N
KMD 250
Multi-Function Display/GPS
B
Pilot’s Guide
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KMD 250 Multi-Function Display
and
KMD 250 Multi-Function Display with GPS
Software Version 02/01 or later
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Revision History and Instructions
Manual
KMD 250 Pilot’s Guide
4, August 2007
Revision
Part Number
Summary
006-18281-0000
S/W 02/01: Added XM functionality to the KMD 250
R-1
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Revision History and Instructions
Manual
KMD 250 Pilot’s Guide
3, December 2005
006-18281-0000
Revision
Part Number
Summary
S/W 01/08: Added Airport Type on Airport Info Screen on page 1-25
Added TIS patent statement on inside front cover.
Changed Awareness to Avoidance on page 1-1.
Changed 100L to 100LL on page 1-27.
Added Definition for Heading on TIS screen on page 3-12.
Corrections to Index pages I-1 and I-12.
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Revision History and Instructions
Manual
KMD 250 Pilot’s Guide
2, April 2004
Revision
Part Number
006-18281-0000
Summary
Added:
Internal GPS
Flight planning capability
Nearest function
User Waypoints
Direct-To function
Quick Tuning capability
Airspace Alerting
Airspace depiction
Waypoint Alerting
Turn Anticipation
R-3
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Revision History and Instructions
Manual
KMD 250 Pilot’s Guide
1, November 2003
006-18281-0000
Revision
Part Number
Summary
Change in text on Startup Caution Page.
R-4
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Revision History and Instructions
Manual
KMD 250 Pilot’s Guide
0, November 2003
006-18281-0000
Revision
Part Number
Summary
This is the original release of this publication.
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Intentionally left blank
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Table of Contents
SECTION 1
BASIC KMD 250 OPERATION
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
GENERAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
FUNCTION SELECT KEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
MENU KEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
RANGE KEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
DIRECT-TO/NRST (NEAREST) KEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
SOFT KEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
JOYSTICK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5
ROTARY KNOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5
®
STORMSCOPE OPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5
DEMO MODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5
FUNCTION STATUS ICONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5
STARTUP DISPLAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8
POP-UP HELP DISPLAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-10
POWER DOWN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-10
DATA FIELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-10
COURSE DEVIATION INDICATOR (CDI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-12
GREAT CIRCLE COURSES AND MAGNETIC VARIATION . . . . . . . . .1-14
MINIMUM ENROUTE SAFE ALTITUDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-14
INTERNAL GPS STATUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-16
QUICKTUNE™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-16
MAP OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-17
SELECTING A MAP DISPLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-18
VFR Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-18
IFR Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-19
Relative Terrain Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-19
Baro Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-21
OBSTACLE LABELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-22
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USING THE MAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-23
Map Data Interrogation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-24
Airport Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-25
Navaid Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-27
Airspace Interrogation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-28
Airspace Alerting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-29
Display Flight Plan Data on Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-33
Temporarily Decluttering the Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-34
Find Nearest (Units Without Internal GPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-35
Find Nearest (Units With Internal GPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-37
Waypoint Alert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-38
Turn Anticipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-38
USER WAYPOINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-41
ENTERING A USER WAYPOINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-41
ENTERING A USER AIRPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-47
EDITING A USER WAYPOINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-52
DELETING A USER WAYPOINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-53
DIRECT-TO OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-55
DIRECT-TO A DATABASE OR STORED WAYPOINT . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-55
DIRECT-TO USING THE JOYSTICK POINTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-56
OBS COURSE MODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-56
FLIGHT PLAN OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-59
VIEWING THE ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-59
VIEWING FLIGHT PLAN DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-60
Fuel Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-61
Changing the Data Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-61
CREATING A FLIGHT PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-62
ACTIVATING A STORED FLIGHT PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-64
EDITING A STORED FLIGHT PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-66
Deleting a Waypoint in the Stored Flight Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-66
Inserting a Waypoint in the Flight Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-67
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Changing the Name of the Flight Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-69
Deleting a Stored Flight Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-70
DELETING THE ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-71
USING DIRECT-TO IN THE ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-72
Proceeding Direct-To an Active Flight Plan Waypoint . . . . . . . . . .1-72
Manually Selecting an Active Flight Plan Leg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-73
Deleting a Direct-To Within the Active Flight Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-74
USING OBS COURSE MODE IN THE ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN . . . . . . .1-75
Setting an OBS Course to an Active Flight Plan Waypoint . . . . . .1-75
Deleting an OBS Course Within the Active Flight Plan . . . . . . . . .1-77
TRIP PLANNING USING PRESENT POSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-78
SYSTEM SETUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-81
MAP SETUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-81
NAVIGATION SETUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-84
DEMO MODE & SETUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-86
Demo Mode for Non-GPS Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-87
Demo Mode for GPS Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-88
Changing Demo Mode Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-88
SOFTWARE VERSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-89
DATABASE VERSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-90
MAP DISPLAY ICONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-91
DATACARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-95
DATA AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-95
INSERTING A NEW DATACARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-96
TRANSFERRING DATA BETWEEN DATACARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-97
Store Current User Data on Another Datacard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-97
Retrieve User Data from Another Datacard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-98
DATABASE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-100
DATABASE CYCLE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-100
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SECTION 2
FIS VDL OR XM OPERATION
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
CONCEPT OF OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
EQUIPMENT OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4
DATALINK WEATHER FUNCTION STATUS ICONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5
BASIC WEATHER PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7
METAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7
SPECI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-8
TAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-8
PIREP (VDL ONLY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-9
AIRMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-10
SIGMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-11
CONVECTIVE SIGMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-11
ALERT WEATHER WATCHES (VDL ONLY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-12
VALUE ADDED SERVICE WEATHER PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-13
NEXRAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-13
NEXRAD Abnormalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-14
NEXRAD Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-15
Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-16
GRAPHICAL METAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-17
GRAPHICAL AIRMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-18
GRAPHICAL SIGMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-19
GRAPHICAL CONVECTIVE SIGMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-19
GRAPHICAL ALERT WEATHER WATCHES (VDL ONLY) . . . . . . . . . .2-20
SUBSCRIPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-21
VDL SUBSCRIPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-21
Setting Up a VDL Subscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-23
Checking FIS VDL Subscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-25
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XM WX SUBSCRIPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-26
Setting Up An XM WX Subscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-26
Checking XM WX Subscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-27
NORMAL OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-29
NEXRAD PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-31
NEXRAD Page Operational Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-32
Using the NEXRAD Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-32
GRAPHICAL METARS PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-34
Graphical METARs Page Operational Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-35
Using the Graphical METARs Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-35
GRAPHICAL AIRMETS PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-37
Graphical AIRMETs Page Operational Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-38
Using the Graphical AIRMETs Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-38
GRAPHICAL SIGMETS PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-40
Graphical SIGMETs Page Operational Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-41
Using the Graphical SIGMETs Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-41
GRAPHICAL CONVECTIVE SIGMETS PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-43
Graphical Convective SIGMETs Page Operational Controls . . . . .2-44
Using the Graphical Convective SIGMETs Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-44
GRAPHICAL ALERT WEATHER WATCHES PAGE (AWW)
(VDL ONLY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-46
Graphical Weather Watches Page Operational Controls . . . . . . . .2-47
Using the Graphical Weather Watches Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-47
FIS NETWORK STATUS PAGE (VDL ONLY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-49
FIS Network Status Page Operational Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-50
Using the FIS Network Status Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-50
FIS TEXTUAL WEATHER PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-52
FIS Textual Products Operational Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-53
Using the FIS Text Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-54
Changing Weather Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-55
Changing Filter Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-56
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FIS NOTIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-63
(GRAPHICAL PRODUCT) DATA HAS NOT BEEN RECEIVED . . . . . . .2-63
NO METARS AVAILABLE IN SELECTED AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-63
NO METARS AVAILABLE, DATA NOT RECEIVED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-64
INVALID SUBSCRIPTION CODE, PLEASE CHECK AND RE-ENTER CODE
(VDL ONLY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-64
UNDERSTANDING AVIATION WEATHER REPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-65
UNDERSTANDING METARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-65
UNDERSTANDING TAFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-68
UNDERSTANDING PIREPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-70
UNDERSTANDING AIRMETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-72
UNDERSTANDING SIGMETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-74
UNDERSTANDING CONVECTIVE SIGMETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-76
UNDERSTANDING ALERT WEATHER WATCHES (AWW) . . . . . . . . .2-78
SECTION 3
TRAFFIC AVOIDANCE OPERATION
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
TRAFFIC FUNCTION STATUS ICONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
TAS/TCAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3
TAS/TCAS NORMAL OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3
OPERATIONAL CONTROLS FOR TAS/TCAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-4
TAS/TCAS SYMBOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5
Non-Threat Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5
Proximity Intruder Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5
Traffic Advisory (TA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5
Resolution Advisory (RA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5
“Off Scale” Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-6
“No Bearing” Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-6
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Table of Contents
TA/RA WHILE IN MAP OR WEATHER DISPLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-6
AUTO-POP-UP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-7
VIEWING TRAFFIC IN A DATA FIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-7
TAS/TCAS SYSTEM FAULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-8
NO DATA RECEIVED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-8
SYSTEM TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-8
TRAFFIC INFORMATION SERVICE (TIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-9
TIS LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-10
TIS NORMAL OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-12
TIS OPERATIONAL CONTROLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-13
TIS SYMBOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-14
Proximity Intruder Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-14
Proximity Intruder Non-Altitude Reporting (NAR) Traffic . . . . .3-14
Traffic Advisory (TA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-14
Traffic Advisory Non-Altitude Reporting (NAR) . . . . . . . . . . . .3-14
“Off Scale” Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-14
TRAFFIC ADVISORY WHILE IN MAP DISPLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-15
AUTO-POP-UP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-15
VIEWING TRAFFIC IN A DATA FIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-15
COAST MODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-16
TIS SYSTEM FAULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-17
System Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-17
No Data Received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-17
Transponder Not Reporting Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-17
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Table of Contents
SECTION 4
WX-500 STORMSCOPE® OPERATION
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1
STORMSCOPE® FUNCTIONS STATUS ICONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1
OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-2
POWER-UP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-2
HEADING STABILIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-2
CLEAR ALL DISCHARGE POINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-2
SWITCH BETWEEN WEATHER VIEWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-3
SWITCH BETWEEN DISPLAY MODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-3
Cell Display Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-3
Strike Display Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-4
CHANGING DISPLAY RANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-4
OPERATION IN STORMSCOPE® MODE WITH FLIGHT PLAN . . . . . .4-5
OPERATION IN MAP DISPLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-5
SECTION 5
SYSTEM MESSAGES
VIEWING SYSTEM MESSAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1
APPENDIX A
DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-1
DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-1
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-2
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APPENDIX B
COMMON WEATHER ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B-1
APPENDIX C
GPS Primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-1
BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-1
GPS POSITION DETERMINING CONCEPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-1
GPS DATA SIGNALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-1
GPS SYSTEM SEGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-2
APPENDIX D
NAVIGATION TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-1
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-1
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Introduction
SECTION 1
BASIC KMD 250 OPERATION
INTRODUCTION
All of us at Honeywell congratulate you on choosing this product. You
are now the owner of one of the most sophisticated yet simple-to-use
multifunction displays available today. We understand you probably
can’t wait to see it in action but before you try to use it do please take
the time to read through this manual and understand its many interesting
and useful features. Time spent in familiarizing yourself with your new
KMD 250 unit will be more than repaid by trouble-free operation later,
and more importantly safe and accurate navigation.
