuration Includes IP Configuration, Ping facility, and HTTP (Web agent) setup.
*1
Serial Port
Sets communication parameters for the serial port, including baud rate, console
time-out, and screen data refresh interval.
Configuration
SNMP Configuration
Activates authentication failure traps; and configures community access strings,
and trap managers.
User Configuration
TFTP Download
Configuration File
Device Control Menu
System Mode *3
Layer 2 Menu
Sets the user names and passwords for system access.
Downloads new version of firmware to update your system (in-band).
Save or restores configuration data based on the specified file.
Sets the switch to operate as a Layer 2 switch or as a multilayer routing switch.
Configures port communication mode, mirror ports, port trunking and static
unicast/multicast address.
Bridge Menu
VLAN Menu
Configures GMRP and GVRP for the bridge, and STA for the global bridge or for
specific ports.
Configures VLAN settings for specific ports, and defines the port membership for
VLAN groups.
IGMP Snooping
Configuration *1
Configures IGMP multicast filtering.
IP Menu *2
Configures the subnets for each VLAN group, global configuration for unicast
and multicast protocols, BOOTP/DHCP relay, static ARP table entries, static
routes and the default route.
Security
Restrict access through MAC address or IP address*2
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Jumbo Packet Menu *4 Allows the switch to send jumbo packet up to 9k
Network Monitor Menu
Port Statistics
Displays statistics on network traffic passing through the selected port, including
information from the Interfaces Group, Ethernet-link MIB, and RMON MIB
Layer 2 Address Table Contains the unicast address table.
Bridge Menu
VLAN Menu
Displays Spanning Tree information for the overall bridge and for specified ports.
Displays dynamic port registration information for VLANs, as well as all VLAN
forwarding information for static and dynamic assignment.
IP Multicast
Registration Table *1
Displays all the multicast groups active on this switch, including the multicast IP
addresses and corresponding VLANs.
IP Menu *2
Displays all the IP subnets used on this switch, as well as the corresponding
VLANs and ports. Also contains the ARP table, routing table and multicast
table.
Restart System Menu Restarts the system with options to reload factory defaults.
1: Only displays when the WGS3-2620 is set to Layer 2 mode.
2. Only displays when WGS3-2620 is set to multilayer mode and WGS3-404..
3. Only displays when using WGS3-2620.
4. Only displays when using WGS3-404
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5.5 System Information Menu
Use the System Information Menu to display a basic description of the switch, including contact
information, and hardware/firmware versions.
Menu
Description
System Information
Switch Information
Provides basic system description, including contact information.
Shows hardware/firmware version numbers, power status, and expansion
modules used in the stack.
5.5.1 Displaying System Information
Use the System Information screen to display descriptive information about the switch, or for quick
system identification as shown in the following figure and table.
Parameter
Description
System Description System hardware description.
System Name*.
Object ID
Name assigned to the switch system
MIB II object identifier for switch’ s network management subsystem.
Specifies the area or location where the system resides.
Contact person for the system.
Location*
Contact*
System Up Time
Length of time the current management agent has been running.
* Maximum string length is 99, but the screen only displays 45 characters. You can use the arrow keys to
browse the whole string.
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5.5.2 Displaying Switch Version Information
Use the Switch Information screen to display hardware/firmware version numbers for the switch system.
5.5.2.1 WGS3-2620
Parameter
Description
Hardware Version
Firmware Version
Serial Number
Number of Ports
Power Status
Fan Power Status
G1, G2
Hardware version of the main board.
System firmware version in ROM.
Serial number of the main board.
Number of ports on this switch
Power status for the switch.
Shows if power to the fan is active or inactive.
Show Connected type of G1 and G2
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5.5.2.2 WGS3-404
Parameter
Description
Hardware Version
Firmware Version
Serial Number
Port Number
Hardware version of the main board.
System firmware version in ROM.
The serial number (MAC address) of the main board.
Number of ports on this switch.
Packet Memory Size
Shows memory size for packet buffer. It is always 6M bytes.
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5.6 Management Setup Menu
After initially logging onto the system, you can use this menu to configure access rights. You should set
user names and passwords (User Configuration). Remember to record them in a safe place. You should
also set the community string which controls access to the on-board SNMP agent via in-band
management software (SNMP Configuration). The items provided by the Management Setup Menu are
described in the following sections.
Menu
Description
Network Configuration Includes IP setup * and HTTP setup for the on-board Web agent.
Serial Port
Sets communication parameters for the serial port, including baud rate, console
time-out, and screen data refresh interval. (See “Configuring the Serial Port”)
Configuration
SNMP Configuration
Activates authentication failure traps; and configures communities and trap
managers.
User Configuration
TFTP Download
Configuration File
Sets the user names and passwords for system access.
Downloads new version of firmware to update your system (in-band).
Saves or restores configuration data based on the specified file.
* Only displays on WGS3-2620 when it is set to Layer 2 mode.
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5.6.1 Changing the Network Configuration ( Layer 2 Mode of WGS3-2620)
Use the Network Configuration menu to set the bootup option, configure the switch’ s Internet Protocol
(IP) parameters. The screen shown below is described in the following table.
Parameter
Description
Interface Type
IP Address
Indicates IP over Ethernet.
IP address of the switch you are managing. The system supports SNMP over UDP/IP
transport protocol. In this environment, all systems on the Internet, such as network
interconnection devices and any PC accessing the agent module must have an IP
address. Valid IP addresses consist of four numbers, of 0 to 255, and separated by
periods. Anything outside of this format will not be accepted by the configuration
program.
Subnet Mask
Gateway IP
Subnet mask of the switch. This mask identifies the host address bits used for routing
to specific subnets.
Gateway used to pass trap messages from the system’ s agent to the management
station. Note that the gateway must be defined (when operating at Layer 2) if the
management station is located in a different IP segment.
IP State
Specifies whether IP functionality is enabled via manual configuration, or set by Boot
Protocol (BOOTP).
Options include:
USER-CONFIG - IP functionality is enabled based on the default or user specified IP
Configuration. (This is the default setting.)
BOOTP Get IP - IP is enabled but will not function until a BOOTP reply has been
received. BOOTP requests will be periodically broadcasted by the switch in an effort to
learn its IP address. (BOOTP values can include the IP address, default gateway, and
subnet mask.)
VLAN ID
The VLAN used for management access when “Mgmt VLAN” is selected. See the
next item.
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Mgt. Access
Specifies which VLAN have access right to its management interface. Options
include:
All VLANs – All VLANs have access right to its management interface. (This is the
default setting.)
Mgmt VLAN – Only the specified VLAN have access right to its management interface
NOTE: When using multilayer mode, refer to “Subnet Configuration” on
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5.7.5.1 Subnet Configuration
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5.6.2 Assigning SNMP Parameters
Use the SNMP Configuration screen to display and modify parameters for the Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP). The switch includes an on-board SNMP agent which monitors the status
of its hardware, as well as the traffic passing through its ports. A computer attached to the network,
called a Network Management Station (NMS), can be used to access this information. Access rights to
the agent module are controlled by community strings. To communicate with the switch, the NMS must
first submit a valid community string for authentication. The options for configuring community strings and
related trap functions are described in the following figures and table.
5.6.2.1 Configuring Community Names
The following figure and table describe how to configure the community strings authorized for
management access. Up to 5 community names may be entered.
Parameter
Description
Community Name
A community entry authorized for management access. (The maximum
string length is 20 characters.)
Access
Status
Management access is restricted to Read Only or Read/Write.
Displays the administrative status of entry. An entry can only be to enabled
or disabled via the console interface.
NOTE: WGS3-404 management interface is slightly different on this and other menus. It provide a
“Edit” icon to modify the parameter.
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5.6.2.2 Configuring IP Trap Managers
The following figure and table describe how to specify management stations that will receive
authentication failure messages or other trap messages from the switch. Up to 5 trap managers may be
entered.
Parameter
IP Address
Community Name
Status
Description
IP address of the trap manager.
A community authorized to receive trap messages.
Displays the administrative status of entry. An entry can only be to enabled or
disabled via the console interface.
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5.6.3 User Login Configuration
Use the User Configuration screen to restrict management access based on user names and passwords.
The default administrator (admin) has write access for parameters governing the on-board agent. You
should therefore assign a password to the administrator as soon as possible, and store it in a safe place.
5.6.3.1 Displaying the Current User Configuration
Use this menu to display the names and access rights for people authorized to manage the switch.
Parameter
Description
User Name*
Specifies a user authorized management access to the switch via the console, Telnet
or HTTP. An entry can only be deleted via the console interface.
User Password* Password associated with this entry.
Access Right
ADMIN: Read/Write for all screens.
GUEST: Read Only for all screens.
Authorizes management via the console.
Authorizes management via Telnet.
Authorizes management via HTTP.
Console
Telnet
HTTP
*These entries can consist of up to 15 alphanumeric characters and are not case sensitive.
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5.6.4 Downloading System Software
Use the TFTP Download menu to load software updates to permanent flash ROM in the switch. The
download file should be a binary file or an image file; otherwise the agent will not accept it. The success
of the download operation depends on the accessibility of the TFTP server and the quality of the network
connection. After downloading the new software, the agent will automatically restart itself. Parameters
shown on this screen are indicated in the following figure and table
Parameter
Description
Server IP Address
File Name
IP address of a TFTP server.
The binary file or image file to download.
Specify the file to be Runtime Code or POST Code
Issues request to TFTP server to download the specified file.
Download Option *
Start TFTP Download
NOTE: WGS3-404 does not need to specify this option.
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5.6.5 Saving or Restoring the System Configuration
Use the Configuration File menu to save the switch configuration settings to a file on a TFTP client. The
file can be later downloaded to the switch to restore the switch’s settings. The success of the operation
depends on the accessibility of the TFTP client and the quality of the network connection. Parameters
shown on this screen are indicated in the following figure and table.
Parameter Description
Parameter
Station IP
Operation
Description
IP address of a PC running TFTP client software.
Download from switch – Downloads the current switch configuration to a file on
the client PC.
Upload to switch – Uploads a configuration file to the switch from the client PC.
NOTE: Saving and restoring switch configuration settings can then be initiated by using any TFTP client
utility, such as the command line utility included in Windows NT/2000/XP. For example, using Windows
NT, from a DOS window command prompt, enter the TFTP command in the form:
TFTP [-i] host [GET : PUT] source [destination]
To transfer a file –
On Switch: Specify the IP address of the TFTP client, and select “Download from switch” or “Upload to
Switch.” Then select <Start> from the menu to start.
On TFTP Client: Set the mode to <binary>, specify the IP address of the target switch and the directory
path / name of the file to transfer. Then start transferring the configuration from the TFTP client or the
switch and wait until the transfer completes.
For example, type “tftp -i 203.70.249.118 GET source wgs3.txt” on Windows 2000’s command prompt to
download switch’s configuration and type “tftp –i 203.70.249.118 PUT wgs3.txt” to upload the
configuration file to switch.
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5.7 Device Control Menu
The Device Control menu is used to control a broad range of functions, including port mode, port
mirroring, port trunking, Spanning Tree, Virtual LANs, IP subnets, multicast filtering, and routing protocols.
Each of the setup screens provided by these configuration menus is described in the following sections.
Menu
Description
Layer 2 Menu
Configures port communication mode, mirror ports, port trunking, and static
addresses.
Bridge Menu
VLAN Menu
Configures the Spanning Tree Protocol for the bridge or for specific ports, GMRP
and GVRP for automatic registration of multicast and VLAN groups, traffic class
priority threshold, and address aging time.
Configures VLAN settings for specific ports, and defines the port membership for
VLAN groups.
IGMP Snooping
Configuration *1
Configures IGMP multicast filtering.
IP Menu2
Configures the subnets for each VLAN group, global configuration for ARP and
Proxy ARP, unicast and multicast protocols, static ARP table entries, static routes
and the default route.
Security Menu
Configures MAC and IP*2 Address filtering.
1: Only displayed for Layer 2 mode of WGS3-2620.
2: Only displayed for WGS3-404 and multilayer mode of WGS3-2620.
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5.7.1 Layer 2 Menu
The Layer 2 menu contains options for port configuration, port mirroring, and port trunking. These menu
options are described in the following sections.
Menu
Description
Port Configuration
Enables any port, enables/disables flow control, and sets communication mode to
auto-negotiation, full duplex or half duplex.
Mirror Port
Sets the source and target ports for mirroring.
Configuration
Port Trunking
Configuration
Specifies ports to group into aggregate trunks.
Static Unicast
Address Table
Used to manually configure host MAC addresses in the unicast table.
Used to manually configure host MAC addresses in the multicast table.
Static Multicast
Address Table
5.7.1.1 Configuring Port Parameters
Use the Port Configuration menu to display and Edit icon to set communication parameters for any port
on the switch, including administrative status, auto-negotiation, default communication speed and duplex
mode, as well as flow control in use.
Click
, the following table will be show to allow setting each port’s parameter.
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Parameter
Link Status
Default
Description
Indicates if the port has a valid connection to an external
device.
Admin Status
Enabled
Allows you to disable a port due to abnormal behavior
(e.g., excessive collisions), and then re-enable it after
the problem has been resolved. You may also disable a
port for security reasons.
Auto Negotiate
Default Type
Enabled
Enables or disables auto-negotiation for the switch to
find a optimum connection speed.
10M-Half-Duplex
If auto-negotiation is disabled, the port will be set to the
indicated speed and duplex mode.
Current
Type Indicates the current speed and duplex mode.
Flow Control
Disabled
Used to enable or disable flow control. Flow control can
eliminate frame loss by “blocking” traffic from end
stations or segments connected directly to the switch
when its buffers fill. When enabled, back pressure is
used for half-duplex and IEEE 802.3x for full-duplex.
Note that flow control should not be used if a port is
connected to a hub.
Jack Type
Edit
SC or RJ-45
Shows the jack type for each port.
Click
to edit communication parameters.
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5.7.1.2 Using Port Mirror for Analysis
You can mirror traffic from any source port to a target port for real-time analysis. You can then attach a
packet analyzer or RMON probe to the target port and study the traffic crossing the source port in a
completely unobtrusive manner. When mirroring port traffic, note that the target port must be included in
the same VLAN as the source port. (See “5.7.3.2 VLAN Table Configuration”)
5.7.1.2.1 Using Port Mirroring on WGS3-2620
On WGS3-2602, you can use the Mirror Configuration screen to mirror one or more ports to the monitor
port as shown below.
Parameter
Description
Enable
Port Mirror Enables or disables the mirror function.
The port whose transmitted traffic will be mirrored.
The port that will duplicate the transmitted traffic appearing on the mirrored port.
The port whose received traffic will be mirrored.
TX Mirrored Port
TX Monitored Port
RX Mirrored Port
RX Monitored Port
The port that will duplicate the received traffic appearing on the mirrored port
NOTE: You can mirror multiple ports to a single port to view traffic such as that crossing a port trunk.
However, note that some packets may be dropped for moderate to heavy loading.
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5.7.1.2.2 Using Port Mirroring on WGS3-404
On WGS3-404, the monitor port have to be on port 8.
Parameter
Description
Enable Port Mirroring Port Mirror Enables or disables the mirror function.
Mirroring Mode
Mirror Port
Specify the outbound (TX_Mode) or inbound (RX_mode) packets for mirroring.
Specify the port to be monitored
Monitor Port
The port whose used to attached computer with packet analyzer software.