We have made the operation of this unit as intuitive as possible through
the use of Softkeys, menus, and on-screen help, thus reducing pilots’
dependence on the manual. You should very quickly find that handling it
efficiently and expertly becomes second nature to you. Don’t be afraid
to experiment.
We thank you for your decision to purchase a KMD 250 and wish you
many happy and safe hours flying.
The KMD 250 MFD is a panel mounted Multi-Function Display system
that is available with an optional internal VFR GPS navigator. The KMD
250 is a component of the Bendix/King Integrated Hazard Avoidance
System (IHAS) family of products that are designed to improve the pilot's
ability to manage four major safety hazards: situational awareness
(moving maps), weather, traffic, and terrain avoidance.
The KMD 250 features a 3.8 inch diagonal color LCD display. It includes
a high capacity data card for storing Jeppesen aviation data as well as
cartographic map data including terrain elevation, roads, lakes, rivers,
railroads, obstacles, political boundaries, cities, and urban areas. The
card is updated on a 28 day cycle. Application software is also included
on this card.
The KMD 250 is available in two versions. One version has an internal
GPS and the other requires GPS information from an external source,
such as the KLN 94. The internal GPS is certified only for VFR opera-
tions. The functions of both versions will be discussed in this pilot’s
guide. Functions that are related to the use of the optional internal GPS
are marked with this
symbol.
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Introduction
The KMD 250 performs the following functions:
• Configurable Moving Map Display with aeronautical and cartographic
database
• User Entered Waypoints
• Flight Planning and Direct-To
• Terrain awareness display (Terrain color coded by relative altitude)
• FIS weather data display and overlays
• TCAS/TAS/TIS traffic display and overlay
• L-3 WX-500 Stormscope® display and overlay
This Pilot’s Guide is divided into five sections and four appendices. Each
section addresses a specific function as follows:
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Basic
KMD
250 Explains the use of the Map Display, Flight Planning,
Joystick, Functions Keys, Softkeys and Rotary
Knob.
Operation
FIS VDL or XM
Operation
Explains the operation of the Flight Information
Services VHF Datalink (VDL) or XM weather prod-
ucts.
Explains operation of TCAS I, TCAS II and TIS sys-
tems as they pertain to the KMD 250. Refer to the
TCAS I or TCAS II user’s manual for more informa-
tion.
Traffic Avoidance
System Operation
Section 4
Section 5
WX-500 Stormscope® Explains operation of the Stormscope® as it pertains
Operation
to the KMD 250. Refer to the Stormscope® user’s
manual for more information.
System Messages
Explains accessing and the meaning of system mes-
sages that may be presented by the various sys-
tems.
Appendix A Definitions, Acronyms, Explains various terms and abbreviations.
Abbreviations
Appendix B Common Weather
Abbreviations
Explains weather abbreviations commonly seen in
aviation weather reports.
Appendix C GPS Primer
An overview of how GPS works.
Appendix D Navigation Terms
Definitions and examples of common navigation
terms.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
General Information
GENERAL INFORMATION
This portion of the manual provides an overview of the user interface
controls and display presentation of the KMD 250 Multifunction Display.
This manual also provides an explanation of each of the individual dis-
plays that the KMD 250 unit presents.
The operating system of the Bendix/King KMD 250 keeps to a minimum
the number of key presses necessary to activate the various functions,
especially those most frequently used in the air. The provision of a joy-
stick makes it considerably easier to operate the unit and allows for fast
and efficient access to most functions.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2
12
1
10
11
1. On/Off/Brightness Control
2. Function Select Keys
3. Display
4. Softkeys
5. Data Card
6. Menu Key
7. Range Up Key
8. Range Down Key
9. Direct-To Key
NRST (Nearest) Key
10. Joystick
11. Rotary Knob
12. Softkey Labels
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FUNCTION SELECT KEYS
These keys are used to select available data sources (as indicated on
the key) for display on the LCD. Pressing the same Function Select Key
multiple times will sequence through the available pages associated with
that function. The following diagram shows the available pages under
each function. Note that not all pages will be available in all installations.
MAP
FPL
WX
TRFC
VFR Map
(Absolute
Terrain)
Active
Datalink Wx
Graphical
Products
TAS/TCAS/TIS
Flightplan
Flightplan
Index
IFR Map
(No
Datalink Wx
Textual
Terrain)
Products
Relative
Stormscope®
Terrain Map
MENU KEY
Displays the available Softkey options for the currently selected function.
RANGE KEYS
RNGΔ- Pressing this key will increase the range scale one level on the
displayed page. Range scales on other pages will not be affected.
RNG∇- Pressing this key will decrease the range scale one level on the
displayed page. Range scales on other pages will not be affected.
DIRECT-TO/NRST (NEAREST) KEY
The Direct-To Key (D) is found on units containing the optional
internal VFR GPS navigator. When pressed the Direct-To function is ini-
tiated. Direct-To will only function when the internal GPS is selected as
the current navigation source.
The NRST (Nearest) Key is found on units without the internal GPS
option. When pressed the Find Nearest Window will be displayed.
SOFTKEYS
When active, the description indicated in the label describes the key’s
present function related to the displayed page. Whenever a new option
is selected, a new display is shown along with its new key labels. This
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
General Information
capability of displaying operations that are only applicable to a particular
screen is referred to as ‘Soft Keying’, and allows one key to perform mul-
tiple functions without the complications of multiple key presses on a
conventional keypad.
JOYSTICK
This is a pointing device which moves a mouse-like pointer around the
display. It is primarily used for pointing at items on the map for further
information and for measuring range and bearing to specific points. It is
also used to move through menu lists.
ROTARY KNOB
The Rotary Knob, located in the lower right of the unit, has various func-
tions as indicated by a soft label when active. It is also used to move
through menu lists and change data within data fields.
®
STORMSCOPE OPTION
The KMD 250 has the ability to interface and control an L-3 WX-500
Stormscope® ‘black box’ thunderstorm sensor. When the Stormscope®
interface is on and the overlay is enabled, lightning icons will also appear
on the display.
DEMO MODE
The Demo Mode can be used to practice using the KMD 250. This will
allow you to utilize it to the maximum extent.
When the KMD 250 is in the Demo Mode, it performs as if it is receiving
adequate sensor signals to use the various functions. See DEMO
MODE & SETUP later in this section.
FUNCTION STATUS ICONS
The Function Status Icons are used to show the current status of Traffic
Avoidance, Flight Information Services Weather Products and WX-500
Stormscope® functions. These icons are displayed in the lower left of
the screen. If a function is not enabled, or is not installed, that function’s
icon will not be displayed.
In general, if a Status Icon has a gray background the function is not
being displayed on the current display. This may be due to the setting
on the Map Setup Overlays Group Page. If the map display range is
beyond that set on the Map Setup Overlays Group Page, then the Status
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Icon background will be gray because that function will not be displayed
at that range setting.
If a Status Icon has a light blue (cyan) background the function is cur-
rently being displayed. This does not necessarily mean that data is vis-
ible because there may be nothing to view.
For example, if traffic icons are set to display at 30nm on the Map Setup
Overlays Group Page and the VFR Map range is increased to beyond
30nm, then traffic will no longer be overlayed on the VFR Map display
and the traffic Status Icon background will change from light blue to gray.
The following table illustrates the Function Status Icons and their mean-
ings in more detail.
Icon
Colors
Description
Black on cyan
Black on cyan
Black on gray
Black on gray
Black on yellow
Traffic sensor in standby mode being displayed.
Active traffic information being displayed.
Traffic sensor in standby mode, not being displayed.
Traffic sensor active, not being displayed.
TIS service not available.
Flashing black on A Traffic Advisory (TA) alert is active. The icon will be
yellow flashing.