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5.7.1.3 Configuring Port Trunks
Ports can be combined into an aggregate link to increase the bandwidth of a network connection or
ensure fault recovery. You can configure trunks between any two switches. The ports on this switch can
be grouped into a trunk consisting of two, four or eight ports, creating an aggregate bandwidth to 400,
800, 1600, 4000 or 8000 Mbps when operating at full duplex. Besides balancing the load across each
port in the trunk, the additional ports provide redundancy by taking over the load if another port in the
trunk should fail. However, before making any physical connections between devices, use the Port
Trunking Configuration menu to specify the trunk on the devices at both ends. When using a port trunk,
remember that::
• The ports that can be assigned to the same trunk on WGS3-2620 are listed below:
Two ports as a trunk
<<13, 01>> <<14, 02>> <<15, 03>> <<16, 04>>
<<17, 05>> <<18, 06>> <<19, 07>> <<20, 08>>
<<21, 09>> <<22, 10>> <<23, 11>> <<24, 12>>
Four ports as a trunk
<<13, 01, 14, 02>> <<15, 03, 16, 04>>
<<17, 05, 18, 06>> <<19, 07, 20, 08>>
<<21, 09, 22, 10>> <<23, 11, 24, 12>>
Eight ports as a trunk
<<13, 01, 14, 02, 15, 03, 16, 04>>
<<17, 05, 18, 06, 19, 07, 20, 08>>
<<21, 09, 22, 10, 23, 11, 24, 12>>
Gigabit Ethernet Ports as a trunk
<<25, 26>>
• The ports that can be assigned to the same trunk on WGS3-404 are listed below:
Two ports as a trunk
<<1, 2>> <<3, 4>> <<5, 6>> <<7, 8>>
Four ports as a trunk
<<1, 2, 3, 4>> <<5, 6, 7, 8>>
• Ports can only be assigned to one trunk.
• The ports at both ends of a connection must be configured as trunk ports.
• The ports at both ends of a trunk must be configured in an identical manner, including
communication mode, and VLAN assignments.
• None of the ports in a trunk can be configured as a mirror or monitor port.
• All the ports in a trunk have to be treated as a whole when moved from/to, added or deleted from
a VLAN.
• The Spanning Tree Algorithm will treat all the ports in a trunk as a whole.
• Enable the trunk prior to connecting any cable between the switches to avoid creating a loop.
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Use the Trunk Configuration screen to set up port trunks as shown below:
Parameter
Trunk List
New Setting
Description
The port groups currently configured as trunks.
The port groups that can still be configured as trunks.
To add a trunk, highlight a port group in the New Setting list and press Add. To delete a trunk, highlight a
port group in the Trunk List and press Delete. Before disconnecting a port trunk, take the following steps:
Before removing a port trunk via the configuration menu, you must disable all the ports in the trunk or
remove all the network cables. Otherwise, a loop may be created.
To disable a single link within a port trunk, you should first remove the network cable, and then disable
both ends of the link via the configuration menu. This allows the traffic passing across that link to be
automatically distributed to the other links in the trunk, without losing any significant amount of traffic.
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5.7.1.4 Static Unicast Address Table
The Static Unicast Address Table can be used to assign the MAC address for a host device to a specific
port on this switch. Static unicast addresses are never aged out, and cannot be learned by another port.
If any packets with a source address specified in this table enter another port, they will be dropped. The
Static Unicast Address Table is described in the following figure and table.
Parameter
MAC Address
Port
Description
The MAC address of a host device attached to this switch.
The port to which the host device is attached.
NOTE: To assign an address to a specific port, enter it in the MAC Address field, select the
corresponding port, and press Save. To delete an address, click
required entry.
and press Delete for the
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5.7.1.5 Configuring the Static Multicast Address Table
The Static Multicast Address Table can be used to assign a destination MAC address (and the
corresponding ports) to the VLAN group used for a specific multicast service. Static multicast addresses
are never aged out, and traffic with these addresses can be forwarded only to ports specified in this
table.
Parameter
MAC Address
VLAN
Description
The destination MAC address for a multicast service.
The VLAN corresponding to this multicast service.
The ports to which this multicast traffic can be forwarded
Port.
NOTE: To assign a destination MAC address to one or more ports, enter its address and the
corresponding VLAN, select the required ports, and then press Apply. To delete an address,
click
and press Delete for the required entry. To modify an address, press
for the
required entry to copy the configuration to the edit fields, make any necessary changes, then
press Apply.
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5.7.2 Using the Bridge Menu
The Bridge menu is used to configure settings for the Spanning Tree Algorithm, as well as the global
bridge settings for GMRP (GARP Multicast Registration Protocol) and GVRP (GARP VLAN Registration
Protocol), traffic classes priority threshold, and address aging time.
The Spanning Tree Algorithm can be used to detect and disable network loops, and to provide backup
links between switches, bridges or routers. This allows the switch to interact with other bridging devices
(that is, an STA-compliant switch, bridge or router) in your network to ensure that only one route exists
between any two stations on the network, and provide backup links that automatically take over when a
primary link goes down. For a more detailed description of how to use this algorithm, refer to “6.1.3
Spanning Tree Algorithm”.
Menu
Description
Bridge Configuration Contains global bridge settings for STA (including bridge priority, hello time,
forward delay, maximum message age), GMRP, GVRP, traffic class priority
threshold, and address aging time.
STA Port
Contains STA settings for individual ports, including port priority, path cost, and fast
forwarding
Configuration
5.7.2.1 Configuring Global Bridge Settings
The following figure and table describe bridge configuration for STA, GMRP, GVRP, priority threshold,
and address aging time.
Parameter
Default
Description
Spanning Tree Enabled
Bridge Priority 32,768
Enable this parameter to participate in a STA compliant network.
Bridge priority is used in selecting the root device, root port, and
designated port. The device with the highest priority becomes the STA
root device. However, if all devices have the same priority, the device
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with the lowest MAC address will then become the root device.
Enter a value from 0 - 65535.
Remember that the lower the numeric value, the higher the priority.
Hello Time
2
Time interval (in seconds) at which the root device transmits a
configuration message.
The minimum value is 1.
The maximum value is the lower of 10 or
[(Max. Message Age / 2) -1].
Forward Delay 15
The maximum time (in seconds) the root device will wait before
changing states (that is, listening to learning to forwarding). This delay
is required because every device must receive information about
topology changes before it starts to forward frames. In addition, each
port needs time to listen for conflicting information that would make it
return to a blocking state; otherwise, temporary data loops might result.
The maximum value is 30.
The minimum value is the higher of 4 or
[(Max. Message Age / 2) + 1].
Max (Message) 20
Age
The maximum time (in seconds) a device can wait without receiving a
configuration message before attempting to reconfigure. All device
ports (except for designated ports) should receive configuration
messages at regular intervals. Any port that ages out STA information
(provided in the last configuration message) becomes the designated
port for the attached LAN. If it is a root port, a new root port is selected
from among the device ports attached to the network.
The minimum value is
the higher of 6 or [2 x (Hello Time + 1)].
The maximum value is
the lower of 40 or [2 x (Forward Delay - 1)].
GMRP*1
Disabled
GARP Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP) allows network devices
to register end stations with multicast groups. If GMRP is globally
enabled for the switch, then you can individually enable or disable
GMRP for a specific port. See “4.5.4.1 VLAN Port Configuration”.
IGMP and IGMP Snooping also provide multicast filtering. For
multilayer mode, the full IGMP protocol set is automatically
enabled/disabled along with DVMRP. (See “6.4.2 IGMP Protocol”,and
“4.5.5 Configuring IGMP Snooping”.)
GVRP
Disabled
GARP VLAN Registration Protocol (GVRP) defines a way for switches
to exchange VLAN information in order to register VLAN members on
ports across the network. This function should be enabled to permit
automatic VLAN registration, and to support VLANs which extend
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beyond the local switch.
If GVRP is globally enabled for the switch, then you can individually
enable or disable GVRP for a specific port. See “4.5.4.1 VLAN Port
Configuration”.
Priority
4
WGS3-2620 supports Quality of Service (QoS) by using two priority
queues, with Weighted Fair Queuing for each port. Up to 8 separate
traffic classes are defined in IEEE 802.1p. So any packets with a
priority equal to or higher than this threshold are placed in the high
priority queue. You can use “4.5.4.1 VLAN Port Configuration” to
configure the default priority for each port.
Threshold*1
High/Medium/ 6/4/2
Low Priority*2
WGS3-404 supports Quality of Service (QoS) by using four priority
queues (High, Medium, Low and Lowest), with Weighted Fair Queuing
for each port. Up to 8 separate traffic classes are defined in IEEE
802.1p. So any packets with a priority equal to or higher than High
Priority (default is 6) are placed in the high priority queue and so do
others. Any packets with a priority lower than Low Priority (default is
2) are placed in the lowest priority queue. You can use “4.5.4.1 VLAN
Port Configuration” to configure the default priority for each port.
Aging Time
300
Time-out period in seconds for aging out dynamically learned MAC
addresses information.
Range: 10 - 1000000 seconds
1: Only displayed on WGS3-2620.
2: Only displayed on WGS3-404
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5.7.2.2 Configuring STA for Ports
The following figure and table describe port STA configuration.
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Parameter
Type
Default
Description
Shows port type as:
100TX : 10BASE-T / 100BASE-TX
1000T : 1000BASE-T
1000FX: 1000Base-SX or 1000Base-LX
Priority
128
Defines the priority for the use of a port in the STA algorithm. If the path
cost for all ports on a switch are the same, the port with the highest
priority (that is, lowest value) will be configured as an active link in the
Spanning Tree. Where more than one port is assigned the highest
priority, the port with lowest numeric identifier will be enabled. The range
is 0 - 255.
(Path) Cost
100/19/4
This parameter is used by the STA algorithm to determine the best path
between devices. Therefore, lower values should be assigned to ports
attached to faster media, and higher values assigned to ports with
slower media. (Path cost takes precedence over port priority.)
The default and recommended range is:
Ethernet: 100 (50~600)
Fast Ethernet: 19 (10~60)
Gigabit Ethernet: 4 (3~10)
The full range is 0 - 65535.
Fast
Disabled
This parameter is used to enable/disabled the Fast Spanning Tree mode
for the selected port. In this mode, ports skip the Blocked, Listening and
Learning states and proceed straight to Forwarding.
Forwarding
NOTE: Since end-nodes cannot cause forwarding loops, they can pass through the Spanning Tree
state changes more quickly than allowed by standard convergence time. Fast Forwarding can
achieve quicker convergence for end-node workstations and servers, and also overcome other
STA related timeout problems. (Remember that Fast Forwarding should only be enabled for
ports connected to an end-node device.)
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5.7.3 Configuring Virtual LANs
You can use the VLAN configuration menu to assign any port on the switch to any of up to 256 LAN
groups. In conventional networks with routers, broadcast traffic is split up into separate domains.
Switches do not inherently support broadcast domains. This can lead to broadcast storms in large
networks that handle traffic such as IPX or NetBEUI. By using IEEE 802.1Q compliant VLANs, you can
organize any group of network nodes into separate broadcast domains, thus confining broadcast traffic to
the originating group. This also provides a more secure and cleaner network environment. For more
information on how to use VLANs, see “6.3 Virtual LANs”. The VLAN configuration screens are described
in the following sections.
5.7.3.1 VLAN Port Configuration
You can use the VLAN Port Configuration screen to configure GARP, the default VLAN identifier, default
port priority, VLAN tagging on outgoing frames, GVRP and GMRP status, and filtering for incoming
frames for VLAN groups this port does not belong to.
Parameter
GARP *1
Default
Description
Group Address Registration Protocol is used by GVRP and GMRP to
register or deregister client attributes for client services within a bridged
LAN.
Join Time
20
The interval (centiseconds) between transmitting requests/queries to
participate in a group.
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Leave Time
60
The interval (centiseconds) a port waits before leaving a group. This
time should be set to more than twice the Join Time. This ensures that
after a Leave or LeaveAll message has been issued, the applicants
can re-join before the port actually leaves the group.
Leave All Time
1000
The interval (centiseconds) between sending out a LeaveAll query
message for group participants and the port leaving the group. This
interval should be considerably larger than the Leave Time to minimize
the amount of traffic generated by nodes rejoining the group.
1: The default values for the GARP timers are independent of the media access method or data rate.
These values should not changed unless you are experiencing some difficulties with GMRP or GVRP
registration/deregistration.
Parameter
Default
Description
VLAN and Priority
These fields set the default values for VLANs, port priority, GVRP and
GMRP.
Port VID
1
0
The VLAN ID assigned to untagged frames received on this port.
Port Default
Priority *2
Set the default ingress priority to any value beneath the priority threshold
to specify the low priority queue, or to any value equal to or above this
threshold to specify the high priority queue.
VLAN Tagging Layer 2 -
Indicates whether or not VLAN tags will be included on frames passing
through this port. The options include:
*3
Rx All,
Rx All:
Accepts all frames, tagged or untagged.
Tx All
Rx Untag: Only accepts untagged frames.
Multilayer -
Rx All,
Tx All:
If PVID and frame tag are same, sends tagged frame,
otherwise sends untagged.
Tx Untag
Tx Untag: Sends only untagged frames.
2: The switch supports Quality of Service (QoS) by using two or four priority queues, with Weighted Fair
Queuing for each port. Inbound frames that do not have VLAN tags are tagged with the input port’ s
default ingress user priority, and then placed in the appropriate priority queue at the output port. The
default priority for all ingress ports is zero. Therefore, any inbound frames that do not have priority tags
will be placed in the low priority queue of the output port. (Note that if the output port is an untagged
member of the associated VLAN, these frames are stripped of all VLAN tags prior to transmission.)
3: If you want to create a small port-based VLAN for just one or two switches, you can assign ports to the
same untagged VLAN (and use a separate connection where a VLAN crosses the switches). However,
to participate in a VLAN group that extends beyond this switch, we recommend using the VLAN ID for
that group (using VLAN tagging for Layer 2 mode, or a common PVID for multilayer mode).
When operating the switch in Layer 2 mode, ports assigned to a large VLAN group that crosses several
switches must use VLAN tagging. But when operating in multilayer mode, this switch does not currently
support tagging, so you should set the PVID to the same value at both ends of the link (if the device you
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are attaching to is VLAN-aware), and configure an IP interface for this VLAN if you need to connect it to
other group.
This parameter is for WGS3-2620 only. WGS3-404’s default setting is Rx All and use VLAN Table
Configuration for Tx.
Parameter
GVRP
Default
Description
Enabled
Enables or disables GVRP for this port. When disabled, any GVRP
packets received on this port will be discarded and no GVRP registrations
will be propagated from other ports.
Note that GVRP must be enabled globally for the switch before this
setting can take effect. (See “4.5.3.1 Configuring Global Bridge Settings”)
GMRP*4
Enabled
Disabled
Enables or disables GMRP for this port. When enabled, this port will allow
end stations to register with multicast groups using GMRP. Note that
GMRP must be enabled for the switch before this setting can take effect.
IGMP and IGMP Snooping also provide multicast filtering. (See “6.4.2
IGMP Protocol”)
Ingress
If enabled, incoming frames for VLANs which do not include this ingress
port in their member set will be discarded at the ingress port.
Filtering *5
4: Only displayed on WGS3-2620.
5: This control does not affect VLAN independent BPDU frames, such as GVRP or STP. However, they
do affect VLAN dependent BPDU frames, such as GMRP.
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5.7.3.2 VLAN Table Configuration
Use this screen to create a new VLAN or modify the settings for an existing VLAN.
The VLAN Table Configuration of WGS3-2620 and WGS3-404 are slightly different. For WGS3-2620,
the VLAN Table Configuration is as the following:
Parameter
VLAN
Description
The ID for the VLAN currently displayed.
Range: 1-4094
(Port)
Port entries may be marked as:
N : (Normal) Uses GVRP to determine port membership.
S : (Static) Adds port as a static entry. GVRP protocol is disabled.
R : (Registration Fixed) Adds port as a static entry. GVRP protocol
messages are still forwarded through this port.
X : (Forbidden) Disables GVRP for this VLAN on the specified port.
If a removed port is no longer assigned to any other group as an untagged port, it will
automatically be assigned to VLAN group 1 as untagged.
Note: To add a new VLAN, enter a new VLAN number in the VID field, select the port members, and
press Add/Save. To modify a VLAN, click on the edit icon ( ) for the required entry, modify the port
settings, and press Add/Save. To delete a VLAN, click on the edit icon ( ) for the required entry then
press Delete.
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The VLAN Table Configuration of WGS3-404 is as the following:
Click Edit
icon, the following screen will be shown.
Parameter
VLAN
Description
The ID for the VLAN currently displayed.
Range: 1-4094
MEMBERS
Port entries may be marked as:
- : (Normal) Uses GVRP to determine port membership.
S : (Static) Adds port as a static entry. GVRP protocol is disabled.