Flashing black on red A Resolution Advisory (RA) alert is active. The icon will
be flashing.
Black on gray with red Traffic sensor data invalid / not being displayed.
slash
®
Black on cyan
Stormscope information being received and dis-
played.<MODE> is either STRK (Strike) or CELL
®
depending on mode selected on Stormscope page.
®
Yellow on cyan
Black on gray
Yellow on gray
Stormscope information being received and displayed.
Strikes have occurred within 25 nm.
®
Stormscope information being received but not dis-
played.
®
Stormscope information being received but not dis-
played. Strikes have occurred within 25 nm.
®
Black on gray with red
slash
Stormscope information not being received; data is
invalid.
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VDL Icon
XM Icon
Colors
Description
Black on a cyan
No weather data is currently being
received but previously received data is
being displayed on the present page.
background.
Black on a cyan
background.
Weather data is currently being received
from a signal and displayed on the pre-
sent page. XM signal is weak.
Black on a cyan
background.
Weather data is currently being received
from a signal and displayed on the pre-
sent page. XM signal is marginal.
Black on a cyan
background.
Weather data is currently being received
from a signal and displayed on the pre-
sent page. XM signal is good.
Black on gray.
Black on gray.
Weather data not being received nor dis-
played on the present page.
Weather data is currently being received
from a signal but not displayed on the
present page.
Black on gray with
red slash
Fault with connection or data link radio.
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STARTUP DISPLAYS
At power-up, the startup logo displays will be seen.
If Stormscope® is installed with the
system, a display similar to the one at
the right will be seen.
After the completion of the Self Test,
press the OK Softkey.
One of the following Instrument Panel Self Test Pages will be displayed
depending on whether the unit is equipped with an internal GPS or is the
non-GPS version.
Non-GPS KMD 250
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
General Information
Verify that the Message and Waypoint Alert annunciator lamps are on.
These annunciators are external to the KMD 250, mounted elsewhere
on the instrument panel as shown
here represented as MSG and
WPT. However, they are optional
and may not be installed. Verify
the GPS ALTITUDE (BARO ALTI-
TUDE will be displayed if the
system is configured to use a baro-
Typical External Annunciator Unit
metric altitude source) is consistent with the altimeter. If the KMD 250 is
configured to use the optional internal GPS as “sole source” or “backup”
verify the Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) is showing half scale right
deflection with a FROM indication. If all is correct after verification, press
the OK Softkey.
One of the following caution screens will now be displayed depending on
whether the unit is the non-GPS version or the unit is equipped with the
internal GPS . Acknowledge by pressing the OK Softkey.
Non-GPS KMD 250
KMD 250 with Internal GPS
Acknowledge the next caution page
by pressing the OK Softkey.
The KMD 250 is now ready for use
and will be showing the VFR Map
Display.
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POP-UP HELP DISPLAYS
Pop-up status displays are shown
if a Function Select Key is pressed
and held for longer than 2 seconds.
These can help provide a refer-
ence for monitoring the status of
selected functions. The first
example is a MAP Function Select
Key pop-up. Second is the pop-up
displayed when pressing and
holding the WX Function Select
Key.
Map Display Pop-Up Help
Weather Display Pop-Up Help
POWER DOWN
When power is turned off a display
similar to that shown here will be
seen. The system will shut down
in 5 seconds. This allows for inad-
vertently turning off the system.
Push the ON/OFF/Brightness
Control back in before the count-
down is over and the system will
continue where it left off with no
loss of data.
Power Down Display
DATA FIELDS
Data Fields may be used to display various types of information in win-
dows on the left side of the screen, as shown here. This makes it easy
to get quick access to desired information.
The Data Fields can be turned on or off and customized separately in
each of the MAP, WX or TRFC Displays. The system will remember the
last selected parameters in each function display and will maintain this
configuration until changed.
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Map Display-Data Fields On
Map Display-Data Fields Off
Each field can be customized to display any of the following:
ALT
Altitude
BRG
Bearing to Waypoint
Course Deviation Indicator
Distance to Waypoint
Departure Time
CDI
DIS
DEP TIME
DTK
Desired Track
ESA
En Route Safe Altitude
Estimated Time of Arrival at Waypoint
Estimated Time Enroute to Waypoint
Flight Time
ETA WPT
ETE WPT
FLT TIME
GNDSPD
HEADING
MSA
Ground Speed
Heading
Minimum Safe Altitude
Near Position Display
Present Position
Time
NEAR POS
PPOS
TIME
TKE
Track Angle Error
Traffic
TRFC
TRK
Actual Track
WPT
Active Waypoint
Cross Track Error
XTK
NOTE: Some fields may not have valid data depending on the installa-
tion.
The CDI (Course Deviation Indicator) Display has scaling of 5nm, 1nm
and .3nm depending on the setting on the Navigation Setup Page (see
Navigation Setup in this section).
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The Near Position (NEAR POS) display is intended to provide an easy
method of reporting aircraft position to Air Traffic Control. This is done
by always displaying the nearest reporting position to the aircraft’s pre-
sent position in the Data Field. The position criteria can be set to display
the nearest VORs, VORs plus airports or all data (airports, VORs,
VOR/DME, VORTAC, NDB, VRP). Settings are made on the Navigation
Setup Page discussed later in this section.
To turn the Data Fields on or off,
perform the follow steps:
1. Press the MENU Key to dis-
play Figure 1-1.
2. Press the CHANGE FIELDS
Softkey to display Figure 1-2. If
the Data Fields were on to begin
with, a FIELDS OFF Softkey will
be available. If the Data Fields
were off, a FIELDS ON Softkey
Figure 1-1
will be available. Pressing this
Softkey will toggle the Data Fields
on and off.
3. When finished press the
DONE Softkey.
To change Data Fields, perform
the follow steps:
1. Perform steps 1 and 2 above.
With the Data Fields turned on,
use the Joystick to select the
Figure 1-2
desired Data Field as shown in
Figure 1-3. In this case the top
Data Field is selected and displays
BRG as indicated in the list.
2. When the desired Data Field
is selected, use the Rotary Knob to
select data from the list to be dis-
played in that Data Field.
These settings will be maintained
until changed by the user.
Figure 1-3
3. When finished press the DONE
Softkey.
Pressing the RESTORE DEFAULT Softkey will reset the Data Fields
back to the factory settings.
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COURSE DEVIATION INDICATOR (CDI)
A Course Deviation Indicator (CDI)
graphically displays left and right
deviation from a desired course. A
CDI can be displayed in any of the
Data Fields as shown in Figure 1-
4. The CDI’s vertical bar operates
like a navigation deviation needle
on a conventional CDI or HSI
using VOR/Localizer navigation.
An on-course indication is dis-
played when the vertical deviation
bar is centered on the triangle in the
Figure 1-4
middle of the CDI. In enroute use,
CNU
each dot represents one nautical
mile deviation from the desired
track (full scale deviation is
5
NM). Different CDI scales can be
set on the Navigation Setup Page.
A vertical deviation bar positioned
two dots to the right of the center
triangle indicates the aircraft is two
nautical miles to the left of course
as shown in Figure 1-5. The center
triangle also serves as the CDI’s
TO/FROM indicator and operates
in the same manner as a conven-
tional CDI TO/FROM indicator; a
triangle pointing up indicates “to”
the active waypoint while a “down” triangle
(Figure 1-6) indicates “from” the active waypoint.
The word FLAG is displayed over the CDI when
the CDI is not usable for navigation as seen in
Figure 1-7.
TUL
Figure 1-5
Figure 1-6
Figure 1-7
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GREAT CIRCLE COURSES AND MAGNETIC VARIATION
Due to “great circle” courses and magnetic variation differences between
present position and the active waypoint, the To bearing and From radial
may not be exactly 180° different from each other. This condition is
most likely to occur when long distances are involved, and/or you are
operating in very northerly or southerly latitudes.
N
N
72°
KPHX
269°
Figure 1-8
See Figure 1-8 for an example depicting a case like this. The aircraft is
somewhere over Georgia, and the active waypoint is KPHX. The bearing
to steer is 269°, and radial is 72°. Generally, bearing (not radial) will be
used when long distances are involved.
MINIMUM AND ENROUTE SAFE ALTITUDE
The Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA) displayed is the altitude defined by
Jeppesen as “Grid Minimum Off-Route Altitude (Grid MORA)”. This alti-
tude is derived by Jeppesen for sectors which are one degree of latitude
by one degree of longitude in size. One degree of latitude is 60 nautical
miles. One degree of longitude is 60 nautical miles at the equator and
progressively less than 60 nautical miles as one travels away from the
equator. One degree of longitude is approximately 50 nautical miles at
the southern most parts of the U.S. and is approximately 40 nautical
miles at the northern most parts of the U.S. The MSA altitude informa-
tion is contained in the database and is updated when the datacard is
updated.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
General Information
The MSA provides “reference point” clearance within these one degree
latitude by one degree longitude sectors. Jeppesen defines a reference
point as “a natural (Peak, Knoll, Hill, etc.) or man-made (Tower, Stack,
Tank, Building, etc.) object”. Jeppesen states the following about the
Grid Minimum Off-Route altitude: “Grid MORA values clear all reference
points by 1000 feet in areas where the highest reference points are 5000
feet MSL or lower. MORA values clear all reference points by 2000 feet
in areas where the highest reference points are 5001 feet MSL or
higher”. The KMD 250 displays dashes for areas outside the database
coverage area or for areas where the Grid MORA is not defined.