R : (Registration Fixed) Adds port as a static entry. GVRP protocol messages are still
forwarded through this port.
X : (Forbidden) Disables GVRP for this VLAN on the specified port.
If a removed port is no longer assigned to any other group as an untagged port, it will
automatically be assigned to VLAN group 1 as untagged.
UNTAG
Specify the outbound packets for this VLAN on this port should be tagged or
untagged.
U: The outbound packets for this VLAN on this port should be untagged.
T: The outbound packets for this VLAN on this port should be tagged.
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5.7.3.3 Reset Address Table Mode
WGS3-404 provide two address table modes, SVL (Shared VLAN Learning) and IVL (Independent VLAN
Learning).
SVL: Configuration and operation of the MAC address learning process with the same MAC address
table for all VLANs. If an individual MAC Address is learned in one VLAN, that learned information is
used in forwarding decisions taken for that address relative to all other VLANs. SVL is suitable when
you need to have asymmetric VLANs. Under normal circumstances, a pair of devices communicating in a
VLAN environment will both send and receive using the same VLAN. However, there are some
circumstances in which it is convenient to make use of two distinct VLANs, one used for A to transmit to
B: the other used for B to transmit to A.
IVL: Configuration and operation of the MAC address learning process with difference MAC address
table for all VLANs. If a given individual MAC Address is learned in one VLAN, that learned information is
not used in forwarding decisions taken for that address relative to any other VLAN. IVL is suitable when
two or more VLANs are connected by a bridge(switch) or there are duplicate MAC addresses on different
VLANs.
Parameter
Default
SVL
Description
Reset Address
Table Mode
Specify the address table mode to be SVL or IVL.
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5.7.4 Configuring IGMP Snooping
This option is displayed on Device Control Menu for Layer 2 mode of WGS3-2620 and on Protocol
Configuration Menu ( under Device Control Menu -> IP Menu) for Layer 3 mode of WGS3-2620 or
WGS3-404. Multicasting is used to support real-time applications such as video conferencing or
streaming audio. A multicast server does not have to establish a separate connection with each client. It
merely broadcasts its service to the network; and any hosts which want to receive the multicast register
with their local multicast switch/router. Although this approach reduces the network overhead required by
a multicast server, the broadcast traffic must be carefully pruned at every multicast switch/router it
passes through to ensure that traffic is only passed on to the hosts which subscribed to this service.
This switch uses IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) Snooping to monitor any attached hosts
which want to receive a specific multicast service. It looks up the IP Multicast Group used for this service,
and adds any port which received a similar request to that group.
You can use the IGMP Snooping Configuration screen to configure multicast filtering shown below.
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Parameter
Default
Description
IGMP Snooping
Status1
Disabled If enabled, the switch will monitor network traffic to determine which hosts
want to receive multicast traffic. This is also referred to as IGMP
Snooping.
IGMP Router
Timeout
5
A switch port that stops receiving multicast protocol packets for this
interval will be removed from the IGMP forwarding list.
Range: 3 - 5 minutes
IGMP Group
Timeout
5
The time between spotting an IGMP Report message for an IP multicast
address on a specific port before the switch removes that entry from its
list.
Range: 3 - 5 minutes
Act as IGMP
Querier2
Disabled If enabled, the switch can serve as the “querier,” which is responsible for
asking hosts if they want to receive multicast traffic.
1: This item is only displayed for Layer 2 mode of WGS3-2620. For WGS3-404 and multilayer mode of
WGS3-2620, the full IGMP protocol set is automatically enabled/disabled along with DVMRP. (See “6.4
Multicast Filtering” and “4.5.6.1.5 Configuring DVMRP”.)
2: This item is only displayed for Layer 2 mode of WGS3-2620. When IGMP is enabled for WGS3-404
and multilayer mode of WGS3-2620, the switch will always serve as the querier if elected.
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5.7.5 Configuring IP Settings
If this switch is WGS3-404 or WGS3-2620 in multilayer mode, the IP Menu will be displayed.
Use this menu to configure the IP subnets for each VLAN on your switch, the unicast and multicast
routing protocols, static ARP entries, static IP routes, and the default IP route.
Description
Parameter
Subnet
IP Subnet Configuration – Specifies the IP interface for VLANs configured on this
switch, including the subnet address and routing protocols.
Configuration
Port Group Configuration – See “5.7.3.2 VLAN Table Configuration”.
Protocol
Configures ARP timeout, enables Proxy ARP, sets the preferred servers for
BOOTP/DHCP Relay, as well as enabling/configuring unicast and multicast protocols
globally for this switch.
Configuration
Static ARP
Used to map an IP address to a specific physical MAC address.
Configuration
Static Route
Used to configure static routes to other IP networks, subnetworks, or hosts.
Defines the router to which this switch will forward all traffic for unknown networks.
Default Route
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5.7.5.1 Subnet Configuration
Use this menu to specify an IP interface for any VLAN configured on this switch that needs to
communicate with a device outside of its own group (that is, another network segment). You also need to
define a VLAN for each IP subnet connected directly to this switch. Note that you must first create a
VLAN as described under “5.7.3 Configuring Virtual LANs” before configuring the corresponding subnet.
Parameter
IP Address
Description
The IP address associated with the specified VLAN interface. In general, it is the
router IP address for the specified VLAN members.
Subnet Mask
A template that identifies the address bits in the host address used for routing to
specific subnets. Each bit that corresponds to a “1” is part of the network / subnet
number; and each bit that corresponds to “0” is part of the host number.
VLAN
The VLAN associated with this IP interface.
Proxy ARP
Enables or disables Proxy ARP for the interface. This feature allows the switch forward
an ARP request from a node in the attached subnetwork (that does not have routing or
a default gateway configured) to a remote subnetwork. (See “6.2.5 Proxy ARP”)
Note that Proxy ARP must be enabled globally for the switch before this setting can
take effect. (See “5.7.5.2 Protocol Configuration”.)
RIP
Routing Information Protocol for unicast routing.
Open Shortest Path First unicast routing protocol.
Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol.
OSPF
DVMRP
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5.7.5.1.1 Adding an IP Interface
To add an IP interface, specify the interface settings in the dialog box at the bottom of the screen.
Configure the IP address, assign an existing VLAN group to this interface, enable the required routing
protocols, and then press Add. To configure the unicast and multicast routing protocols, you must edit an
existing entry (as described in the following section) and press the Advanced button for RIP or DVMRP.
5.7.5.1.2 Modifying an IP Interface
To modify an IP interface, click on the edit icon ( ) for the required entry, update the interface settings in
the dialog box at the bottom of the screen, use the Advanced button to configure the unicast and
multicast routing protocols (as described in the following sections), and then press Save.
5.7.5.1.3 Configuring RIP
The Routing Information Protocol is used to specify how routers exchange routing table information. (See
“6.2.6.1 RIP and RIP-2 Dynamic Routing Protocols”.)
When RIP is enabled on this routing switch, it broadcasts RIP messages to all devices in the network
every 30 seconds, and updates its own routing table when RIP messages are received from other
routers. RIP messages contain both the IP address and a metric for each destination network it knows
about, and the metric indicates the number of hops from this device to the destination network.
You can use the following menu to specify authentication, the protocol used for sending or receiving
routing messages on this port, the default metric used in calculating the best path, and enable or disable
Poison Reverse.
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Parameter
Description
Authentication Type Authentication can be used to ensure that routing information comes from a valid
source.
Authentication Key A simple password must be provided if authentication is enabled. (An
authentication string is case sensitive, and can be up to 16 characters.)
Send Type
The protocol used for traffic sent out this port:
RIP1 Broadcast: Route information is broadcast to other routers on the network
using RIPv1.
RIP2 Broadcast: Route information is broadcast to other routers on the network
using RIPv2.
RIP2 Multicast: Route information is multicast to other routers on the network using
RIPv2.
Do Not Send: The switch will passively monitor route information advertised by
other routers attached to the network.
Receive Type
Default Metric
The routing protocol messages accepted on this port includes RIP1, RIP2,
RIP1/RIP2, or Do Not Receive.
A “metric” indicates the number of hops between the switch and the destination
network.
The “default metric” is used for the default route in RIP updates originated on this
interface. A value of zero indicates that no default route should be originated; in this
case, a default route via another router may be propagated. Range: 0-15
Poison Reverse*
Directs routes back to an interface port from which they have been acquired, but
sets the distance vector metrics to infinity.
* This is a method of preventing routing information from looping back to the source. Note that Split
Horizon is also enabled on this switch for this purpose. (See “6.2.6.1 RIP and RIP-2 Dynamic Routing
Protocols”.)
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5.7.5.1.4 Configuring OSPF
Open Shortest Path First is more suited for large area networks which experience frequent changes in
the links. It also allows for subnets. This protocol actively tests the status of each link to its neighbors to
generate a shortest path tree, and builds a routing table based on this information. OSPF then utilizes IP
multicast to propagate routing information. A separate routing area scheme is also used to further reduce
the amount of routing traffic. You can use the following menu to specify the area identifier, or other key
routing parameters as described in the following table.
Parameter
Area ID*1
Default
0.0.0.0
Description
A 32-bit integer uniquely identifying an OSPF protocol broadcast area
This identifier can be in the form of an IP address or integer. Each
port on the switch can be configured to represent one OSPF area.
You must first specify OSPF areas for global access in the Area ID
Configuration menu, before they can be used for a specific IP
interface.
ID 0.0.0.0 is used for the OSPF backbone.
Router Priority
Interface Cost
1
The priority used when selecting the designated router and
designated backup router.
Range: 0-255; Disable election: 0
100
Explicitly specify the cost of sending a packet on the interface.
Range: 1-65535
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Transit Delay
1 second
The estimated number of seconds it takes to transmit a link state
update packet over this interface.
Range: 0-3600 seconds
Retransmit Interval 5 seconds
The number of seconds between retransmitting link-state
advertisements to router adjacencies on this interface. This value is
also used when retransmitting database descriptions and link-state
request packets.
Range: 0-3600 seconds
Hello Interval *2
10 seconds The interval, in seconds, between sending Hello packets out the
router interface. This interval determines how fast topology changes
will be detected. However, for small intervals, more overhead will be
incurred in exchanging routing information.
Range: 1-65535 seconds
Dead Interval *2
40 seconds The number of seconds that a router’s Hello packets have not been
seen before its neighbors declare the router down. This should be a
multiple of the Hello interval.
Range: 1-65535 seconds
Poll Interval
120 seconds Sets the poll interval (in seconds) for this interface. If a neighboring
router has become inactive (Hello Packets have not been seen for
Router Dead Interval), then it may still be necessary to send Hello
Packets to the dead neighbor. These Hello Packets are sent at the
reduced rate which should be much larger than Hello Interval. The
default is 120 seconds.
Authentication Type NONE
Use this option to specify how to authenticate neighboring OSPF
routers. There are three options:
NONE: Not to authenticate neighboring routers.
SIMPLE: Use password to authenticate neighboring OSPF routers.
The password is assigned on Authentication Key field. With SIMPLE
authentication, the password goes in clear-text over the network.
Thus, anyone with a sniffer software on the OSPF network segment
would be able to pull the OSPF password, and the network attacker
would be one step closer to compromising your OSPF environment.
MD5: Use MD5 to authenticate neighboring routers. With MD5
authentication, the key does not pass over the network. MD5 is a
message-digest algorithm specified in RFC1321. MD5 should be
considered the most secure OSPF authentication mode. You have to
specify an active MD5 key on MD5 Key Table.
Authentication Key
When use SIMPLE authentication type, enter the password here. The
password can be any string of keyboard-entered characters up to 8
bytes in length. All neighboring routers on the same network must
have the same password to exchange OSPF information.
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MD5 Key Table
When use MD5 authentication mode, you have to specify an active
MD5 key on this table. Up to 8 key can be added on the table but
only one can be Active. The others should be left to be Valid. To
remove the key, set the status to be Invalid and select <Apply>. Each
key consists of two parameters:
Key ID : An identifier from 1 to 255.
Key : An alphanumeric password of up to 16 bytes.
1: The Area ID is used to specify a group of contiguous networks and hosts. OSPF protocol broadcast
messages are restricted by area to limit their impact on network performance.
2: This value must be the same for all routers attached to a common network.
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5.7.5.1.5 Configuring DVMRP
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol is used to route multicast traffic to nodes which have
requested a specific multicast service via IGMP. (See “6.4.4 DVMRP Routing Protocol”.) To configure
DVMRP, you must specify the routing metric, probe interval, and neighbor router timeout.
Parameter
Metrics
Default
1 hop
Description
This value is used to select the best reverse path to networks that are
connected directly to an interface on this switch.
Range: 1-31 hops
Probe Interval 10
The interval between sending neighbor probe messages to the multicast group
seconds address for all DVMRP routers.
Range: 5-30 seconds
Neighbor
Timeout
35
The interval to wait without hearing from a DVMRP neighbor before declaring it
seconds dead. This is used for timing out routes, and for setting the children and leaf
flags.
Range: 10-8000 seconds
NOTE: IGMP is automatically enabled/disabled along with DVMRP. (See “6.4.2 IGMP Protocol”.)
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5.7.5.2 Protocol Configuration
Use the Protocol Configuration screen to globally enable or disable unicast or multicast routing protocols
for the switch.
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Parameter
ARP
Description
Sets the aging time for dynamic ARP entries.
Proxy ARP
Enables or disables Proxy ARP globally for the switch. This feature allows the
switch to forward an ARP request from a node in the attached subnetwork (that
does not have routing or a default gateway configured) to a remote subnetwork.
(See “6.2.5 Proxy ARP”.)
If Proxy ARP is globally enabled for the switch, then you can enable or disable it
for a specific interface. See “4.5.6.1.1 Adding an IP Interface”, or “4.5.6.1.3
Modifying an IP Interface”.
RIP
Enables or disables the Routing Information Protocol. The Advanced menu sets
the interval at which the switch advertises known routes, and also
enables/disables advertising for static routes or the default route.
OSPF
Enables or disables the OSPF routing protocol. The Advanced menu organizes
an autonomous system into normal, stub, or not so stubby areas; configures a
range of subnet addresses for which link state advertisements can be aggregated;
and configures virtual links for areas that do not have direct physical access to the
OSFP backbone, to add redundancy, or to merge backbone areas.
DHCP Relay
IGMP Snooping
DVMRP
Enables or disables BOOTP/DHCP Relay. The Advanced menu defines the
preferred servers or the outbound subnetworks for broadcasting a BOOTP/DHCP
request.
Enables or disables IGMP Snooping. The Advanced menu sets the timeout for
inactive multicast ports or for specific multicast flows when there are no longer
any clients.
Enables or disables the Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol.
NOTE: Once RIP and DVMRP have been enabled globally, you can enable or disable them for any
specific subnet via the Subnet Configuration menu (
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5.7.5.1 Subnet Configuration).
5.7.5.2.1 Setting the ARP Timeout
You can use the following configuration screen to modify the aging time for dynamically learned entries in
the ARP cache.
Parameter
Default
Description
ARP Timeout 20 minutes
The time that dynamically learned entries are retained in the ARP cache.
Range: 0-999 minutes, where 0 disables aging
5.7.5.2.2 Setting the RIP Advertisement Policy
You can use the following configuration screen to set the timing interval and policies RIP uses to
advertise route information.
Parameter
Default
Description
RIP Update Time 30 seconds
The interval at which RIP advertises known route information.
Range: 0-999 seconds, where 0 disables route advertisements
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Default Route
Advertisement
Disabled
Disabled
Enables or disables advertising this switch as a default router.
Enables or disables advertisement of static routes.
Static Route
Advertisement
5.7.5.2.3 Configuring Global Settings for OSPF
To implement OSPF for a large network, you must first organize the network into logical areas to limit the
number of OSPF routers that actively exchange Link State Advertisements (LSAs). You can then define
an OSPF interface by assigning an IP interface configured on this switch to one of these groups. This
OSPF interface will send and receive OSPF traffic to neighboring OSPF routers. You can further
optimize the exchange of OSPF traffic by specifying an area range that covers a large number of
subnetwork addresses. This is an important technique for limiting the amount of traffic exchanged
between Area Border Routers (ABRs). And finally, you must specify a virtual link to any OSPF area that
is not physically attached to the OSPF backbone. Virtual links can also be used to provide a redundant
link between contiguous areas to prevent areas from being partitioned, or to merge backbone areas.