The Enroute Safe Altitude (ESA) is the highest MSA sector altitude from
the present position to the active waypoint, then to the destination way-
point along the active flight plan. See Figure 1-9. When the KMD 250 is
in the OBS Course Mode, the minimum en route safe altitude is the
highest MSA sector altitude from the present position to the active way-
point.
ESA (MSL)
MSA (MSL)
1
°
T
L
A
.
1° LONG.
Figure 1-9
CAUTION
The MSA and ESA altitudes displayed are advisory only. They
should not be relied upon as the sole source of obstacle and ter-
rain avoidance information. Refer to current aeronautical charts for
appropriate minimum clearance altitudes.
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General Information
INTERNAL GPS STATUS
For an overview on how the
Global Positioning System works,
refer to Appendix C, GPS Primer.
Such parameters as present posi-
tion, altitude, date, time, satellite
state, DOP, satellites tracked,
signal strength and elevation for
the internal GPS can be monitored
on the Internal GPS Status Page.
To access this page perform the
following:
Figure 1-10
1. Press the MENU Key to dis-
play Figure 1-10.
2. Press the AUX MENU Softkey
to display Figure 1-11.
3. Using the Rotary Knob or the
Joystick to select Internal GPS
Status as shown in Figure 1-11.
4. Press the SELECT Softkey to
Figure 1-11
Figure 1-12
Figure 1-13
display Figure 1-12.
5. Press the RCVR INFO
Softkey to view information such
as the GPS receiver software part
number, software version, soft-
ware revision and serial number
as shown in Figure 1-13.
QUICKTUNE™
The KMD 250 is capable of tuning
the KX 155A/165A Nav/Comm.
The KMD 250 is capable of tuning
up to four Nav/Comm systems,
depending on the installation. Use
of this feature will be discussed
later in Map Operation and Flight
Planning.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Map Operation
MAP OPERATION
The following illustration describes the data that appears on the Map
Display.
3
4
5
6
7
2
8
9
1
10
11
1 Function Status Icons - Displays icons representing data available and
displayed as well as sensor status.
2 Data Fields - These can be turned on or off. Each of the 5 windows can
be set to display one of the following; ALT, BRG, CDI, DIS, DEP TIME, DTK,
ESA, ETA WPT, ETE WPT, FLT TIME, GNDSPD, HEADING, MSA, NEAR
POS, PPOS, TIME, TKE, TRFC, TRK, WPT, XTK.
3 North Pointer
4 Aircraft Symbol - Indicates present position. Stylized airplane when heading
or track input is present, a plus symbol with no heading or track.
5 Range Rings - Outer ring radius is selected range, inner ring radius is one
half the selected range.
6 RESET STICK Soft Label
7 Traffic Symbol Overlay - Displayed when traffic avoidance system is installed.
8 Graphical METAR Icon Overlay - Displayed when FIS is installed and
subscription is valid.
9 LEGEND Soft Label
10 Current MAP Selection - VFR MAP (absolute altitude terrain shading), IFR
MAP (no terrain shading) or Relative Terrain Map (relative altitude terrain
shading).
11 Display Range - RNG:####.
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Map Operation
SELECTING A MAP DISPLAY
Press the MAP Function Select Key to sequence through the VFR Map,
IFR Map and Relative Terrain Map Display. With the IFR Map displayed,
no topographic data is displayed. With the Relative Terrain Map dis-
played, topographic data is displayed as colors corresponding to eleva-
tion relative to the aircraft’s present altitude. See Tables 1-1 and 1-2 on
Absolute and Relative Altitudes.
VFR Map
☞
IFR Map
Relative Terrain
Map
VFR MAP
With the VFR Map displayed,
topographic data is displayed
as colors corresponding to the
absolute altitude stored in the
database (see Figure 1-14).
The VFR Map displays terrain
similar to a VFR sectional
chart. Table 1-1 shows the
levels and terrain shading used
on the VFR Map.
Figure 1-14 - VFR Map
A color key can be displayed
by moving the Joystick Pointer
pressing the LEGEND Softkey
as shown in Figure 1-15. To
exit, press the CLEAR Softkey
then press the RESET STICK
Softkey.
Figure 1-15
Absolute Terrain Color Key
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Map Operation
Absolute Terrain Altitude (feet)
Color
13000+
11500-12999
10000-11499
9000-9999
8000-8999
7000-7999
6000-6999
5000-5999
4000-4999
3000-3999
2500-2999
2000-2499
1500-1999
1000-1499
500-999
Dark Brown
⇓
⇓
⇓
⇓
Light Brown
Dark Tan
⇓
⇓
⇓
⇓
Light Tan
Dark Green
⇓
⇓
<499
Light Green
Blue
Water
Table 1-1 Absolute Terrain (VFR Map)
IFR MAP
Terrain is not displayed on the
IFR Map display as shown in
Figure 1-16. In addition, all
built up or urban areas are
shaded light gray. Oceans,
rivers and lakes are blue.
RELATIVE TERRAIN MAP
Figure 1-16 - IFR Map
With Relative Terrain Map dis-
played, topographic data and
obstructions are displayed as
colors corresponding to eleva-
tion relative to the aircraft’s
present altitude as shown in
Figure 1-17. This feature is
useful in providing awareness
to possible terrain hazards at
the present aircraft altitude.
Table 1-2 shows the levels and
terrain shading used on the
Relative Terrain Map.
Figure 1-17 - Relative Terrain Map
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Map Operation
Aircraft Altitude Relative to Aircraft Altitude Relative to
Color
Terrain (feet)
Obstacle (feet)
250 ft. or more below sur-
rounding terrain
250 ft. or less above obstacle
Between 249 ft. below & 250
ft. above surrounding terrain
Between 251 ft. & 750 ft.
above surrounding terrain
Between 751 ft. & 1250 ft.
above surrounding terrain
Between 1251 ft. & 2000 ft.
above surrounding terrain
2001 ft. or more above sur-
rounding terrain
Between 251 ft. & 750 ft.
above obstacle
Between 751 ft. & 1250 ft.
above obstacle
Between 1251 ft. & 1750 ft.
above obstacle
Between 1751 ft. & 2000 ft.
above obstacle
2001 ft. or more above
100% Black
obstacle
Table 1-2 Relative Terrain and Obstacles (Relative Terrain Map)
Figure 1-18
Figure 1-19
Relative Terrain Color Key
Relative Obstacle Color Key
A color key can be displayed by
moving the Joystick Pointer and
pressing the LEGEND Softkey.
Notice there are two legends when
viewing the Relative Terrain Map
Display. The first page shows the
color key for terrain (Figure 1-18)
and the second (Figure 1-19)
shows the color key for obstacles.
The airplane icon conveys what
colors would be below current air-
craft altitude and what would be
above. The airplane icon itself,
Figure 1-20
however, does not represent current aircraft altitude. Press the NEXT
and PREV Softkeys to toggle between the two displays. To exit, press
the CLEAR Softkey then press the RESET STICK Softkey.
Figure 1-20 depicts obstacles displayed on the Relative Terrain Map.
Note the differences in color between terrain and obstacles based on an
aircraft altitude of 2,000 ft MSL. Obstacles are enhanced on the Relative
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Map Operation
Terrain display to provide situational awareness by displaying a 1/2 nm
ring around the obstacle. For example, the obstacles displayed with a
red ring, as shown in Figure 1-20, are easily identifiable and are within
250 ft. of the present aircraft altitude.
NOTE: The color scale for obstacles is more severe than terrain so that
they stand out on the map.
CAUTION
NEVER USE THE TOPOGRAPHIC ELEVATION DISPLAYED ON
THIS EQUIPMENT AS YOUR SOLE REFERENCE FOR TERRAIN
AVOIDANCE.
The KMD 250 must be receiving altitude information from an altitude
source for the Relative Terrain Map to function. Altitude sources may be
GPS altitude, pressure altitude (ARINC 429 or Gillham) or baro-cor-
rected altitude. The altitude
source options are determined
at installation. If no altitude
information is received a cau-
tion will be displayed as in
Figure 1-21.
NOTE: If a baro-corrected or
pressure altitude source is
used, the Relative Terrain Map
may not display colors accu-
rately in operations above
18,000 feet when the altimeter
setting is 29.92 in. Hg.
Figure 1-21
Baro Correction
If the altitude information
source is Gillham pressure alti-
tude, then a baro correction
must be entered manually. If
the baro correction is not kept
current the Relative Terrain
Map will not display the proper
color coding for the aircraft’s
actual altitude.
Figure 1-22
When on the Relative Terrain
Map the KMD 250 will prompt for an entry every 30 minutes as shown in
Figure 1-22. Turn the Rotary Knob to enter the desired barometric set-
ting. After the desired setting is entered, press the OK Softkey.
NOTE: The manual baro correction entry must be kept current on both
the KMD 250 and the altimeter for the Relative Terrain Map to function
properly.
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Map Operation
The baro correction may also
be entered through the AUX
MENU as follows:
1. Press the MENU Key to
display the Menu Softkeys as
in Figure 1-23.
2. Press the AUX MENU
Softkey to display Figure 1-24.
Use the Joystick to select Baro
Entry as shown.
Figure 1-23
Figure 1-24
Figure 1-25
3. Press
the
SELECT
Softkey and Figure 1-25 will be
displayed.
4. Turn the Rotary Knob to
select the desired entry.
5. Press the OK Softkey.
OBSTACLE LABELS
Obstacles are labeled with two
numbers. The first number is
the height of the obstacle in
FEET ABOVE MSL. The
second number (in brackets) is
the height of the obstacle in
FEET AGL.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Map Operation
USING THE MAP
After power-up, the map
will initially be displayed at
a range setting of 20nm.
If there is no valid GPS or
FMS position fix data
available, the words
CAUTION, No position
data will be shown across
the center of the display in
a box as seen in Figure 1-
Figure 1-26
26. If the fix is lost at any time during normal operation of the unit, the
same CAUTION, No position data box will be overlayed on the map.
CAUTION: Do not use the map for navigation while this notification
is displayed.
The map will be shown in either North Up, Track Up or Heading Up
orientation depending upon the setting selected in the Map Setup and is
reflected by the North Pointer in the upper left of the display.
The displayed data is updated every second. Press the
RNG Δ (range up) or RNG ∇ (range down) key at any time
to zoom the map in and out to whichever one of the twelve
pre-set scales desired. The available range settings are 1,
2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 500 and
1000 nm. The levels of detail appearing at each zoom
level can be changed in the Map Setup menu. See Map
Setup.
When active, Auto Zoom automatically adjusts the range setting up or
down as needed to keep the flight plan active waypoint within the view-
able area of the Map display.
Auto Zoom is enabled in either of the following ways:
1. Pressing RNG ∇ past the
minimum setting of 1 nm.
2. Pressing and holding
either RNG Key for 2 seconds
or more. While Auto Zoom is
enabled, AUTO is displayed in
light blue text above the current
range setting (see Figure 1-
27).
Auto Zoom will be canceled if
the flight plan becomes invalid
Figure 1-27
or either RNG Key is pressed.
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Map Operation
MAP DATA
INTERROGATION
As soon as the joystick is
moved, a display similar to
Figure 1-28 will be displayed.
The map freezes in its present
position with respect to the
joystick pointer (inset). The
reason the map is made to
stop moving is that this makes
accurate positioning of the joy-
stick pointer much easier.
The aircraft icon will still be
displayed in the proper loca-
tion and will move in relation
to the stationary map.
The latitude and longitude of
the pointer position is dis-
played at the bottom of the
display. The bearing (PBRG)
and distance (PDIS) are also
displayed. These show the
distance and bearing from the
aircraft present position to the
joystick pointer. This function
can be used to measure dis-
tance and bearing to any point
on the map. The window
formed by the extremities of
the display can be moved
(panned) around the map by
"bumping" the display borders
left, right, up or down with the
pointer. The RNG Δ and RNG
∇ keys can still be used to
zoom the map in and out.
Press RESET STICK and the
Figure 1-28
Figure 1-29
Figure 1-30
joystick pointer will vanish, the display will return to the moving map,
and the map will be placed back in its present position at the zoom
level that was selected prior to activating the joystick. If the joystick is
not moved for 30 seconds, the display will time-out back to the moving
map.
In addition to finding it useful for measuring distances and bearings,
the joystick can be used for other tasks. By placing the pointer over
any data icon a window will pop up similar to that shown in Figure 1-
29. Pressing the MORE INFO Softkey, a display similar to Figure 1-30
will appear.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Map Operation
Press the CLEAR Softkey to return to the map display.
If the FIS INFO Softkey is pressed, the textual METAR page will be
displayed for the closest reporting station to the current selection.
AIRPORT INFORMATION
As shown in Figure 1-31, you
can display airport information
by placing the joystick pointer
over an airport icon. Pressing
the MORE INFO Softkey will
display more detailed runway
information as shown in
Figure 1-32. The RNG Keys
can be used to zoom in or out
on the airport diagram. The
information given here is
derived from the database.
Figure 1-31
The airport type is shown to
the right of the airport identifier
(KOSH). The airport type is
either MILITARY, PRIVATE
or blank for others (public).
The airport elevation (808ft) is
shown to the right of the air-
port type. Runway orientation
and lengths are displayed to
the right of the airport dia-
gram. Runway surfaces are
shown as an H for hard and
an S for soft. Lighting is
shown as an L for lit and a U
for unlit.
Figure 1-32
Pressing the NEXT Softkey
will display more details like
radio frequencies and ser-
vices, similar to Figure 1-33.
In the window with the airport
identifier, airport airspace
information and approach
types will be shown. The next
window to the right shows the
difference between UTC and
local standard and daylight
Figure 1-33
times. The next window will display the available fuel types at this air-
port. See Figure 1-35 for details regarding these fields.
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Map Operation
If the FIS INFO Softkey is pressed, the textual METAR page will be dis-
played with the current METAR report (if available) for this airport or
the nearest report to the airport.
Pressing the QUICK TUNE
Softkey will tune the appro-
priate
KX
155A/165A
Nav/Comm to the selected
frequency. Use the Joystick
or Rotary Knob to place the
cursor over the desired fre-
quency in the list. If the
system contains only one KX
155A/165A, simply pressing
the QUICK TUNE Softkey will
tune the Nav/Comm to the
selected frequency. If multiple
Figure 1-34
KX 155A/165A systems are contained in the installation, pressing the
QUICK TUNE Softkey will display the Nav or Comm selection display
as shown in Figure 1-34. Use the Joystick or Rotary Knob to select the
desired Nav or Comm for tuning. Press the OK Softkey to tune the
radio.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Map Operation
2
3
6
1
4
7
8
5
1 Airport ICAO Identifier
2 Airspace Enviroment - The following may be displayed in this field:
CL B
CL C
CTA
Class B airspace
Class C airspace
Control Area
TMA
TRSA
Terminal Area
Terminal Radar Service Area
3 Non GPS Approach Availability - The following may be displayed in this
field:
NO APR No approaches are available
NP APR Non-precision approach available
MLS
ILS
MLS approach available
ILS approach available
ILS/MLS ILS and MLS approaches available
4 GPS Approach Availability - If an approved non-precision GPS approach
is available GPS will be displayed.
5 Comm Frequency List - Lists the available communications frequencies for
the airport being displayed. See Appendix A for abbreviations.
6 Fuel Availability - The following fuel types may be displayed:
80
80 to 87 octane
100
100 to 130 octane
100LL
JET
100 octane, low lead
Jet fuel, any type
AUTO
Automotive fuel (also known as MOGAS)
7 Time Zone - Displays the difference between local standard time and UTC
for the selected airport. The difference in local daylight time and UTC is in
parenthesis.
8 Radar Indicator - If (R) is displayed, this indicates an approach/departure
radar environment.
Figure 1-35 Airport Info Field Definitions
NAVAID INFORMATION
As explained previously, you
can access additional Navaid
information by placing the joy-
stick pointer over a VOR or
NDB icon to display informa-
tion similar to Figure 1-35.
Pressing the MORE INFO
Softkey will display more infor-
mation as in Figure 1-36. Full
details of the Navaid are listed,
Figure 1-36
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Map Operation
type, frequency and ident as
shown in Figure 1-37.
As discussed previously in
Airport Information, pressing
the QUICK TUNE Softkey will
tune the appropriate KX
155A/165A Nav/Comm to the
navaid frequency. If the
system contains only one KX
155A/165A, simply pressing
the QUICK TUNE Softkey will
tune the Nav radio. If multiple
KX 155A/165A systems are
contained in the installation,
pressing the QUICK TUNE
Softkey will display the Nav
selection display as shown in
Figure 1-38. Use the Joystick
or Rotary Knob to select the
desired Nav or Comm for
tuning. Press the OK Softkey
to tune the radio.
Figure 1-37
Figure 1-38
Figure 1-39
AIRSPACE
INTERROGATION
In order to interrogate a piece
of airspace on the Map display,
move the joystick pointer to
one of the airspace boundaries
to display an information
window as shown in Figure 1-
39.
IMPORTANT:
When a single airspace
boundary line is shared by
two different pieces of air-
space (which is very common), the airspace with the lower vertical
limit will always be highlighted.
Once it is determined the piece of airspace highlighted is the piece for
which information is wanted (you may have to zoom out to verify this, but
beware, some airspace switches off as you zoom out dependent on the
settings made in Map Setup), press the MORE INFO Softkey and addi-
tional information will be displayed as in Figure 1-40.
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Map Operation
The information shown on this
display is all the information
from the internal database that
is relevant to the airspace
selected. If some of the fields
are blank or say SEE CHART,
this means that Jeppesen data
is not available for that partic-
ular item.
As discussed previously,
pressing the QUICK TUNE
Softkey will tune the appro-
Figure 1-40
priate
KX
155A/165A
Nav/Comm to the selected fre-
quency. Use the Joystick or
Rotary Knob to place the
cursor over the desired fre-
quency in the list. If the
system contains only one KX
155A/165A, simply pressing
the QUICK TUNE Softkey will
tune the Comm to the
selected frequency. If multiple
KX 155A/165A systems are
contained in the installation,
pressing the QUICK TUNE
Figure 1-41
Softkey will display the Comm selection display as shown in Figure 1-
35. Use the Joystick or Rotary Knob to select the desired Comm for
tuning. Press the OK Softkey to tune the radio.
AIRSPACE ALERTING
The Special Use Airspace (SUA) alert feature is three dimensional. The
SUA areas are stored in the KMD 250 database with regard to altitude
when the actual SUA altitude limitations are charted in terms of mean
sea level (MSL). However, if the actual lower limit of an SUA is charted
in terms of an altitude above ground level (AGL), then it is stored in the
database as all altitude below the upper limit of the SUA. If the actual
upper limit of an SUA is charted in terms of AGL, it is stored in the data-
base as “unlimited”.
If the altitude input to the KMD 250 is pressure altitude from an altitude
encoder or air data computer, then you must manually update the KMD
250 with an altimeter setting (Baro Correction) in order to receive accu-
rate SUA alerting. See the discussion on Baro Correction earlier in this
section. It is a good idea to update the Baro Correction each time you
make a change to the aircraft’s altimeter setting.