The OSPF global configuration consist a configuration page and a few sub-menu.
Parameter
Default
Description
Router ID
Selection
STATIC INTF Defines how the Router ID is determined: There are three options:
STATIC: User can manual configure the Router ID.
STATIC INTF: The VLAN 1 IP address will be used as Router ID
ACTIVE INTF: The first active interface will be used as Router ID
Router ID
VLAN 1 IP
Disabled
A 32-bit number assigned to each router running the OSPF protocol.
This number uniquely identifies the router within an Autonomous
System.
RFC 1583
Enable or disable the compatibility to RFC 1583 OSPF version 2
Compatibility
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Area ID
Defines an area within which all OSPF routers actively exchange
routing information to ensure that they all have an identical link state
database.
Configuration
OSPF Area
Range
Defines a range of subnetwork addresses. An area range is used to
summarize route information exchanged between Area Border
Routers.
Configuration
OSPF Virtual Link
Configuration
Defines a virtual link that can be used to connect an OSPF area not
physically adjacent to the OSPF backbone, or to create a backup link
to any area.
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5.7.5.2.3.1 OSPF Area Configuration
OSPF protocol broadcast messages (i.e., Link State Advertisements) are restricted by area to limit their
impact on network performance. Before assigning an Area ID to a specific OSPF interface, you must first
specify the Area ID in this table. Each entry in this table identifies a logical group of OSPF routers that
actively exchange Link State Advertisements (LSAs) to ensure that they share an identical view of the
network topology. You can configure the area as a normal one which can send and receive external Link
State Advertisements (LSAs), a stubby area that cannot send or receive external LSAs, or a
not-so-stubby area (NSSA) that can import external route information into its area.
Parameter
Area ID
Description
An OSPF area identifier configured for a group of OSPF routers. (For information
on how to assign this identifier to a specific interface, see4.5.6.1.5 Configuring
OSPF.)
Type
Indicates area type:
Normal – An area which can send or receive external route information.
Stub – An area which cannot send or receive external route information. It relies
on a single default route provided by its Area Border Router (ABR) to access
destinations outside of the stub. A stub can be used to reduce the amount of
topology data that has to be exchanged over the network.
NSSA – A not so stubby area cannot send but can receive external route
information. The ABR imports external routes and floods this information to all
routers within the NSSA.
An Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR) can import external routes and flood this information
to the entire Autonomous System.
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5.7.5.2.3.2 OSPF Area Range Configuration
After you configure an area identifier, you can specify a subnetwork address range that covers all the
individual networks in this area. This technique limits the amount of traffic exchanged between Area
Border Routers (ABRs) by allowing them to advertise a single summary range. By summarizing routes,
the routing changes within an area do not have to be updated in the backbone ABRs or in other areas.
To optimize the route summary, first configure all the OSPF routers in an area so that they fall within a
contiguous address range. The route summary consists of an address and mask, where the mask can be
a Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM). Using VLSMs allows you to configure each subnetwork within a
larger network with its own subnet mask. This provides a longer subnet mask that covers fewer host IP
addresses, thereby reducing the size of the routing tables that have to be exchanged. (For more
information on VSLMs, see RFCs 1219 and 1878.)
Parameter
Description
Area Identity
An OSPF area that includes all the OSPF routers within the assigned address
range
IP Address
The IP address used to calculate the area range.
The subnet mask used to calculate the area range.
Enables or disables advertising for this range.
Address Mask
Advertisement
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5.7.5.2.3.3 OSPF Virtual Link Configuration
All OSPF areas must connect to the backbone. If an area does not have a direct physical connection to
the backbone, you can configure a virtual link that provides a logical path to the backbone. To connect an
isolated area to the backbone, the logical path can cross a single nonbackbone area to reach the
backbone. To define the path, you must specify one endpoint on the ABR that connects the isolated area
to the common nonbackbone area, and the other endpoint on the ABR that connects this common
nonbackbone area and the backbone itself. (However, note that you cannot configure a virtual link that
runs through a stub or NSSA area.)
Virtual links can also be used to create a redundant link between any area and the backbone to help
prevent partitioning, or to connect two existing backbone areas into a common backbone.
To configure a virtual link, specify the transit area through which the endpoint routers connect, and the
address of the router on this side of the link.
Parameter
Area ID
Description
An identifier for the transit area the virtual link crosses
The IP address of the OSPF router on this end of the virtual link.
Neighbor IP
Modifying a Virtual Link –
You can modify or delete a virtual link by click edit icon
for the required entry. The screen will
display configuration options as shown in the following example.
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Parameter
Area ID
Default
Description
An identifier for the transit area the virtual link crosses.
The IP address of the OSPF router on this end of the virtual link.
Neighbor IP
Transit Delay
1 second
The estimated number of seconds it takes to transmit a link state
update packet over this virtual link. Range: 0-3600 seconds
Retransmit
Interval
5 seconds
The number of seconds between retransmitting link-state
advertisements to the router at the other end on the virtual link. This
value is also used when retransmitting database descriptions and
link-state request packets. Range: 0-3600 seconds
Hello Interval2
Dead Interval2
10 seconds The interval, in seconds, between sending Hello packets out the router
interface. Range: 1-65535 seconds
40 seconds The number of seconds that a router’s Hello packets have not been
seen before the router at the other end of the virtual link is declared
down. This should be a multiple of the Hello interval. Range: 1-65535
seconds
Authentication
Type
None
Authentication can be used to ensure that routing information comes
from a valid source. The options include none or a simple password.
Authentication
Key
A simple password must be provided if authentication is enabled. (An
authentication string is case sensitive, and can be up to 16 characters.)
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5.7.5.2.4 Configuring BOOTP/DHCP Relay
If a DHCP/BOOTP server is not located in the same subnet with a host, you can configure this switch to
forward any host configuration queries to a server located on another subnet or on another network.
Depending on the configuration setup, the switch either:
• Forwards the packet to a preferred server as defined in the switch configuration using unicast
routing, or
• Broadcasts the DHCP Request again to another directly attached IP subnet specified in the switch
configuration.
Specify the address for any DHCP server, or specify the subnet address for an outbound IP interface
already configured on this switch (
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5.7.5.1 Subnet Configuration) as described in the following screens.
Parameter
Description
Index Server
Address
Used to define any preferred DHCP servers or the outbound subnetwork for
relaying a DHCP request broadcast. (Up to five entries are permitted.)
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5.7.5.3 Static ARP Configuration
Use the following screen to display or edit entries in the Static ARP Table. Entries added to this table are
retained until the associated IP interface is deleted or the switch is reset to the factory defaults.
Parameter
IP Address
MAC Address
Interface
Description
IP address statically mapped to a physical MAC address.
MAC address statically mapped to the corresponding IP address.
The index number of the IP interface that will use this static ARP entry. See
5.7.5.1 Subnet Configuration or 5.8.6 IP Menu.
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5.7.5.4 Static Route Configuration
This switch can be configured to dynamically learn the routes to other IP networks, subnets or hosts
using unicast or multicast routing protocols. If the route to a specific destination cannot be learned via
these protocols, or you wish to restrict the path used for transmitting traffic to a destination, it can be
statically configured using the Static Route Table.
Before defining a static route, remember that you must first configure at least one IP interface on this
switch(See
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5.7.5.1 Subnet Configuration). Static routes take precedence over dynamically learned routes and
remain in the table until you remove them or the corresponding IP interface from this switch.
Parameter
Description
Destination
Network
A destination network, subnet or host.
Destination
Mask
The subnet mask that specifies the bits to match. A routing entry will be used for a packet
if the bits in the address set by the destination mask match the Destination Network
VLAN
The VLAN within which the gateway or destination address resides.
The IP address of the router at the next hop.
Next Hop
Note that the network portion of the next hop must match that used for one of the subnet
IP interfaces configured on this switch. (See “
5.7.5.1 Subnet Configuration”.)
Type
The IP route type for the destination network. This switch supports the following types:
Direct - A directly connected subnetwork.
Indirect - A remote IP subnetwork or host address.
Routing
Metric*
A relative measure of the path cost from this switch to the destination network.
* This value depends on the specific routing protocol.
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5.7.5.5 Configuring the Default Route
Defines the router to which this switch will forward all traffic for unknown networks.
The default route can be learned from RIP protocol or manually configured. If the switch does not contain
a default route, any packet that does not match an entry in the routing table will be dropped. To manually
configure a default route, enter the next hop in the following table.
Parameter
VLAN
Description
The VLAN which has the IP interface to the default router.
The IP address of the default router.
Next Hop
Address
Metric
The number of hops required to reach the default router.
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5.7.6 Configuring Security Filters
You can use the Security menu to filter MAC and IP addresses.
Parameter
Description
MAC Filtering
Configuration
Specifies the source or destination MAC address for any traffic to be filtered from the
switch.
IP Filtering
Specifies the source or destination IP address for any traffic to be filtered from the
switch.
Configuration*
* This menu item is only displayed for WGS3-404 or multilayer mode of WGS3-2620.
5.7.6.1 Configuring MAC Address Filters
Any node that presents a security risk or is functioning improperly can be filtered from this switch. You
can drop all the traffic from a host device based on a specified MAC address. Traffic with either a source
or destination address listed in the Security Filtering Configuration table will be filtered.
5.7.6.2 Configuring IP Address Filters
If any node presents a security risk, you can filter all traffic for this node by entering its address into the
IP Security Filter. Any packet passing through the switch that has a source or destination IP address
matching an entry in this table will be filtered.
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5.7.7 Jumbo Packet Configuration
This menu is only available for WGS3-404. In general, Ethernet only allow maximum 1518 bytes packet
size. This option allow the switch to transmit up to 9216 bytes packet size to increase data transmission
efficiency.
Parameter
Default
Description
Load Default Size YES
Select YES to use default packet size: 1536. To enable Jumbo
Packet function, Toggle it to NO.
Jumbo Packet
Size
1536
Specify the maximum packet size allowed on this switch.
Range: 1536 to 9216
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5.8 Monitoring the Switch
The Network Monitor Menu provides access to port statistics, address tables, STA information, VLANs
registration and forwarding information, multicast groups, and subnet addresses. Each of the screens
provided by these menus is described in the following sections.
Menu
Description
Port Statistics
Displays statistics on port traffic, including information from the Interfaces
Group, Ethernet-like MIB, and RMON MIB.
Layer 2 Address Table
Bridge Menu
Contains the unicast address table.
Displays Spanning Tree settings for the overall switch and for specific
ports.
VLAN Menu
Displays ports dynamically learned through GMRP or GVRP, and ports
that are currently forwarding VLAN traffic.
IP Multicast Registration
Table1
Displays all the multicast groups active on this switch, including the
multicast IP address and the corresponding VLANs.
IP Menu2
Displays all the IP subnets used on this switch, as well as the
corresponding VLANs and ports. Also contains the ARP table, routing
table, and multicast menu.
*1: This menu is only displayed if WGS3-2620 is set to Layer 2 mode.
*2: This menu is only displayed on WGS3-404 or WGS3-2620 when it is set to multilayer mode.
.
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5.8.1 Displaying Port Statistics
Port Statistics display standard statistics on network traffic from the Interfaces Group and Ethernet-like
MIBs, as well as a detailed breakdown of traffic based on the RMOM MIB.
Parameter
Description
Port Statistics
Displays standard statistics on network traffic passing through the selected port.
RMON Statistics Displays detailed statistics for the selected port, such as packet type and frame size
counters.
5.8.1.1 Displaying Ethernet Port Statistics
Port Statistics display key statistics from the Interfaces Group and Ethernet-like MIBs for each port. Error
statistics on the traffic passing through each port are displayed. This information can be used to identify
potential problems with the switch, such as a faulty port or unusually heavy loading. The values
displayed have accumulated since the last system reboot.
Select the required port. The statistics displayed are indicated in the following figure and table.
Parameter
Description
Interfaces Group
In Octets
The total number of octets received on the interface, including framing
characters.
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In Unicast Pkts.
The number of subnetwork-unicast packets delivered to a higher-layer protocol.
In Non-Unicast Pkts.
The number of non-unicast (that is, subnetwork- broadcast or
subnetwork-multicast) packets delivered to a higher-layer protocol.
In Discards
In Errors
The number of inbound packets which were chosen to be discarded even
though no errors had been detected to prevent their being deliverable to a
higher-layer protocol. One possible reason for discarding such a packet could
be to free up buffer space.
The number of inbound packets that contained errors preventing them from
being deliverable to a higher-layer protocol.
Alignment Errors
The number of alignment errors (mis-synchronized data packets).
Out Octets
The total number of octets transmitted out of the interface, including framing
characters.
Out Unicast Pkts.
Out Non-Unicast Pkts.
Out Discards
The total number of packets that higher-level protocols requested be
transmitted to a subnetwork-unicast address, including those that were
discarded or not sent.
The total number of packets that higher-level protocols requested be
transmitted to a non- unicast (that is, a subnetwork-broadcast or
subnetwork-multicast) address, including those that were discarded or not sent.
The number of outbound packets which were chosen to be discarded even
though no errors had been detected to prevent their being transmitted. One
possible reason for discarding such a packet could be to free up buffer space.
Out Errors
The number of outbound packets that could not be transmitted because of
errors.
CRC Errors
Number of Ethernet Cyclic Redundancy Check errors detected by this device.
Ethernet-Like
Single Collisions
The number of successfully transmitted frames for which transmission is
inhibited by exactly one collision.
Deferred Transmissions A count of frames for which the first transmission attempt on a particular
interface is delayed because the medium was busy.
Excessive Collisions
Drop Events
The number of frames for which transmission failed due to excessive collisions.
The total number of events in which packets were dropped due to lack of
resources.
Octets
Number of octets passing through this port.
Multiple Collisions
A count of successfully transmitted frames for which transmission is inhibited
by more than one collision.
Late Collisions
The number of times that a collision is detected later than 512 bit-times into the
transmission of a packet.
Carrier Sense Errors
The number of times that the carrier sense condition was lost or never asserted
when attempting to transmit a frame.
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Fragments
Jabbers
The total number of frames received that were less than 64 octets in length
(excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and contained either an FCS
or alignment error.
The total number of frames received that were longer than 1518 octets
(excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets), and contained either an FCS
or alignment error.
NOTE: Statistics are refreshed every 10 seconds by default (See 5.3.2 Configuring the Serial Port).
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5.8.1.2 Displaying RMON Statistics
Use the RMON Statistics screen to display key statistics for each port from RMON group 1. (RMON
groups 2, 3 and 9 can only be accessed using SNMP management software.) The following screen
displays the overall statistics on traffic passing through each port. RMON statistics provide access to a
broad range of statistics, including a total count of different frame types and sizes passing through each
port.
Values displayed have been accumulated since the last system reboot.
Parameter
Description
Drop Events
The total number of events in which packets were dropped due to lack
of resources.
Received Bytes
Total number of bytes of data received on the network. This statistic can
be used as a reasonable indication of Ethernet utilization.
Received Frames
Broadcast Frames
The total number of frames (bad, broadcast and multicast) received.
The total number of good frames received that were directed to the
broadcast address. Note that this does not include multicast packets.
Multicast Frames
The total number of good frames received that were directed to this
multicast address.
CRC/Alignment Errors
Undersize Frames
The number of CRC/alignment errors (FCS or alignment errors).
The total number of frames received that were less than 64 octets
long(excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and were
otherwise well formed.
Oversize Frames
Fragments
The total number of frames received that were longer than 1518
octets(excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and were
otherwise well formed.
The total number of frames received that were less than 64 octets in
length(excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets) and contained
either an FCS or alignment error.
Jabbers
The total number of frames received that were longer than 1518 octets
(excluding framing bits, but including FCS octets), and contained either
an FCS or alignment error.
Collisions
The best estimate of the total number of collisions on this Ethernet
segment.
64 Byte Frames
The total number of frames (including bad packets) received and
transmitted that were 64 octets in length (excluding framing bits but
including FCS octets).