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Map Operation
NOTE: If there is no altitude input to the KMD 250, all altitudes will be
regarded as being within the boundary of the SUA area.
The message prompt for a special use airspace alert will occur when the
aircraft’s position is at a point such that a projection of the aircraft’s
existing track over the ground is approximately 10 minutes from pene-
trating the outer boundary of one of these areas. It will also occur if the
aircraft is within approxi-
mately two nautical miles of
one of these areas even if
the aircraft’s projected track
over the ground won’t actu-
ally penetrate the SUA area
10 MIN
2 MILES
(see Figure 1-42). If one of
the SUA areas is penetrated,
another message will state:
Inside SUA.
The SUA alert feature may
be disabled (or enabled) on
the Navigation Setup Page.
See Navigation Setup later
in this section.
Figure 1-42
If the SUA alert feature has been enabled, the KMD 250 allows selection
of a vertical buffer on the in order to provide an additional layer of protec-
tion from inadvertently entering an SUA. The vertical buffer serves to
“stretch” the SUA area in both directions (up and down) by the selected
buffer altitude. For example, a buffer of 1,000 feet is selected and the
actual SUA area exists from 5,000 feet MSL to 12,000 feet MSL. In this
case SUA alert messages are displayed if the aircraft enters the lateral
boundary at any altitude between 4,000 and 13,000 feet MSL.
CAUTION
It is the pilot’s responsibility to avoid special use airspace where
ATC clearance to penetrate is required but has not been obtained.
The airspace alert is only a tool to assist the pilot and should never
be relied upon as the sole means of avoiding these areas.
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Map Operation
When SUA Alerting is enabled,
an Airspace Alert message will
be provided when the aircraft is
approximately 10 minutes or 2
miles (depending on ground
speed) from entering the air-
space boundary. When an
Airspace Alert message is
given, MESSAGE PRESS
MENU will flash at the bottom
of the display as shown in
Figure 1-43.
Figure 1-43
Pressing the MENU Key will
display the message as shown
in Figure 1-44. Press the OK
Softkey to exit the message.
To enable or disable SUA
Alerting perform the following:
1. Press the MENU Key.
Press the AUX MENU Softkey
to display Figure 1-45.
2. Use the Rotary Knob or
the Joystick to place the cursor
over Navigation Setup as
shown in Figure 1-45.
Figure 1-44
Figure 1-45
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Map Operation
3. Press the SELECT Softkey
to display Figure 1-46.
4. Press the NEXT Softkey to
display Figure 1-47.
5. Use the Joystick to place
the cursor in the selection field
for SUA Alerting.
6. Use the Rotary Knob to
select On or Off.
Figure 1-46
Figure 1-47
7. When On is selected the
SUA Alerting Buffer will be
editable. Use the Joystick to
place the cursor over this field
(see Figure 1-48) and use the
Rotary Knob to select the
desired altitude. An Airspace
Alert message will be given
when the aircraft enters within
this selected buffer altitude
from the published SUA alti-
tude boundary. For example: if
the published upper SUA
boundary is 3,000 feet and a
buffer altitude of 1,000 feet is
selected, the Airspace Alert will
be issued when the aircraft
descends to 4,000 feet and is
within the lateral SUA bound-
aries.
Figure 1-48
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Map Operation
DISPLAY FLIGHT PLAN
DATA ON MAP
If a host GPS is outputting data
in the Bendix/King equivalent
ARNAV R-30 (RS232) data
sentence format, in LEG mode,
the active flight plan will be
sent to the KMD 250 and is dis-
played as an overlay on the
map as shown in Figure 1-49.
If a KLN 94 is supplying the
GPS data, and the KLN 94 is
configured to produce the
“Enhanced RS-232 GPS bus”,
the KMD 250 will display the
curved paths including DME
arcs, Procedure Turns and
Holding Patterns. Figure 1-50
shows an example.
Figure 1-49
If another type of GPS is used,
then during the curved flight
segments of approaches (i.e.
DME arcs, procedural turns
and holds) most GPS units
Figure 1-50
stop outputting flight plan data but continue to output positional data.
During a DME arc or procedural turn, the KMD 250 will continue to show
position, track and ground speed but the curved line depicting the arc or
turn will not be displayed. In OBS mode, some GPS units will not be
able to provide flight plan data. Present position is still provided and
flight plans will be displayed as soon as the mode is returned to LEG.
CAUTION
In the case of DME arcs, turns and holds, some GPS units send the
flight plan information as if there was no arc or curved flight path.
Therefore the KMD 250 has no option but to connect the beginning
and end waypoints of the arc or curve with a straight line. Under
these circumstances the line on the KMD 250 MUST BE IGNORED.
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Map Operation
TEMPORARILY DECLUT-
TERING THE MAP
Sometimes it is necessary to
temporarily reduce the amount
of data displayed on the map in
order to make it more readable.
This is known as decluttering.
Perform the following steps
until the desired level declut-
tering is achieved.
1. Press the MENU Key to
display the DECLUTTER
Softkey as shown in Figure 1-
51.
2. Press the DECLUTTER
Softkey. On the first press the
land data will be removed from
the display as seen in Figure 1-
52. Notice roads, railways, city
icons, etc. are no longer dis-
played. Note also that a -L is
now shown in the bottom left of
the screen indicating the dis-
play is minus land data.
3. Press the DECLUTTER
Softkey again. On the second
press the aeronautical data will
be removed from the display
as seen in Figure 1-53. Notice
airports, airspace boundaries,
etc. are no longer displayed.
Note also that a -A is now
added in the bottom left of the
screen indicating the display is
also minus aeronautical data in
addition to land data.
Figure 1-51
Figure 1-52
Figure 1-53
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Map Operation
4. Press the DECLUTTER
Softkey again. The third press
will now restore the land data
as seen in Figure 1-54. Note
that the -L is no longer shown
in the bottom left of the screen
indicating land data is now
being displayed.
5. Press the DECLUTTER
Softkey again. The fourth
press will now restore the
aeronautical data.
Figure 1-54
When leaving the Map display to view another function, all data will be
restored.
FIND NEAREST (UNITS WITHOUT INTERNAL GPS)
Find Nearest allows the user to find the airport, VOR, NDB, intersection
or user entered waypoint closest to the aircraft’s present position. Up to
20 of the find criteria may be listed and must be within 200nm of the air-
craft’s position. The closest will be listed first, the furthest listed last.
1. Press the NRST Key to
display the FIND NEAREST
display as shown in Figure 1-
55. In this case a list of air-
ports is displayed.
2. If more information on a
particular airport is desired, use
the Joystick or Rotary Knob to
place the cursor over the
desired airport identifier and
press the MORE INFO Softkey.
Information on the selected air-
port will be displayed as in
Figure 1-56. Press the NEXT
Softkey to display more infor-
mation. Press the CLEAR
Softkey to return to the FIND
NEAREST display.
Figure 1-55
Figure 1-56
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Map Operation
3. To change to one of the
other Find parameters, press
the NEAREST TYPE Softkey
to display the SELECT
NEAREST TYPE window as
shown in Figure 1-57.
4. Use the Joystick or Rotary
Knob to place the cursor over
the desired Find type.
5. Press the OK Softkey.
Figure 1-57
Figure 1-58
Figure 1-59
6. If Airports is selected as
the type (as in Figure 1-57),
pressing the AIRPORT
FILTER Softkey (Figure 1-58)
will display the AIRPORT
FILTER CRITERIA Window
as shown in Figure 1-59.
7. The listed airports can be
filtered by runway length and
runway type. Use the Joystick
to place the cursor over the
desired field and use the
Rotary Knob select the the
desired value. When finished
press the OK Softkey.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Map Operation
FIND NEAREST (UNITS
WITH INTERNAL GPS)
As discussed previously, Find
Nearest allows the user to find
the airport, VOR, NDB, inter-
section or user entered way-
point closest to the aircraft’s
present position. Up to 20 of
the find criteria may be listed
and must be within 200nm of
the aircraft’s position. The
closest will be listed first, the
furthest listed last.
Figure 1-60
1. Press the Direct-To (D)
Key to display the DIRECT TO
window. If the KMD 250 is not
presently navigating using the
internal GPS, but is displaying
information coming from an
external GPS source, Figure 1-
60 will be displayed. This is a
prompt to indicate the Direct-To
function is not available when
using an external GPS source.
However, this will not
affect the Find Nearest
feature. Press the OK
Softkey to display the
FIND NEAREST display.
The Find Nearest feature
is now used as discussed
previously.
Figure 1-61
Figure 1-62
If the KMD 250 is
presently navigating using
the internal GPS, Figure 1-
60 will not be displayed and
Figure 1-61 will be shown
immediately upon pressing the Direct-To Key.
2. Press the NEAREST Softkey to go to the FIND NEAREST display
as shown in Figure 1-62. The balance of the Find Nearest feature func-
tions as discussed previously.
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Map Operation
WAYPOINT ALERT
The Waypoint Alert will flash
the next desired track (NEXT
DTK) when the estimated time
to the next waypoint is about
15 seconds as shown in Figure
1-63. Turning to establish the
NEXT DTK will aid in inter-
cepting the next leg of the flight
plan.
Figure 1-63
If the waypoint is being dis-
played in a Data Field the WPT field will flash annunciating the Waypoint
Alert.
When viewing the Flight Plan Page the arrow indicating the current leg
will flash to annunciate the Waypoint Alert.
If an external Waypoint Alert annunciator is installed in the aircraft, it will
also flash.
TURN ANTICIPATION
When Turn Anticipation is
enabled in Navigation Setup, it
will provide turn guidance to a
new course for intercepting the
next leg of the flight plan.