65-127 Byte Frames
128-255 Byte Frames
The total number of frames (including bad packets) received and
transmitted where the number of octets fall within the specified range
(excluding framing bits but including FCS octets).
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256-511 Byte Frames
512-1023 Byte Frames
1024-1518 Byte Frames
1519-1536 Byte Frames
NOTE: Statistics are refreshed every 10 seconds by default (See 5.3.2 Configuring the Serial Port).
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5.8.2 Layer 2 Address Tables
This menu includes the unicast address table.
Menu
Description
Unicast Address Table
Provides a full listing for unicast addresses.
5.8.2.1 Displaying the Unicast Address Table
The Unicast Address Table contains the MAC addresses associated with each port (that is, the source
port associated with the address). The information displayed in the Address Table is indicated in the
following figure and table.
Parameter
Address
Port
Description
The MAC address of a node seen on this switch.
The port whose address table includes this MAC address.
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5.8.3 Displaying Bridge Information
The Bridge menu is used to display settings for the Spanning Tree Algorithm. For a more detailed
description of how to use this algorithm, refer to “6.1.3 Spanning Tree Algorithm”.
Menu
Description
Spanning Tree Bridge Displays a full list of STA values used for the bridge.
Information
Spanning Tree Port
Information
Displays a list of STA values used for each port, including status, designated cost,
designated bridge, and designated port.
5.8.3.1 Viewing the Current Spanning Tree Information
The STA Bridge Information screen displays a summary of STA information for the overall bridge. To
make any changes to these parameters, use the Bridge STA Configuration menu as described on 5.7.2
Using the Bridge Menu. The parameters shown in the following figure and table describe the current
Bridge STA settings.
Parameter
Priority
Description
Device priority is used in selecting the root device, root port, and designated port. The
device with the highest priority becomes the STA root device. However, if all devices
have the same priority, the device with the lowest MAC address will then become the
root device.
Hello Time
Max Age
The time interval (in seconds) at which the root device transmits a configuration
message.
The maximum time (in seconds) a device can wait without receiving a configuration
message before attempting to reconfigure.
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Forward Delay The maximum time (in seconds) the root device will wait before changing states (i.e.,
listening to learning to forwarding).
Hold Time
The minimum interval between the transmission of consecutive Configuration BPDUs.
Designated
Root
The priority and MAC address of the device in the Spanning Tree that this switch has
accepted as the root device.
Root Cost
Root Port
The path cost from the root port on this switch to the root device.
The number of the port on this switch that is closest to the root. This switch
communicates with the root device through this port. If there is no root port, then this
switch has been accepted as the root device of the Spanning Tree network.
Configuration The number of times the Spanning Tree has been reconfigured.
Changes
Topology Up
Time
The time since the Spanning Tree was last reconfigured.
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5.8.3.2 Displaying the Current STA for Ports
The parameters shown in the following figure and table are for port STA Information.
Parameter
Description
Type
Shows port type as:
100BASE-TX : 10BASE-T / 100BASE-TX
1G BASE-T : 1000BASE-T
1000FX: 1000Base-SX/1000Base-LX
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Status
Displays current state of this port within the Spanning Tree:
Disabled - No link has been established on this port. Otherwise, the port has been
disabled by the user or has failed diagnostics.
Blocking - Port receives STA configuration messages, but does not forward packets.
Listening - Port will leave blocking state due to a topology change, starts transmitting
configuration messages, but does not yet forward packets.
Learning - Port has transmitted configuration messages for an interval set by the
Forward Delay parameter without receiving contradictory information. Port address table
is cleared, and the port begins learning addresses.
Forwarding - The port forwards packets, and continues the learning addresses.
The rules defining port status are:
ꢀ A port on a network segment with no other STA compliant bridging device is always
forwarding.
ꢀ If two ports of a switch are connected to the same segment and there is no other STA
device attached to this segment, the port with the smaller ID forwards packets and
the other is blocked.
ꢀ All ports are blocked when the switch is booted, then some of them change state to
listening, to learning, and then to forwarding.
Designated
Cost
The cost for a packet to travel from this port to the root in the current Spanning Tree
configuration. The slower the media, the higher the cost.
Designated
Bridge(ID)
The priority and MAC address of the device through which this port must communicate
to reach the root of the Spanning Tree.
Designated
Port (ID)
The priority and number of the port on the designated bridging device through which this
switch must communicate with the root of the Spanning Tree.
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5.8.4 Displaying VLAN Information
These menus display information on the ports that have been automatically learned via GVRP and all
those ports that have been configured by dynamic or static means to forward VLAN traffic.
Menu
Description
VLAN Dynamic
Registration
Information
Shows the ports that have been automatically learned via GVRP.
VLAN Forwarding
Information
Shows all those ports that have been configured by either dynamic or static
means to forward VLAN traffic.
5.8.4.1 VLAN Dynamic Registration Information
This table shows the ports that have been automatically learned via GVRP.
5.8.4.2 VLAN Forwarding Information
Shows all those ports that have been configured by either dynamic or static means to forward VLAN
traffic.
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5.8.5 IP Multicast Registration Table
This table displays all the multicast groups active on the switch, including the multicast IP address and
the corresponding VLANs.
Parameter
VLAN
Description
A VLAN with host members that have asked to receive the indicated multicast service.
A source IP address that represents a specific multicast service.
The ports that belong to the indicated VLAN group.
Multicast IP
Multicast Group
Ports
Learned By
Shows if this entry was learned dynamically or via IGMP Snooping. An entry is
learned dynamically if a multicast packet was seen crossing the port, or via IGMP
Snooping if an IGMP registration packet was seen crossing the port.
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5.8.6 IP Menu
This menu contains IP subnets information, the ARP cache, routing table, as well as multicast groups
and multicast routing information.
Menu
Description
Subnet
Displays all the IP subnets configured on this switch, as well as the corresponding
VLANs and ports.
Information
ARP Table
Shows the IP-to-MAC addresses discovered by ARP.
Routing Table Shows the routes through which all recognized Ethernet networks (and the
corresponding VLAN) can be reached.
Multicast Table Displays all the multicast groups active on this switch, including the multicast IP address
and the corresponding VLANs. Also includes the IGMP registration table, the multicast
forwarding cache, and DVMRP routing information.
OSPF Table
Displays a link state advertisement summary, the neighbor table, and the virtual
neighbor table.
5.8.6.1 Displaying Subnet Information
You can display a list of all the IP interfaces configured on this switch. This table includes the gateway
address, corresponding VLAN, and member ports that use this address.
Parameter
IP Address
Subnet Mask
Description
The address for an IP interface on this switch.
A template that identifies the address bits in the host address used for routing to
specific subnets. Each bit that corresponds to a “1” is part of the network / subnet
number; each bit that corresponds to “0” is part of the host number.
VLAN
The VLAN group associated with this IP interface.
Port Members
The ports that can be reached through this IP interface.
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5.8.6.2 ARP Table
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) defines a method for extracting a host’s Ethernet address from its
Internet address. This table shows the IP-to-MAC address cache discovered via ARP.
Parameter
IP Address
Description
IP addresses for which ARP has resolved the physical address through a broadcast
message.
MAC Address
VLAN
MAC address that maps to the corresponding IP address.
The VLAN group to which this host has been assigned.
Port
The port this to which host device is attached. (Port “0” refers to an interface defined on
this switch.)
5.8.6.3 Routing Table
The Routing Table lists the routes through which all recognized Ethernet networks (and corresponding
VLANs) can be reached. This table includes all routes learned through routing protocols or manual
configuration.
Parameter
Description
Destination
Network
A destination network, subnet or host.
Destination Mask The subnet mask that specifies the bits to match. A routing entry will be used for a
packet if the bits in the address set by the destination mask match the Destination
Network.
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VLAN
The VLAN within which the gateway or destination address resides.
The IP address of the router at the next hop.
Next Hop
Type
The IP route type for the destination network. This switch supports the following
types:
Direct - A directly connected subnetwork.
Indirect - A remote IP subnetwork or host address.
Myself - A switch IP address on a specific IP subnetwork.
Bcast - A subnetwork broadcast address.
Mcast - An IP multicast address.
Invalid - A illegal IP address to be filtered.
The route was learned in one of the following ways:
Local - Manually configured
Protocol
Mgmt. - Set via SNMP
ICMP - Obtained via ICMP redirect.
RIP - Learned via RIP protocol.
OSPF – Learned via OSPF protocol.
Other - Learned by some other method.
The route tag represents the device that originated this routing entry.
Route Tag*
Route Aging*
The number of seconds elapsed since this route was last updated or otherwise
determined to be correct. (This entry only applies to RIP.)
Routing Metric*
A relative measure of the path cost from this switch to the destination network. (This
value depends on the specific routing protocol.)
*These three options is only for WGS3-2620.
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5.8.6.4 Multicast Table
You can use this menu to display all the multicast groups currently active on this switch, the IGMP cache,
the multicast forwarding cache, and DVMRP routing information.
Parameter
Description
IP Multicast
Displays all active multicast groups, including the multicast IP address and the
Registration Table corresponding VLANs. (See
5.8.5 IP Multicast Registration Table.)
IGMP Cache
Multicast
Displays all active multicast groups, including the IP interface each entry appears on,
the entry age, and the time left before the entry is aged out.
Displays all active multicast groups, including the multicast source address, the
Forwarding Table upstream neighbor, the multicast routing protocol, and the entry age.
DVMRP Routing Displays the source address for each known multicast service, the upstream
Table
neighbor, the IP interface each entry appears on, the routing metric, and the entry
age.
DVMRP Neighbor Displays all the neighbor routers accessible through each IP interface, including the
Table
entry age, the time left before the entry is aged out, the protocol version, and the
number of routing updates received from each neighboring router.
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5.8.6.4.1 Displaying IGMP Registration Table
The switch provides a local registry of active multicast groups for each IP interface, including the age and
expiration time for each entry.
Parameter
Description
Group Address An IP multicast group address with subscribers directly attached or downstream from
this switch.
Interface
The IP interface on this switch that has received traffic directed to the IP multicast
group address. (See 5.8.6.1 Displaying Subnet Information.)
Reporter
The IP address of the source of the last membership report received for this IP
Multicast group address on this interface. If no membership report has been received,
this object has the value 0.0.0.0.
Up Time
The time elapsed since this entry was created.
Expire Time
V1 Timer
The time remaining before this entry will be aged out. (The default is 260 seconds.)
The time remaining until the switch assumes that there are no longer any IGMP
Version 1 members on the IP subnet attached to this interface. (The default is 400
seconds.)
If the switch receives an IGMP Version 1 Membership Report, it sets a timer to note
that there are Version 1 hosts present which are members of the group for which it
heard the report.
If there are Version 1 hosts present for a particular group, the switch will ignore any
Leave Group messages that it receives for that group.
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5.8.6.4.2 Displaying the Multicast Forwarding Cache
The switch maintains a cache of multicast routing entries used to calculate the delivery tree in multicast
routing protocols. The Multicast Forwarding Cache includes the subnetwork that contains the multicast
source and the nearest upstream neighbor for each known multicast group address.
Parameter
Description
Group Address
An IP multicast group address with subscribers directly attached or downstream
from this switch.
Source Address
Mask
The IP subnetwork at the root of the multicast delivery tree. This subnetwork
contains a known multicast source.
Subnet mask that is used for the source address. This mask identifies the host
address bits used for routing to specific subnets.
Upstream Neighbor
Protocol
The IP address of the network device immediately upstream for this group.
The multicast routing protocol associated with this entry.
The time elapsed since this entry was created.
Up Time
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5.8.6.4.3 Displaying the DVMRP Routing Table
The DVMRP Routing Table contains all the IP multicast routes learned by the DVMRP protocol. The
routes displayed in this table are used by this switch to forward new IP multicast traffic. They do not
reflect active multicast flows.
Parameter
Description
Source Address
The IP subnetwork at the root of the multicast delivery tree. This subnetwork
contains a known multicast source.
Subnet Mask
Subnet mask that is used for the source address. This mask identifies the host
address bits used for routing to specific subnets.
Upstream Neighbor The IP address of the network device immediately upstream for this multicast
delivery tree.
Interface
Metric
The IP interface on this switch that connects to the upstream neighbor.
The metric for this interface used to calculate distance vectors.
The time elapsed since this entry was created.
Up Time
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5.8.6.4.4 Displaying the DVMRP Neighbor Table
The DVMRP Neighbor Table contains the switch’s DVMRP neighbors, as discovered by receiving
DVMRP protocol messages.
Parameter
Interface
Description
The IP interface on this switch that connects to the upstream neighbor. (See 5.8.6.1
Displaying Subnet Information.)
Neighbor
Address
The IP address of the network device immediately upstream for this multicast delivery
tree.
UpTime
The time since this device last became a DVMRP neighbor to this switch.
The time remaining before this entry will be aged out.
ExpireTime
Version
The neighboring router’s DVMRP version number.
Rcv Route
The total number of routes received in valid DVMRP packets from this neighbor. This
can be used to diagnose problems such as unicast route injection, as well as giving an
indication of the level of DVMRP route exchange activity.
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5.8.6.5 OSPF Table
You can use this menu to display the OSPF router linkages for the autonomous system based on the
Link State Table, Neighbor Table, and Virtual Neighbor Table.
Parameter
Description
Interface Table
Link State Table
Neighbor Table
Virtual Neighbor
Displays interface OSPF status
Displays a summary link state advertisements.
Displays current neighbor routers.
Table Displays current virtual neighbors.
5.8.6.5.1 Display Interface Table
This function allow you to display each IP interface’s OSPF status.
Parameter
IP Address
Rtr ID
Description
IP address of the interface
The OSPF identifier for the neighboring router.
The designated router IP address for the broadcast network on the interface
Designated Rtr
Backup Rtr
The backup designated router IP address for the broadcast network on the
interface
Status
Events
The interface status.
The number of events encountered that cause a neighbor state change since
boot up.
5.8.6.5.2 Displaying the Link State Table
The link state table displays all advertisements in the link state database. This database contains linkage
information for all the areas to which this router is attached. Note that all the routers within an area
exchange information to ensure that they maintain an identical link state database. This database can
therefore be used to troubleshoot network configuration problems.
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Parameter
Area Identity
Type
Description
An OSPF area identifier configured for a group of OSPF routers.
The link state advertisement type:
RtrLSA: Router LSA – All area routers advertise the state of links from the router
itself to the its local area.
NetLSA: Network LSA – The designated router for each area advertises the link
state for each transit area; i.e., an area with more than one attached router. This
LSA includes information about each router attached to the area, including the
designated router itself.
SumLSA: Summary LSA – Advertise the cost to a specific subnetwork outside
the router’s area, or the cost to a specific autonomous system boundary router.
ExtLSA: External LSA – Advertises link state information for each known
network outside the autonomous system.
Link State ID
The identifier for the router originating this entry, usually in the form of an IP
address.
Router ID
Sequence No.
Age
The IP address of the originating router.
The link state sequence number, used to remove previous duplicate LSAs.
The number of seconds since this LSA was originated.
5.8.6.5.3 Displaying the Neighbor Table
Each router exchanges link state information with all neighbors physically attached to the same network
segment. This table displays a summary of the link state for all adjacent neighbors. (Note that
neighboring routers are discovered by this device via Hello messages.).
Parameter
IP Address
ID
Description
IP address of the neighboring router
The index number of the router interface to which this neighbor is attached. For
IP protocol, this value will always be zero.
Router ID
The OSPF identifier for the neighboring router.
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Option
The optional OSPF capabilities supported by the neighbor. The neighbor's
optional OSPF capabilities are also listed in its Hello packets. This enables
received Hellos to be rejected (i.e., neighbor relationships will not even start to
form) if there is a mismatch in certain crucial OSPF capabilities. The OSPF
optional capabilities currently accepted include external routing capability and
TOS capability.
You need to map the binary bits to the supported options. For example, “3”
indicates both routing capability and TOS capability.
Priority
State
The neighbor’s router priority. This priority is used in electing the designated
router for the area in which it exists. This value will be set to zero if this router
cannot be elected.