Waypoint Alerting will begin
when the estimated time to the
start of the turn is about 20
seconds. As previously dis-
Figure 1-64
cussed, the Waypoint Alert will
be annunciated by flashing the
next desired track (NEXT
DTK) window as in Figure 1-
64. When the computed turn
point is reached TURN TO will
displayed as shown in Figure
1-65. The required bank angle
to follow the arc will normally
be between 3° and 25°
depending on aircraft speed
and the amount of course
change.
Figure 1-65
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Map Operations
Turn Anticipation will be inhibited if the angle between the legs is less
than 5° or greater than 175° or the Crosstrack Error (XTK) is greater than
4 nm.
To utilize the Turn Anticipation feature, start the turn transition to the next
leg in the flight plan at the very beginning of the computed turn point.
Upon reaching this computed turn point the Waypoint Alert annunciator
will stop flashing and remain on steadily while the text “TURN TO” is dis-
played as shown in Figure 1-65.
If an autopilot is engaged, this is the time to change the selected course
on the CDI or HSI to that indicated next to TURN TO. In the case of
Figure 1-65 that would be 288° magnetic.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
User Waypoints
USER WAYPOINTS
User waypoints can be entered as either user defined waypoints or as
airports. The KMD 250 allows for the programming of up to 1,000 user
waypoints. User waypoints are stored on the KMD 250 data card and
can be transferred to a new data card when installed.
These waypoints can be used for flight plans if the KMD 250 contains the
optional internal GPS, but only if the internal GPS is currently being used
for navigation. Flight plans running on an external GPS cannot utilize
waypoints stored in the KMD 250.
KMD 250 systems that do not have the internal GPS also allow user
waypoints to entered, but can only be used for marking points on the
map for such things as points of interest, landing locations not contained
in the database, etc.
ENTERING A USER WAYPOINT
The following illustration describes the User Waypoint Edit display.
9
1
8
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 Waypoint Identifier - The system default will initially be USR000 and will increment with
each entered waypoint up to USR999. Any combination of alphanumeric characters
(up to six places) may be entered in place of the default.
2 1st Remarks Field - The default entry is current date. This field may be cleared and any
combination of up to 24 alphanumeric and punctuation characters may entered.
3 2nd Remarks Field - The default entry is current time. This field may be cleared and any
combination of up to 24 alphanumeric and punctuation characters may entered.
4 Waypoint Latitude/Longitude - Initially, the aircraft position at the time this display was
selected is entered here. This field may be changed to place the waypoint at different
location.
5 Place - A new waypoint is initially placed at the present position. An airport or navaid
identifier can also be entered to define the waypoint position as a bearing and distance from
the airport or navaid.
6 Bearing - Can indicate bearing from the current aircraft position to the waypoint, or
a bearing may be entered to define a waypoint position relative to an airport or navaid.
7 Distance - Can indicate distance from the current aircraft position to the waypoint,
or distance may be entered to define a waypoint position relative to an airport or navaid.
8 Waypoint Icon - Waypoint symbol that will be displayed on the map.
9 Waypoint Type - This field may be changed to indicate Waypoint or Airport depending
on the desired waypoint definition.
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User Waypoints
The following is a procedure
for entering new User
Waypoints.
1. Press the MENU Key to
display Figure 1-66. Press the
AUX MENU Softkey to display
Figure 1-67. Use the Joystick
or Rotary Knob to place the
cursor over User Waypoints
as seen in Figure 1-67.
2. Press
the
SELECT
Figure 1-66
Figure 1-67
Figure 1-68
Softkey to display the USER
WAYPOINT LIST display as
shown in Figure 1-68. Initially,
the list will be empty. As way-
points are entered the list will
be populated.
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User Waypoints
3. Press the NEW WPT
Softkey to display the USER
WAYPOINT EDIT display as
shown in Figure 1-69.
The system default waypoint
identifier will be a naming con-
vention as shown in the IDENT
field. The default identifier will
increment starting with
USR000. The user can also
enter any identifier desired, but
limited to any combination of
six alphanumeric characters. If
the default identifier is accept-
able, proceed to step 5.
Figure 1-69
4. To enter a waypoint identi-
fier other than the system
default, turn the Rotary Knob
one increment and the first
character will be highlighted as
in Figure 1-70. If the desired
identifier is less than six char-
acters, press the CLEAR
IDENT Softkey to clear the
IDENT field. Otherwise, turn
the Rotary Knob to enter the
desired first character. Use the
Joystick to go to the next field
and again use the Rotary Knob
to enter the next desired char-
acter and so on until complete.
Figure 1-70
5. The current date and time
default to the two fields under
the waypoint identifier.
Remarks regarding the way-
point can be entered in these
fields in place of the date and
time.
Figure 1-71
If remarks are desired, use the Joystick to place the cursor on the first
line containing the date as shown in Figure 1-71.
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User Waypoints
6. Turn the Rotary Knob one
increment to highlight the first
character on the line as in
Figure 1-72.
7. Press the CLEAR TEXT
Softkey to clear the field as
shown in Figure 1-73.
8. Turn the Rotary Knob to
enter the desired alphanumeric
or punctuation character.
Figure 1-72
Figure 1-73
9. Use the Joystick to move
the cursor to the next field.
Turn the Rotary Knob to enter
the
desired
character.
Continue in this manner to
enter any combination of
alphanumeric and punctuation
characters up to 24 characters
in length.
10. If a second line of remarks
is desired, use the Joystick as
discussed previously to place
the cursor over the second line.
Turn the Rotary Knob one
increment. Press the CLEAR
TEXT Softkey. Repeat steps 7
and 8 until all the desired char-
acters are entered (see Figure
1-74).
11. The default waypoint
POSITION is the aircraft posi-
tion at the time the USER
WAYPOINT EDIT display was
selected. The latitude and
longitude of the waypoint is
displayed. As the aircraft con-
tinues moving, the Present
Figure 1-74
Position is indicating the current bearing and distance to the waypoint
position. Note that these are changing as the aircraft moves.
12. A waypoint can be entered for any position. This can be done in two
ways. One way is by entering the desired latitude and longitude of the
waypoint. This is done by using the Joystick to place cursor over the
latitude/longitude field as shown in Figure 1-74. Turn the Rotary Knob
one increment to place the cursor on the first character. Continue
turning the Rotary Knob to enter an N or S. Use the Joystick to move
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User Waypoints
the cursor to the next field.
Again, use the Rotary Knob to
enter the desired number.
Repeat using the Joystick and
the Rotary Knob until the
desired latitude/longitude is
entered.
13. The second way to enter
the position of a waypoint is by
entering the bearing and dis-
tance from a known position,
such as an airport or navaid.
This is done by first using the
Joystick to place the cursor
over Present Position as
shown in Figure 1-75. Turn the
Rotary Knob one increment to
display the WAYPOINT
ENTRY window as shown in
Figure 1-76.
Figure 1-75
14. Use a combination of the
Joystick and Rotary Knob as
previously discussed to enter
the desired identifier of the air-
port or navaid as shown in
Figure 1-77. Note the bearing
and distance.
Figure 1-76
Figure 1-77
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User Waypoints
15. Press the OK Softkey and
the selected identifier will be
entered into the PLACE field
as shown in Figure 1-78.
16. Use the Joystick to place
the cursor over the BEARING
field as in Figure 1-79.
17. Use the Rotary Knob to
enter the waypoint bearing
noted from the WAYPOINT
ENTRY Page.
18. In the same way as
entering the bearing, use the
Joystick to place the cursor
over the DISTANCE field.
19. Use the Rotary Knob to
enter the waypoint distance
noted from the WAYPOINT
ENTRY Page. Note that the
KMD 250 has also computed
the latitude/longitude for the
waypoint.
Figure 1-78
Figure 1-79
Figure 1-80
20. Press the SAVE & EXIT
Softkey.
Also, if a waypoint is defined by
entering the latitude/longitude
and an airport or navaid identi-
fier is then entered, the KMD
250 will compute the bearing
and distance of the waypoint
from the selected airport or
navaid.
After the waypoints are saved,
the User Waypoint List is dis-
played. Several waypoints
have been entered in the example in Figure 1-80. One is a User Entered
Airport, denoted by the airport icon (see Entering A User Airport). The
lock symbol indicates that the waypoint is part of a flight plan and cannot
be deleted until removed from the flight plan.
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User Waypoints
ENTERING A USER AIRPORT
A User Airport is actually a User Waypoint to which additional airport
information may be added.
The first User Airport Edit display is used in the same way as the User
Waypoint Edit display as previously discussed. The following illustration
describes the second User Airport Edit display.
9
1
2
8
7
6
3
4
5
1 Waypoint Identifier - Editable on the first User Airport Edit display.
2 Runway Orientation - Selectable from 01/19 through 18/36.
3 Runway Surface Type - Hard or Soft can be selected.
4 Comm Frequecy Type - One of 33 abbreviations may be selected in each of two fields.
See Appendix A for abbreviations.
5 Comm Frequecies - Any valid 8.33 kHz or 25 kHz communication frequency in each of two
fields.
6 Runway Elevation - The runway elevation can be entered from -2000 to 30,000 ft.
7 Runway Length - The length of the runway can be entered from 0 to 20,000 ft.
8 Airport Icon - Airport symbol that will be displayed on the map. If the runway Surface is
set to Soft, the symbol will be of the type for a soft runway with no IFR approach. If the
runway Surface is set to Hard, the symbol will be of the type for a hard runway with no IFR
approach.