The communication state for two adjacent routers:
Down: This is the initial state of a neighbor conversation. It indicates that there
has been no recent information received from the neighbor.
Attempt: This state is only valid for neighbors attached to non-broadcast
networks. It indicates that no recent information has been received from the
neighbor, but that the router is attempting to contact the neighbor by sending
Hello packets.
Init: A Hello packet has recently been seen from the neighbor. However,
bidirectional communication has not yet been established with the neighbor.
2-Way: Communication between the two routers has been established. This is
the most advanced state short of beginning adjacency establishment. Note that
both the Designated Router and Backup Designated Router are selected from
the set of neighbors in state 2-Way or greater.
ExStart: This is the first step in creating an adjacency between the two
neighboring routers. The goal of this step is to decide which router is the master,
and to decide upon the initial sequence number. Neighbor conversations in this
state or greater are called adjacencies.
Exchange: The router is describing its entire link state database by sending
database description packets to the neighbor. (Each database description
packet has a sequence number, and is explicitly acknowledged.) All adjacencies
in Exchange state or greater are used by the flooding procedure. In fact, these
adjacencies are fully capable of transmitting and receiving all types of OSPF
routing protocol packets.
Loading: Link State Request packets are sent to the neighbor asking for more
recent advertisements that have been discovered (but not yet received) in the
Exchange state.
Full: The neighboring routers are fully adjacent. These adjacencies will now
appear in router links and network links advertisements.
Events
The number of events encountered that cause a neighbor state change since
boot up.
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5.8.6.5.4 Displaying the Virtual Neighbor Table
Virtual links can be used to link an area isolated from the backbone, to create a redundant link between
any area and the backbone to help prevent partitioning, or to connect two existing backbone areas into a
common backbone. Note that the processes of establishing a active link between virtual neighbors is
similar to that used for physically adjacent neighbors..
Parameter
Area ID
Description
The transit area the virtual link must cross to connect the border routers.
The OSPF identifier for the router at the other end of the link.
IP address of the border router at the other end of the link.
Router ID
IP Address
Option
The optional OSPF capabilities supported by the neighbor. The neighbor's
optional OSPF capabilities are also listed in its Hello packets. This enables
received Hellos to be rejected (i.e., neighbor relationships will not even start to
form) if there is a mismatch in certain crucial OSPF capabilities. The OSPF
optional capabilities currently accepted include external routing capability and
TOS capability.
You need to map the binary bits to the supported options. For example, “3”
indicates both routing capability and TOS capability.
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State
The communication state for two adjacent routers:
Down: This is the initial state of a neighbor conversation. It indicates that there
has been no recent information received from the neighbor.
Attempt: This state is only valid for neighbors attached to non-broadcast
networks. It indicates that no recent information has been received from the
neighbor, but that the router is attempting to contact the neighbor by sending
Hello packets.
Init: A Hello packet has recently been seen from the neighbor. However,
bidirectional communication has not yet been established with the neighbor.
2-Way: Communication between the two routers has been established. This is
the most advanced state short of beginning adjacency establishment. Note that
both the Designated Router and Backup Designated Router are selected from
the set of neighbors in state 2-Way or greater.
ExStart: This is the first step in creating an adjacency between the two
neighboring routers. The goal of this step is to decide which router is the master,
and to decide upon the initial sequence number. Neighbor conversations in this
state or greater are called adjacencies.
Exchange: The router is describing its entire link state database by sending
database description packets to the neighbor. (Each database description
packet has a sequence number, and is explicitly acknowledged.) All adjacencies
in Exchange state or greater are used by the flooding procedure. In fact, these
adjacencies are fully capable of transmitting and receiving all types of OSPF
routing protocol packets.
Loading: Link State Request packets are sent to the neighbor asking for more
recent advertisements that have been discovered (but not yet received) in the
Exchange state.
Full: The neighboring routers are fully adjacent. These adjacencies will now
appear in router links and network links advertisements.
Events
The number of events encountered that cause a neighbor state change since
boot up.
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5.9 Resetting the System
Use the Restart command under the Main Menu to reset the management agent. The reset screen is
shown below.
Parameter
Description
Reload Factory
Defaults
Reloads the factory defaults
[Apply]
Restarts the switch.
NOTE: When restarting the system, it will always run the Power-On Self-Test. It will also retain all
system information, unless you elect to reload the factory defaults.
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Chapter 6.Advanced Topics
This Layer 3 switch supports both Layer 2 which is based on physical device addresses and Layer 3
switching which is based on IP network addresses. These functions, along with other advanced features
are described in this chapter.
6.1 Layer 2 Switching
When a frame enters a port, its destination MAC address is checked in the address database to see
which port leads to this destination. If the destination address belongs to the incoming port, the frame is
dropped or “filtered.” If the destination port is found on another port, the frame is forwarded to that port
and queued for output. But, if the destination address is not found in the address database, the frame is
sent to one or more output ports based on the rules for handling tagged or untagged VLAN frames.
If the source MAC address of the frame was not found in the address database, it is recorded along with
the incoming port number where it entered the switch. This information is then used to make later
decisions for frame forwarding.
During switching, the switch performs multiple steps, including:
• VLAN Classification
• Learning
• Filtering
• Forwarding
• Aging
The following sections provide additional information about the tasks the switch performs during unicast
and multicast switching.
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6.1.1 Unicast Switching
This section describes VLAN classification, learning, filtering, and forwarding for unicast switching.
• VLAN Classification— When the switch receives a frame, it classifies the frame in one of two ways:
- If the frame is untagged, the switch classifies the frame into the default VLAN for the incoming
port.
- If the frame is tagged, the switch uses the tagged VLAN ID to identify the broadcast domain of the
frame.
• Learning — After VLAN classification, the switch checks the <source MAC address, VLAN> pair in the
address table to see whether this pair is known.
- If unknown, the switch adds this pair to the address table.
- If known, the switch checks the pair for an incorrect Port ID. If the PID associated with the pair in
the address table is different from the receiving port, the switch modifies the PID in the address
table.
• Filtering— After learning the address, the switch checks:
- If the source or destination port is not in the forwarding state. (For example, if it is in blocking state
or has been disabled.)
- If the source or destination MAC address is to be filtered.
- If the source PID is the same as the destination PID.
If any of these conditions are met, the switch drops the received frame. Otherwise, it continues with the
forwarding process as described below.
• Forwarding— During the forwarding process, the switch checks whether the <destination MAC address,
VLAN> pair is unknown.
- If unknown, the switch floods the received frame to all ports in the VLAN, excluding the source
port.
- If known, the switch forwards the received frame to the port associated with the pair. At the same
time, the switch decides whether a VLAN tag needs to be added to or stripped from the frame,
depending on the VLAN tagged/untagged configuration and VLAN ID for the output port.
• Aging— the switch performs the aging process for the <MAC addresses, VLAN> pair in the MAC
address table. Once a pair is aged out, the address table is modified.
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6.1.2 Multicast Switching
For multicast switching, the switch checks whether the received frame is a Bridge Protocol Data Unit
(BPDU). If a BPDU is received, the switch forwards the frame for processing by the Spanning Tree
Protocol. Otherwise, the switch performs the following processes:
• VLAN classification— same as for unicast switching.
• Learning— same as for unicast switching.
• Filtering— after learning, the switch checks the same filtering criteria used for unicast switching, except
that there is no destination MAC address to check.
• Forwarding— the switch floods the received multicast frame to all ports within the VLAN, excluding the
source port. At the same time, the switch decides whether a VLAN tag needs to be added to or stripped
from the frame, depending on the VLAN tagged/untagged configuration and VLAN ID for the output port.
• Aging— same as for unicast switching.
6.1.3 Spanning Tree Algorithm
The Spanning Tree Algorithm (that is, the STA-configuration algorithm as outlined in IEEE 802.1D) can
be used to detect and disable network loops, and to provide link backup. This allows the switch to
interact with other bridging devices (including STA- compliant switches, bridges or routers) in your
network to ensure that only one route exists between any two stations on the network. If redundant paths
or loops are detected, one or more ports are put into a blocking state (stopped from forwarding packets)
to eliminate the extra paths. Moreover, if one or more of the paths in a stable spanning tree topology fail,
this algorithm will automatically change ports from blocking state to forwarding state to reestablish
contact with all network stations.
STA uses a distributed algorithm to select a bridging device (STA-compliant switch, bridge or router) that
serves as the root of the spanning tree network. It selects a root port on each bridging device (except for
the root device) which incurs the lowest path cost when forwarding a packet from that device to the root
device. Then it selects a designated bridging device from each LAN which incurs the lowest path cost
when forwarding a packet from that LAN to the root device. All ports connected to designated bridging
devices are assigned as designated ports.
After determining the lowest cost spanning tree, it enables all root ports and designated ports, and
disables all other ports. Network packets are therefore only forwarded between root ports and designated
ports, eliminating any possible network loops.
Once a stable network topology has been established, all bridges listen for Hello BPDUs (Bridge Protocol
Data Units) transmitted from the Root Bridge. If a bridge does not get a Hello BPDU after a predefined
interval (Maximum Age), the bridge assumes that the link to the Root Bridge is down. This bridge will
then initiate negotiations with other bridges to reconfigure the network to reestablish a valid network
topology.
The following figure gives an illustration of how the Spanning Tree Algorithm assigns bridging device
ports.
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6.2 Layer 3 Switching
The two major functions provided by a Layer 3 switch include IP Switching and Routing Path
Management. When the switch is set to multilayer mode, it acts as a routing switch, with support for
standard IP routing and the ability to pass traffic between VLANs as required. However, when the switch
is first set to multilayer mode, no default routing is defined. As with all traditional routers, the routing
function must first be configured to work. (RIP).
6.2.1 Initial Configuration
In the default configuration, all ports belong to the same virtual LAN and the switch provides only Layer 2
functionality. So you should first group all the ports that belong to the same subnet into virtual LANs. By
separating the switch into different VLANs, the network is partitioned into subnetworks that are
disconnected at Layer 2. Network traffic within the same subnet is still switched using Layer 2 switching.
And the VLANs can now be interconnected (only as required) with Layer 3 switching. Each VLAN
represents a virtual interface to Layer 3. You just need to provide the network addresses for each virtual
interface, and the traffic between different subnetworks will be routed by Layer 3 switching.
VLAN Configuration for Layer 3
Note: When operating the switch in multilayer mode, all ports should be defined as untagged, and no
VLANs can overlap. You should also assign the same default PVID to the ports at both ends of a link if
the VLAN must cross the switches. (See “VLAN Tagging” configuration.) These limitations will be
removed for future firmware versions.
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6.2.2 IP Switching
IP Switching (or packet forwarding) encompasses tasks required to forward packets for both Layer 2 and
Layer 3, as well as traditional routing.
These functions include:
• Layer 2 forwarding (switching) based on the Layer 2 destination MAC address
• Layer 3 forwarding (routing):
- Based on the Layer 3 destination address
- Replacing destination/source MAC addresses for each hop
- Incrementing the hop count
- Decrementing the time-to-live
- Verifying and recalculating the Layer 3 checksum
If the destination node is on the same subnetwork as the source network, then the packet can be
transmitted directly without the help of a router.
However, if the MAC address is not yet known to the switch, an Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
packet with the destination IP address is broadcast to get the destination MAC address from the
destination node. The IP packet can then be sent directly with the destination MAC address.
If the destination belongs to a different subnet on this switch, the packet can be routed directly to the
destination node. However, if the packet belongs to a subnet not included on this switch, then the packet
should be sent to a router (with the MAC address of the router used as the destination MAC address,
and the destination IP address of the destination node). The router will then forward the packet to the
destination node via the correct path. The router can also use the ARP protocol to find out the MAC
address of the destination node of the next router when necessary.
Note: In order to perform IP switching, the switch should be recognized by other network nodes as an IP
router, either by setting it as the default gateway, or by redirection from another router via the ICMP
process.
When the switch receives an IP packet addressed to its own MAC address, the packet follows the Layer
3 routing process. The destination IP address is checked against the Layer 3 address table. If the
address is not already there, the switch broadcasts an ARP packet to all the ports on the destination
VLAN to find out the destination MAC address. After the MAC address is discovered, the packet is
reformatted and sent out to the destination. The reformat process includes decreasing the Time-To-Live
(TTL) field of the IP header, recalculating the IP header checksum, and replacing the destination MAC
address with either the MAC address of the destination node or that of the next hop router.
When another packet destined to the same node arrives, the destination MAC can be retrieved directly
from the Layer 3 address table; the packet is then reformatted and sent out the destination port. IP
switching can be done at wire-speed when the destination address entry is already in the Layer 3
address table.
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If the switch determines that a frame must be routed, the route is calculated only during setup. Once the
route has been determined, all packets in the current flow are simply switched or forwarded across the
chosen path. This takes advantage of the high throughput and low latency of switching by enabling the
traffic to bypass the routing engine once path calculation has been performed.
6.2.3 Routing Path Management
Routing Path Management involves the determination and updating of all the routing information required
for packet forwarding, including:
• Handling routing protocols
• Updating the routing table
• Updating the Layer 3 switching database
6.2.4 ICMP Router Discovery
Before a host can send IP datagrams beyond its directly attached subnet, it must discover the address of
at least one operational router on that subnet.
Typically, this can be accomplished by reading a list of one or more router addresses from a
configuration file at start-up time. On multicast links, some hosts also discover router addresses by
listening to routing protocol traffic.
The ICMP Router Discovery message is an alternative router discovery method that uses a pair of ICMP
messages on multicast links. It eliminates the need to manually configure router addresses and is
independent of any specific routing protocol.
ICMP Router Discovery messages are called “Router Advertisements” and “Router Solicitations.” Each
router periodically multicasts a Router Advertisement from each of its multicast interfaces, announcing
the IP address(es) of that interface. Hosts discover the addresses of their neighboring routers simply by
listening for advertisements. When a host attached to a multicast link starts up, it may multicast a Router
Solicitation to ask for immediate advertisements, rather than waiting for the subsequent, periodic ones to
arrive.
Router Discovery messages do not constitute a routing protocol: they enable hosts to discover the
existence of neighboring routers, but not which router provides a route to a particular destination. If a
host chooses a poor first-hop router for a particular destination, it should receive an ICMP Redirect from
that router, identifying a better one.
6.2.5 Proxy ARP
When a node in the attached subnetwork does not have routing or a default gateway configured, ARP
Proxy can be used to forward an ARP request to a remote subnetwork. When the switch receives an
ARP request for a remote network and ARP Proxy is enabled, it determines if it has the best route to the
remote network, and then answers the ARP request by sending its own MAC address to the requesting
node. That node then sends traffic to the switch, which in turn uses its own routing table to forward the
traffic to the remote destination. End stations that require Proxy ARP must view the entire network as a
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single network. These nodes must therefore use a smaller subnet mask than that used by the switch or
other relevant network devices.
Note that extensive use of Proxy ARP can adversely affect the performance of the switch because it may
lead to increased ARP traffic and increased search time for larger ARP address tables.
6.2.6 Routing Protocols
The switch supports both static and dynamic routing.
• Static routing requires routing information to be stored in the switch, either manually or when a
connection is set up by an application outside the switch.
• Dynamic routing uses a routing protocol to exchange routing information, calculate routing tables, and
respond to changes in the status or loading of the network.
Dynamic routing involves the determination and updating of all the routing information required for packet
forwarding.
• Handling routing protocols
• Updating the routing table
• Updating the Layer 3 switching database
The switch supports RIP and RIP-2 dynamic routing protocols.
6.2.6.1 RIP and RIP-2 Dynamic Routing Protocols
The RIP protocol is the most widely used routing protocol. The RIP protocol uses a distance
vector-based approach to routing. Routes are determined on the basis of minimizing the distance vector,
or hop count, which serves as a rough estimate of transmission cost. Each router broadcasts its
advertisement every 30 seconds, together with any updates to its routing table. This allows all routers on
the network to learn consistent tables of next hop links which lead to relevant subnets. Just as Layer 2
switches use the Spanning Tree Algorithm to prevent loops, routers also use methods for preventing
loops that would cause endless retransmission of data traffic. RIP utilizes the following three methods to
prevent loops from occurring:
• Split horizon— never propagate routes back to an interface port from which they have been acquired.
• Poison reverse— propagate routes back to an interface port from which they have been acquired, but
set the distance vector metrics to infinity. (This provides faster convergence.)
• Triggered updates— whenever a route gets changed, broadcast an update message after waiting for a
short random delay, but without waiting for the periodic cycle.
RIP-2 is a compatible upgrade to RIP. RIP-2 adds useful capabilities for plain text authentication, multiple
independent RIP domains, variable length subnet masks, and multicast transmissions for route
advertising (RFC 1388).
There are several serious problems with RIP that you should consider before deciding which routing
protocol to use for your network. First of all, RIP (version 1) has no knowledge of subnets, both RIP
versions can take a long time to converge on a new route after the failure of a link or router during which
time routing loops may occur, and its small hop count limitation of 15 restricts its use to smaller networks.
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Moreover, RIP (version 1) wastes valuable network bandwidth by propagating routing information via
broadcasts, nor does it consider enough network variables to make the best routing decision.
4-8
6.2.6.2 OSPFv2 Dynamic Routing Protocol
OSPF overcomes all the problems of RIP. It uses a link state routing protocol to generate a shortest-path
tree, then builds up its routing table based on this tree. OSPF produces a more stable network because
the participating routers act on network changes predictably and simultaneously, converging on the best
route more quickly than RIP. Moreover, when several equal-cost routes to a destination exist, traffic can
be distributed equally among them.
OSPF looks at more than just the simple hop count. When adding the shortest path to any node into the
tree, the optimal path is chosen on the basis of delay, throughput and connectivity. OSPF utilizes IP
multicast to reduce the amount of routing traffic required when sending or receiving routing path updates.
The separate routing area scheme used by OSPF further reduces the amount of routing traffic, and thus
inherently provides another level of routing protection. In addition, all routing protocol exchanges can be
authenticated. Finally, the OSPF algorithms have been tailored for efficient operation in TCP/IP Internets.
OSPFv2 is a compatible upgrade to OSPF. It involves enhancements to protocol message authentication,
and the addition of a point-to-multipoint interface which allows OSPF to run over non-broadcast networks,
as well as support for overlapping area ranges.
Area Configuration – OSPF routers exchange information with other routers in their area to determine the
shortest path to every destination. Each router in a common area should therefore have an identical map
of their local network topology. At the top level, the largest area is known as an Autonomous System,
and contains all the routers in your network. However, for large networks you should organize your
OSPF routers into smaller contiguous areas to reduce the amount of routing information that has to be
exchanged and to simplify network management.
When designing an OSPF network architecture, first create a backbone area to which all other areas are
adjacent. Note that when you enable OSPF for any IP interface on the ES3627, it is assigned to the
backbone by default (Area 0.0.0.0).
As a general rule, no area should not contain more than 50 routers. To create a new area, designate an
Area ID that will be used by all of the other routers in this area, specify the area type as Normal, Stub, or
NSSA (page 2-59 or 3-44), and then assign the ID to an interface (page 2-52 or 3-39). A Stub does not
accept or send external routing information. Instead, it uses a single default route for destinations outside
the area. Stubs further minimize the amount of routing data that has to be stored or exchanged with other
areas. An NSSA (Not-So-Stubby Area) is similar to a Stub, except that it can import external route
information into its area. Note that if there are not external routes into your network, then there are no
advantages to configuring a Stub or NSSA.
Neighbors – Neighboring OSPF routers within a common area are found using Hello messages. These
messages also list the other routers from which the originator has received hello messages. When a
router finds its address in the hello messages received from another router, both routers initiate
communications as neighbors.
Only after these routers successfully exchange and synchronize their routing tables, will they be
considered fully adjacent (page 2-98 or 3-69). Routing information is only exchanged between adjacent
neighbors.
Designated Router – A Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) are selected by
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the OSPF protocol for each area. The Designated Router exchanges routing information with all other
routers in its area, and then floods Link State Advertisements (LSAs) to each router, allowing them to
update their database. This eliminates the need for each router to exchange information with every other
router in its area. The OSPF protocol selects the DR and BDR based on the router with the highest
priority, or highest Router ID in case of a tie.
Area Border Router – An Area Border Router (ABR) must be configured between each area and the
backbone. An ABR should be configured with an IP interface that connects directly to both the backbone
and the area on which it borders. However, if an area is not physically connected to the backbone, you
can configure a virtual link that crosses a neighboring area to reach the backbone. Just define an ABR
(i.e., virtual neighbor) on the boundary between the isolated area and transit area, as well as an ABR on
the boundary between the transit area and the backbone. An ABR can be situated between one or more
areas, but we advise limiting the maximum number of areas supported by a single ABR to three. You can
also define a virtual link as a backup path between an ABR and the backbone.
Area Range – An ABR maintains a separate routing table for each area to which it is attached, and
sends routing summaries for each attached area to the backbone, which in turn distributes this
information to other areas in the autonomous system. This reduces the size of the routing tables that
have to maintained throughout the system, and prevents frequent updates from flooding the system
whenever a link change occurs. To configure a routing summary, you must define the OSPF Area Range
for all the networks within an ABR’s area. This range is specified with an IP address and network mask
(page 2-60 or 3-45). Moreover, since OSPF supports Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSMs), you can
specify a mask on a bit boundary, which can further reduce the number of advertised addresses.
Autonomous System Boundary Router – An Autonomous System (AS) contains all the routers in your
network, each of which shares information with other routers to determine a shortest-path route to every
destination in the AS. However, when an AS is connected to an outside network, it must import external
routing information through an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR). An ASBR can import
routing information through other routing protocols such as RIP.
An ASBR will generate external link advertisements on selected interfaces if OSPF is enabled globally,
and any of the following conditions exist on an interface:
• RIP is enabled, or
• RIP and OSPF are both disabled.
Link State Advertisements – Each router maintains a link state database that contains information
received from all the other routers within the same area. There are four types of Link State
Advertisements (LSA). Router LSAs advertise area links known by the originator, and are issued by all
routers. Network LSAs advertise transit areas through which traffic can be passed to reach other areas in
the system. Network LSAs contain information about all the routers that provide a link across the transit
area, and are issued by Designated Routers.
Summary LSAs are issued by Area Border Routers (ABR), and advertise routing information for a single
subnetwork outside the ABR’s area or for an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR). External
LSAs are issued by the ASBR, and contain information about external networks outside the AS.
Virtual Links – All areas within an Autonomous System must connect to the backbone. In cases where an
area cannot be physically connected to the backbone, you can create a virtual link which crosses a
transit area to reach the backbone.
(Virtual links can only span one intermediate area to reach the backbone.) Virtual links can be used as a
redundant link, preventing partitioning from the backbone. They can also be used to merge two separate
backbone areas.
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To create a virtual link, you must specify an Area Border Router (ABR) and a common transit area at
both ends of the link (page 2-61 or 3-46). One ABR will border on the target area and the transit area,
while the other borders on the transit area and the backbone. The configuration on each router must
include the transit area identifier and the ABR at the other end of the link.
6.2.7 Non-IP Protocol Routing
The switch supports IP routing only. Non-IP protocols such as IPX and AppleTalk can not be routed by
this switch, and will be confined within their local VLAN group unless bridged by an external router.
To coexist with a network built on other multilayer switches, the subnetworks for non-IP protocols must
follow the same logical boundary as that of the IP subnetworks. A separate multi-protocol router can then
be used to link the subnetworks by connecting to one port from each available VLAN on the network.
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6.3 Virtual LANs
Switches do not inherently support broadcast domains, which can lead to broadcast storms in large
networks that handle a lot of traffic such as NetBUEI or IPX. In conventional networks with routers,
broadcast traffic is split up into separate domains to confine this traffic to the originating group and
provide a much cleaner network environment. Instead of using physically separate subnets which are
linked by traditionally slow routers, this switch creates segregated broadcast domains based on easily
configurable VLANs, and then links these VLANs as required with wire-speed routing.
An IEEE 802.1Q VLAN is a group of ports that can be located anywhere in the network, but
communicate as though they belong to the same physical segment. VLANs help to simplify network
management by allowing you to move devices to a new VLAN without having to change any physical
connections. VLANs can be easily organized to reflect departmental groups (such as Marketing or R&D),
usage groups (such as e-mail), or multicast groups (used for multimedia applications such as video
conferencing).
VLANs provide greater network efficiency by reducing broadcast traffic, and allow you to make network
changes without having to update IP addresses or IP subnets. VLANs inherently provide a high level of
network security since traffic must pass through a configured Layer 3 link to reach a different VLAN.
This switch supports the following VLAN features:
• Up to 255 VLANs based on the IEEE 802.1Q standard
• Distributed VLAN learning across multiple switches using explicit or implicit tagging and GVRP protocol
• Port overlapping, allowing a port to participate in multiple VLANs (Not supported for multilayer mode.)
• End stations can belong to multiple VLANs
• Passing traffic between VLAN-aware and VLAN-unaware devices
• Priority tagging
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6.3.1 Assigning Ports to VLANs
Before enabling VLANs for the switch, you must first assign each port to the VLAN group(s) it will
participate in. By default all ports are assigned to VLAN 1 as untagged ports. Add a port as a tagged port
(that is, a port attached to a VLAN-aware device) if you want it to carry traffic for one or more VLANs and
the device at the other end of the link also supports VLANs. Then assign the port at the other end of the
link to the same VLAN(s). However, if you want a port on this switch to participate in one or more VLANs,
but the device at the other end of the link does not support VLANs, then you must add this port as an
untagged port (that is, a port attached to a VLAN-unaware device).
6.3.1.1 VLAN Classification
When the switch receives a frame, it classifies the frame in one of two ways. If the frame is untagged, the
switch assigns the frame to an associated VLAN (based on the PVID of the receiving port). But if the
frame is tagged, the switch uses the tagged VLAN ID to identify the port broadcast domain of the frame.
6.3.1.2 Port Overlapping
Port overlapping can be used to allow access to commonly shared network resources among different
VLAN groups, such as file servers or printers. (Not supported for multilayer mode of WGS3-2620) Note
that if you implement VLANs which do not overlap, but still need to communicate, you can connect them
by setting this switch to multilayer mode, and assigning an IP interface address to the different VLANs.
(See “Connecting VLAN Groups”)
6.3.1.3 Port-based VLANs
Port-based (or static) VLANs are manually tied to specific ports. The switch’ s forwarding decision is
based on the destination MAC address and its associated port. Therefore, to make valid forwarding or
flooding decisions, the switch must learn the relationship of the MAC address to its related port—and
thus to the VLAN—at run-time. However, when GVRP is enabled, this process can be fully automated.
6.3.1.4 Automatic VLAN Registration (GVRP)
GVRP defines a system whereby the switch can automatically learn the VLANs each endstation should
be assigned to. If an endstation (or its network adapter) supports the IEEE 802.1Q VLAN protocol, it can
be configured to broadcast a message to your network indicating the VLAN groups it wants to join. When
this switch receives these messages, it will automatically place the receiving port in the specified VLANs,
and then forward the message to all other ports. When the message arrives at another switch that
supports GVRP, it will also place the receiving port in the specified VLANs, and pass the message on to
all other ports. VLAN requirements are propagated in this way throughout the network. This allows
GVRP-compliant devices to be automatically configured for VLAN groups based solely on endstation
requests.
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6.3.2 Forwarding Tagged/Untagged Frames
Ports can be assigned to multiple tagged or untagged VLANs. Each port on the switch is therefore
capable of passing tagged or untagged frames.
To forward a frame from a VLAN-aware device to a VLAN-unaware device, the switch first decides where
to forward the frame, and then strips off the VLAN tag. However, to forward a frame from a
VLAN-unaware device to a VLAN-aware device, the switch first decides where to forward the frame, and
then inserts a VLAN tag reflecting this port’ s default VID.
The default PVID is VLAN 1 for all ports, but this can be changed.
VLAN aware
switch
VLAN aware
switch
VLAN 1,2
802.1Q
tags
VLAN 1,3
802.1Q
tags
VLAN aware
switch
trunk
VLAN 1.2.3
(802.1Q
tags)
VLAN aware
switch
VLAN
1,2,.3
802.1Q
VLAN 1,3
(untagge
d)
VLAN aware
switch
VLAN aware
switch
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6.3.3 Connecting VLAN Groups
The switch supports communication within a common VLAN using store-and-forward switching. However,
if you have devices in separate VLANs that must communicate, and it is not practical to include these
devices in a common VLAN, then the VLANs can be connected via Layer 3 routing provided by this
switch.
Traditional routers use only physical port numbers in their routing tables, which provides no support for
VLANs. By contrast, this device supports Layer 3 routing by using both logical and physical port numbers
to support VLANs and Layer 3 switching simultaneously.
By using the abstraction of a logical port number to represent a collection of physical switch ports in the
same VLAN, Layer 3 switching can occur from one VLAN to another transparently without changing the
routing protocol and IP routing software, while Layer 2 switching is still used for intra-VLAN traffic.
The switch uses standard routing tables that are constructed via static configuration or dynamic routing
protocols such as RIP. Each routing entry consists of a network address (that is, an IP address with a
subnet mask), and a virtual interface number. Each virtual interface corresponds to a virtual LAN,
identified by the VLAN ID. Also note that multiple routing entries can be provided for the same virtual
interface by adding the required routing table entries for the same virtual interface. A simple VLAN
configuration that supports routing is shown below.
VLANs Connected via IP Routing
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6.4 Multicast Filtering
Multicasting sends data to a group of nodes instead of a single destination. The simplest way to
implement multicasting is to broadcast data to all nodes on the network. However, such an approach
wastes a lot of bandwidth if the target group is small compared to the overall broadcast domain.
Since applications such as video conferencing and data sharing are widely used today, efficient
multicasting has become vital. A common approach is to use a group registration protocol that lets nodes
join or leave multicast groups. A switch or router can then easily determine which ports contain group
members and send data out to those ports only. This procedure is called multicast filtering.
The purpose of IP multicast filtering is to optimize a switched network’s performance, so multicast
packets will only be forwarded to those ports containing multicast group hosts or multicast
routers/switches, instead of flooding traffic to all ports in the subnet (VLAN).
The switch routing switch supports IP multicast filtering not only by passively monitoring IGMP Query and
Report messages and DVMRP Probe messages to register end-stations as multicast group members
(Layer 2), but also by actively sending GMRP Query messages to learn the location of multicast
routers/switches and member hosts in multicast groups within each VLAN (Layer 3). This switch also
supports the DVMRP multicast routing protocol required to forward multicast traffic to other subnets.
6.4.1 IGMP Snooping
A Layer 2 switch can passively snoop on IGMP Query and Report packets transferred between IP
multicast routers/switches and IP multicast host groups to learn the IP multicast group members. It
simply monitors the IGMP packets passing through it, picks out the group registration information, and
configures multicast filters accordingly. IGMP Snooping generates no additional network traffic, allowing
you to significantly reduce the multicast traffic passing through your switch.
6.4.2 IGMP Protocol
The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) runs between hosts and their immediately neighboring
multicast router/switch. IGMP is as a multicast host registration protocol that allows any host to inform its
local router that it wants to receive transmissions addressed to a specific multicast group.
A router, or multicast-enabled switch, can periodically ask their hosts is they want to receive multicast
traffic. If there is more than one router/ switch on the LAN performing IP multicasting, one of these
devices is elected “querier” and assumes the responsibility of querying the LAN for group members. It
then propagates the service requests on to any neighboring multicast switch/router to ensure that it will
continue to receive the multicast service.
Based on the group membership information learned from IGMP, a router/switch can determine which (if
any) multicast traffic needs to be forwarded to each of its ports. At Layer 3, multicast routers use this
information, along with a multicast routing protocol such as DVMRP, to support IP multicasting across
the Internet.
Note that IGMP neither alters nor routes any IP multicast packets. A multicast routing protocol must be
used to deliver IP multicast packets across different subnetworks. Therefore, when DVMRP routing is
enabled for a subnet on this switch, the switch will automatically enable IGMP.
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6.4.3 GMRP Protocol
GARP Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP) allows network devices to register end-stations with
multicast groups. GMRP requires that any participating network devices or end-stations comply with the
IEEE 802.1p standard. Compliant end-stations can request to receive traffic from a multicast group
simply by issuing a join packet that includes a known multicast address. When the join packet reaches a
port on the switch, it configures this port to receive multicast traffic for the requested group, and then
issues a similar join packet to all other ports on the switch, informing them that incoming multicast traffic
for the stated group is to be forwarded to the requesting port.
6.4.4 DVMRP Routing Protocol
The Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) behaves somewhat similar to RIP. A router
supporting DVMRP periodically floods its attached networks to pass information about supported
multicast services along to new routers and hosts. Routers that receive a DVMRP packet send a copy
out to all paths (except the path back to the origin). These routers then send a prune message back to
the source to stop a data stream if the router is attached to a LAN that does not want to receive traffic
from a particular multicast group. However, if a host attached to this routing switch issues an IGMP
message indicating that it wants to subscribe to the concerned multicast service, this switch will use
DVMRP to build up a source-rooted multicast delivery tree that allows it to prevent looping and determine
the shortest path to the source of this multicast traffic.
When this switch receives the multicast message, it checks its unicast routing table to locate the port that
provides the shortest path back to the source. If that path passes through the same port the multicast
message was received on, then this switch records path information for the concerned multicast group in
its routing table and forwards the multicast message on to adjacent routers, except for the port through
which the message arrived on. This process eliminates any potential loops from the tree and ensures
that the shortest path (in terms of hop count) is always used.
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6.5 Class-of-Service (CoS) Support
The switch provides two transmit queues on each port, with a weighted fair queuing scheme. This
function can be used to provide independent priorities for various types of data such as real-time video or
voice, and best-effort data.
Priority assignment to a packet in this switch can be accomplished in any of the following ways:
• Priority can be explicitly assigned by end stations which have applications that require a higher priority
than best-effort. This switch utilizes the IEEE 802.1p and 802.1Q tag structure to decide priority
assignments for the received packets.
• A port may be manually configured as high priority. In this case, when any other port receives traffic
from a high-priority port, that traffic is automatically placed in the high-priority output queue.
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6.6 BOOTP/DHCP Relay
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), described in RFC 1541, is an extension of the Bootstrap
Protocol (BOOTP). DHCP allows hosts on a TCP/IP network to dynamically obtain basic configuration
information. When a DHCP client starts, it broadcasts a DHCP Request packet, looking for DHCP
servers. DHCP servers respond to this packet with a DHCP Response packet. The client then chooses a
server to obtain TCP/IP configuration information, such as its own IP address.
Since DHCP uses a broadcast mechanism, a DHCP server and its client must physically reside on the
same subnet. However, it is not practical to have one DHCP server on every subnet; in fact in many
cases, DHCP/BOOTP clients and their associated DHCP/BOOTP server(s) do not reside on the same IP
network or subnet. In such cases, a third-party agent is required to transfer BOOTP messages between
clients and servers.
BOOTP/DHCP Relay, described in RFC 1542, enables a host to use a BOOTP or DHCP server to obtain
basic TCP/IP configuration information, even if the servers do not reside on the local subnet. When an
Switch BOOTP/DHCP Relay Agent receives a DHCP Request packet destined for a BOOTP/DHCP
server, it inserts its own IP address into the DHCP Request packet so the server knows the subnet
where the client is located. Then, depending on the configuration setup, the switch either:
• Forwards the packet to a specific server as defined in the switch’s configuration using unicast routing,
or
• Broadcasts the DHCP Request again to another directly attached IP subnet specified in the switch
configuration for the receiving IP subnet.
When the DHCP server receives the DHCP request, it allocates a free IP address for the DHCP client
from its scope in the DHCP client’s subnet, and sends a DHCP Response back to the DHCP Relay
Agent. The DHCP Relay Agent then broadcasts this DHCP Response packet received from the DHCP
server to the appropriate client.
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6.7 Security Features
The switch provides security features that allow you to control management access and network access
as described in the following sections.
6.7.1 SNMP Community Strings
Access to the switch using network management tools (HP OpenView) is controlled by SNMP community
strings. This switch supports up to five community strings. A character string indicating the access rights
of the management community must be provided whenever you send an SNMP message to the switch.
Each community has either read-only or read/write access rights. A community that has read-only access
can only use GET and GETNEXT commands to view the current configuration settings and status of the
switch. While a community with read/write access can GET and GETNEXT commands, as well as the
SET command to configure the switch.
6.7.2 User Name and Passwords
This switch can also be accessed via a direct connection to the console port, or through a network
connection using Telnet or a Web browser. When managing the switch by any of these means, a user
name and password is required to enter the system. There are two sets of user names and passwords.
One set has administrator rights, which allows you to view or modify system parameters. The other set
has read-only access, which allows you to view the status of the system, but not to modify it.
6.7.3 MAC Address Filters
If you discover that some nodes are sending abnormal or malicious data that could adversely affect the
network or cause security problems, you can set their MAC addresses to be filtered by the switch. Any
packets with a source or destination address listed in the MAC address filter will then be dropped by the
switch upon entry.
6.7.4 IP Address Filters
IP addresses can also set to be filtered by the switch. IP packets with a source or destination address
listed in the IP address filter will be dropped by the switch upon entry.
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6.8 SNMP Management Software
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is a communication protocol designed specifically for
managing devices or other elements on a network. Network equipment commonly managed with SNMP
includes hubs, switches, bridges, routers and host computers. SNMP is typically used to configure these
devices for proper operation in a network environment, as well as monitor them to evaluate performance
and detect potential problems.
6.9 Remote Monitoring (RMON)
Remote Monitoring provides a cost-effective way to monitor large networks by placing embedded or
external probes on distributed network equipment (hubs, switches or routers). Network management
software can access the embedded probes in network products to perform traffic analysis, troubleshoot
network problems, evaluate historical trends, or implement proactive management policies. RMON has
already become a valuable tool for network managers faced with a quickly changing network landscape
that contains dozens or hundreds of separate segments. RMON is the only way to retain control of the
network and analyze applications running at multi-megabit speeds. It provides the tools you need to
implement either reactive or proactive policies that can keep your network running based on real-time
access to key statistical information.
This switch provides support for mini-RMON which contains the four key groups required for basic
remote monitoring. These groups include:
Statistics: Includes all the tools needed to monitor your network for common errors and overall traffic
rates. Information is provided on bandwidth utilization, peak utilization, packet types, errors and collisions,
as well as the distribution of packet sizes.
History: Can be used to create a record of network utilization, packet types, errors and collisions. You
need a historical record of activity to be able to track down intermittent problems. Historical data can also
be used to establish normal baseline activity, which may reveal problems associated with high traffic
levels, broadcast storms, or other unusual events.
Historical information can also be used to predict network growth and plan for expansion before your
network becomes too overloaded.
Alarms: Can be set to test data over any specified time interval, and can monitor absolute or changing
values (such as a statistical counter reaching a specific value, or a statistic changing by a certain amount
over the set interval). Alarms can be set to respond to either rising or falling thresholds.
Events: Defines the action to take when an alarm is triggered. The response to an alarm can include
recording the alarm in the Log Table or sending a message to a trap manager. Note that the Alarm and
Event Groups are used together to record important events or immediately respond to critical network
problems.
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Appendix A Troubleshooting
A.1 Troubleshooting Chart
Troubleshooting Chart
Symptom
Action
Cannot connect using
• Be sure you have configured the agent with a valid IP address,
Telnet, Web browser, or subnet mask and default gateway (Layer 2 of WGS3-2620).
SNMP software
• Check that you have a valid network connection to the switch and
that the port you are using has not been disabled.
• Check network cabling between the management station and the
switch.
• If you cannot connect using Telnet, there may already be four active
sessions. Try connecting again at a later time.
Can’ t access the
on-board configuration
program via a serial port
connection
• Be sure you have set the terminal emulator program to VT100
compatible, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity, and 19200 bps.
• Check that the null-modem serial cable conforms to the pin-out
connections provided in Appendix B.
Forgot or lost the
password
• Reinstall the switch firmware as described on the next page.
Otherwise, contact Technical Support for help.
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A.2 Upgrading Firmware via the Serial Port
You can upgrade system firmware by connecting your computer to the serial port on the switch, and
using a console interface package that supports the XModem protocol. (See “3.2 Required Connections”)
1. Restart the system by using the Restart System command; or by pulling out the power cord to reset
the power, waiting five seconds, and plugging it back in.
2. When the system initialization screen appears as shown above, press “D” to download system
firmware, and then indicate the code type (<r> Runtime image or <d> Diagnostic image).
3. Change your baud rate to the selected value, and press Enter to enable download. From the terminal
emulation program, select the file you want to download, set the protocol to XModem, and then initialize
downloading.
NOTE:
1. If you use Windows HyperTerminal, disconnect
, set the baud rate, and reconnect
.
2. The download file should be a binary file or an image file; otherwise the agent will not accept it.
4. After the file has been downloaded, the console screen will display information similar to that shown
below. Press Enter to download to permanent memory, change the baudrate back to 19200, press Enter
to start decompressing the new firmware, and then press Enter to open the Logon screen.
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For details on managing the switch, refer to “Chapter 4. Console Interface” for information on the
out-of-band console interface, or “Chapter 5. Web Interface” for information on the Web interface.
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Appendix B Pin Assignments
Console Port Pin Assignments
The DB-9 serial port on the switch’ s rear panel is used to connect to the switch for out-of-band console
configuration. The on-board menu-driven configuration program can be accessed from a terminal, a PC
running a terminal emulation program, or from a remote location via a modem connection. The pin
assignments used to connect to the serial port are provided in the following tables.
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DB-9 Port Pin Assignments
EIA Circuit CCITT Description
Signal
Switch’s DB9 PC DB9 DTE Modem DB25 Signal
DTE Pin #
Pin #
DCE Pin #
Direction
DTE-DCE
CF
BB
BA
CD
109
104
1033
108
DCD (Data
Carrier
1
1
8
<------
<------
------>
------>
Detected)
RxD
3
2
6
2
3
4
3
(Received
Data)
TxD
2
(Transmitted
Data)
DTR (Data
Terminal
Ready)
20
AB
CC
CA
102
107
105
SG (Signal
Ground)
5
4
8
5
6
7
7
6
4
-------
<------
------>
DSR (Data
Set Ready)
RTS
(Request-to-S
end)
CB
CE
106
125
CTS
7
9
8
9
5
<------
<------
(Clear-to-Sen
d)
RI (Ring
22
Indicator)
Console Port to 9-Pin COM Port on PC
Switch’s 9-Pin Serial Port
CCITT Signal
PC’s 9-Pin COM Port
1 DCD
2 TXD
----------- DCD ------------
----------- RXD ---------->
1
2
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3 RXD
4 DSR
5 SGND
6 DTR
7 CTS -
8 RTS
9 RI
<--------- TXD ------------
----------- DTR ------------
----------- SGND ----------
----------- DSR ---------->
<--------- RTS ------------
----------- CTS ----------->
----------- RI ---------------
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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Console Port to 25-Pin DCE Port on Modem
Switch’ s 9-Pin
CCITT Signal
Modem’s 25-Pin
Serial Port
DCE Port
1
3
2
6
5
4
8
7
9
<--------- DCD ------------
<--------- RXD ------------
----------- TXD ---------->
----------- DTR ---------->
----------- SGND ----------
<--------- DSR ------------
----------- RTS ----------->
<--------- CTS -------------
<--------- RI ---------------
8
3
2
20
7
6
4
5
22
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GLOSSARY
Bandwidth Utilization
The percentage of packets received over time as compared to overall bandwidth.
BOOTP
Boot protocol used to load the operating system for devices connected to the network.
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP)
A distance-vector-style routing protocol used for routing multicast datagrams through the Internet.
DVMRP combines many of the features of RIP with Reverse Path Broadcasting (RPB).
GARP VLAN Registration Protocol (GVRP)
Defines a way for switches to exchange VLAN information in order to register necessary VLAN members
on ports along the Spanning Tree so that VLANs defined in each switch can work automatically over a
Spanning Tree network.
Generic Attribute Registration Protocol (GARP)
GARP is a protocol that can be used by endstations and switches to register and propagate multicast
group membership information in a switched environment such that multicast data frames are
propagated only to those parts of a switched LAN containing registered endstations. Formerly called
Group Address Registration Protocol.
Group Attribute Registration Protocol
See Generic Attribute Registration Protocol.
Generic Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP)
GMRP allows network devices to register end-stations with multicast groups. GMRP requires that any
participating network devices or end-stations comply with the IEEE 802.1p standard.
ICMP Router Discovery
ICMP Router Discovery message is an alternative router discovery method that uses a pair of ICMP
messages on multicast links. It eliminates the need to manually configure router addresses and is
independent of any specific routing protocol.
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Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Commonly used to send echo messages (i.e., Ping) for monitoring purposes.
IEEE 802.1D
Specifies a general method for the operation of MAC bridges, including the Spanning Tree Protocol.
IEEE 802.1Q
VLAN Tagging—Defines Ethernet frame tags which carry VLAN information. It allows switches to assign
end-stations to different virtual LANs, and defines a standard way for VLANs to communicate across
switched networks.
IEEE 802.3ac
Defines frame extensions for VLAN tagging.
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
A protocol through which hosts can register with their local router for multicast services. If there is more
than one multicast router on a given subnetwork, one of the routers is elected “querier” and assumes the
responsibility of keeping track of group membership.
IGMP Snooping
Listening to IGMP Query and IGMP Report packets transferred between IP Multicast Routers and IP
Multicast host groups to learn IP Multicast group members.
In-Band Management
Management of the network from a station attached directly to the network.
IP Multicast Filtering
A process whereby this switch can pass multicast traffic along to participating hosts.
Layer 2
Data Link layer in the ISO 7-Layer Data Communications Protocol. This is directly related to the
hardware interface for network devices and passes traffic based on MAC addresses.
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Layer 3
Network layer in the ISO 7-Layer Data Communications Protocol. This layer handles the routing
functions for data moving from one open system to another.
Link Aggregation
See Port Trunk.
Management Information Base (MIB)
An acronym for Management Information Base. It is a set of database objects that contains information
about a specific device.
Multicast Switching
A process whereby the switch filters incoming multicast frames for services no attached host has
registered for, or forwards them to all ports contained within the designated multicast VLAN group.
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
OSPF is a link state routing protocol that functions better over a larger network such as the Internet, as
opposed to distance vector routing protocols such as RIP. It includes features such as unlimited hop
count, authentication of routing updates, and Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM).
Out-of-Band Management
Management of the network from a station not attached to the network.
Port Mirroring
A method whereby data on a target port is mirrored to a monitor port for troubleshooting with a logic
analyzer or RMON probe. This allows data on the target port to be studied unobtrusively.
Port Trunk
Defines a network link aggregation and trunking method which specifies how to create a single
high-speed logical link that combines several lower-speed physical links.
Remote Monitoring (RMON)
RMON provides comprehensive network monitoring capabilities. It eliminates the polling required in
standard SNMP, and can set alarms on a variety of traffic conditions, including specific error types.
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Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
The RIP protocol attempts to find the shortest route to another device by minimizing the distance vector,
or hop count, which serves as a rough estimate of transmission cost. RIP-2 is a compatible upgrade to
RIP. It adds useful capabilities for subnet routing, authentication, and multicast transmissions.
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
The application protocol offering network management services in the Internet suite of protocols.
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
Serial Line Internet Protocol, a standard protocol for point-to-point connections using serial lines.
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
A technology that checks your network for any loops. A loop can often occur in complicated or back-up
linked network systems. Spanning-tree detects and directs data along the shortest path, maximizing the
performance and efficiency of the network.
Telnet
Defines a remote communication facility for interfacing to a terminal device over TCP/IP.
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
A TCP/IP protocol commonly used for software downloads.
Virtual LAN (VLAN)
A Virtual LAN is a collection of network nodes that share the same collision domain regardless of their
physical location or connection point in the network. A VLAN serves as a logical workgroup with no
physical barriers, allowing users to share information and resources as though located on the same LAN.
XModem
A protocol used to transfer files between devices. Data is grouped in 128-byte blocks and
error-corrected.
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