9 Waypoint Type - This field reflects Waypoint or Airport depending on the desired waypoint
definition. Selectable on the first User Airport Edit display.
After entering the identifier,
remarks and position informa-
tion as discussed in steps 1
through 19 of Entering A User
Waypoint, perform the fol-
lowing to enter additional infor-
mation airport information.
1. Use the Joystick to place
the cursor over the TYPE field
as shown in Figure 1-81.
Figure 1-81
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User Waypoints
2. Turn the Rotary Knob to
select Airport as shown in
Figure 1-82. Note that the dis-
play title has changed to USER
AIRPORT EDIT 1 of 2.
3. Press the NEXT Softkey to
display USER AIRPORT 2 of 2
as shown in Figure 1-83. The
cursor will be initially be placed
in Runway orientation field
and the default will be None.
4. Turn the Rotary Knob to
enter the desired runway orien-
tation. Values of 01/19 through
18/36 may be entered as seen
in Figure 1-84. Note that when
a value entered, the airport
icon now reflects a runway with
the entered orientation.
Figure 1-82
Figure 1-83
Figure 1-84
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User Waypoints
5. Use the Joystick to place
the cursor in the Surface field
as shown in Figure 1-85.
6. Turn the Rotary Knob to
select either Soft or Hard for
the type of surface as shown in
Figure 1-86. Note that the air-
port icon has changed to reflect
a hard surface runway.
7. Use the Joystick to place
the cursor in the runway
Length field. Use the Rotary
Knob to select the desired
runway length. A value from 0
to 20,000 feet can be entered.
Note that 2000 ft. has been
entered in Figure 1-87.
Figure 1-85
8. Use the Joystick to place
the cursor in the runway eleva-
tion (Elev) field. Use the
Rotary Knob to select the
desired runway elevation. A
value from -2000 to 30,000 feet
can be entered. See Figure 1-
87.
Figure 1-86
Figure 1-87
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User Waypoints
9. Two communication fre-
quencies may be entered to
provide QuickTune™ capa-
bility. Use the Joystick to place
the cursor in the desired comm
Type field as shown in Figure
1-88.
10. Turn the Rotary Knob to
select the desired the fre-
quency type as shown in
Figure 1-89. See Table 1-3 for
a list of possible Type entries.
11. In a similar manner as pre-
viously discussed, use the
Joystick and the Rotary Knob
to enter the desired frequen-
cies in the appropriate Freq
fields as seen in Figure 1-90.
Figure 1-88
Figure 1-89
Figure 1-90
12. When all desired entries
are completed, press the
SAVE & EXIT Softkey.
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ATIS
Automatic Terminal Information Service
PTAX
CLR
Pre-Taxi Clearance
Clearance Delivery
Ground Control
GRND
TWR
GCO
UNIC
MCOM
CL B
Tower
Ground Communication Outlet
Unicom
Multicom
Class B Airspace (VFR Frequency)
Class C Airspace (VFR Frequency)
Terminal Radar Service Area
Approach
CL C
TRSA
APR
DEP
Departure
CTR
Center
ARVL
AWOS
Arrival
Automated Weather Observation System
ASOS
Automated Surface Observation System
CTA
DIR
Control Area (VFR frequency used outside U.S.)
Director (approach control/radar)
Terminal Area (VFR frequency used outside U.S.)
Radar-Only Frequency
TMA
RDR
RDO
AAS
AFIS
ATF
CTAF
MF
Radio
Aeronautical Advisory Service
Aerodrome Flight Information Service
Aerodrome Traffic Frequency
Common Traffic Advisory Frequency
Mandatory Frequency
ILS
Instrument Landing System
LOC
LBC
LDA
SDF
IGS
Localizer Approach
Localizer Back Course
Localizer Type Directional Aid Approach
Simplified Directional Facility Approach
Instrument Guidance System (used outside U.S. only)
Table 1-3 Comm Frequency Types
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User Waypoints
EDITING A USER WAY-
POINT
Editing a waypoint is accom-
plished in a similar manner to
entering a new waypoint. To
edit a User Waypoint that has
been previously stored, per-
form the following steps:
1. Press the MENU Key to
display Figure 1-91. Press the
AUX MENU Softkey to display
Figure 1-92. Use the Joystick
or Rotary Knob to place the
cursor over User Waypoints
as seen in Figure 1-92.
Figure 1-91
Figure 1-92
Figure 1-93
2. Press
the
SELECT
Softkey to display the USER
WAYPOINT LIST display as
shown in Figure 1-93. Use the
Rotary Knob and Joystick to
select waypoint to edit.
3. Press the EDIT WPT
Softkey to display the USER
WAYPOINT EDIT.
4. Repeat steps 3 through 20
in Entering A User Waypoint.
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User Waypoints
DELETING A USER
WAYPOINT
To delete a User Waypoint that
has been previously stored,
perform the following steps:
1. Perform steps 1 and 2 in
Editing A User Waypoint.
2. Press the DELETE WPT
Softkey. Figure 1-94 will now
be displayed.
Figure 1-94
3. Press the OK Softkey to complete the deletion.
NOTE: Waypoints that are part of a flight plan (denoted by the lock
symbol in the User Waypoint List) cannot be deleted until removed from
the flight plan.
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Direct-To Operation
DIRECT-TO OPERATION
The Direct-To Key initiates operation directly to a destination from the air-
craft’s present position. This destination can be a User Waypoint or any
point defined in the database. It can also be used within an active flight
as discussed later in this section.
The KMD 250 must be navigating using the internal GPS when using the
Direct-To feature. If an external GPS is selected as the current naviga-
tion source, Direct-To will not be accessible on the KMD 250. In this
case the Direct-To operation
must be performed from the
external navigation source.
DIRECT-TO A DATA-
BASE OR STORED
WAYPOINT
1. If there is no active flight
plan, pressing the Direct-To
Key will display Figure 1-95.
Figure 1-95
2. Turn the Rotary Knob to
display the Waypoint Entry
Page as shown previously in
Figure 1-76. The desired desti-
nation can be entered here by
using the Rotary Knob as dis-
cussed previously.
3. Press the OK Softkey to
enter the destination in the
DIRECT TO field as in Figure
1-96.
Also, the NEAREST Softkey
can be used to select a desti-
nation from the FIND
NEAREST list as discussed
earlier in this section. Pressing
the SELECT Softkey will enter
the selected identifier into the
DIRECT TO field.
Figure 1-96
4. Press the ACTIVATE
Softkey and the selected
Direct-To route will be dis-
played on the Map as shown in
Figure 1-97.
Figure 1-97
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Direct-To Operation
DIRECT-TO USING THE
JOYSTICK POINTER
1. While on the Map Display,
use the Joystick Pointer to
select the desired destination
as in Figure 1-98. The pointer
can be placed anywhere on the
map, not just used to select
database items.
Figure 1-98
Figure 1-99
2. Press the Direct-To Key
and the identifier for the
selected destination will be
entered into the DIRECT TO
field as shown in Figure 1-99.
If the Joystick Pointer is placed
on something other than a
database item, the next avail-
able default User Waypoint
name will appear in the
DIRECT TO field. This way-
point will be placed on the map
at the position of the Joystick
Pointer. To change the way-
point name, see the discussion
on User Waypoints earlier in
this section.
3. Press the ACTIVATE
Softkey and the route will be
displayed on the Map as
shown in Figure 1-100.
Figure 1-100
OBS COURSE MODE
The Direct-To function also allows an OBS course to be navigated to the
selected destination. OBS Course Mode can be used independently to a
waypoint, or in conjunction with an active flight plan. See Using OBS
Course Mode Within A Flight Plan later in this section.
OBS Course Mode allows the selection of a course based on a bearing
“to” or “from” a waypoint much like a VOR receiver.
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Direct-To Operation
1. Select the destination as
discussed in the Direct-To pro-
cedure.
2. Press the OBS COURSE
Softkey shown in Figure 1-101.
This will display the OBS
COURSE window as shown in
Figure 1-102.
NOTE: Unless using OBS
Course Mode within an active
Figure 1-101
flight
plan,
Auto
Leg
Sequencing (see Appendix A)
will be disabled.
3. The course field will be
highlighted. Use the Rotary
Knob to select the desired
OBS course. If desired, the
Joystick can be used to select
the destination identifier in
order to enter a new destina-
tion. Turn the Rotary Knob to
display the WAYPOINT
ENTRY window.
Figure 1-102
4. Press the ACTIVATE
Softkey and the route will be
displayed on the Map as
shown in Figure 1-103.
NOTE: When OBS Mode is
active, pressing the Direct-To
Key will display the active OBS
COURSE window.
To change the OBS course to
Figure 1-103
a Direct-To route press the the
Direct-To Key to display Figure 1-102. Press the DIR TO Softkey and a
Direct-To will be selected for the current identifier. Press the ACTIVATE
Softkey to enter and display the Direct-To route.
To center the CDI, from the OBS COURSE window (Figure 1-102) press
the DIR TO Softkey then press the OBS COURSE Softkey. The CDI will
now be centered.
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Direct-To Operation
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Flight Plan Operation
FLIGHT PLAN OPERATION
VFR flight plans can be created in the KMD 250 when configured to use
the internal GPS. In units without the optional internal GPS the active
flight plan from the external GPS may be viewed.
The FPL Key is used to toggle between the ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN
Page and the FLIGHT PLAN INDEX Page.
Active Flight
Plan
☞
Flight Plan
Index
NOTE: The internal GPS of the KMD 250 is not certified for IFR opera-
tion.
The KMD 250 calculates a flight plan by picking the most direct route
between selected waypoints. This is known as Leg Mode operation.
VIEWING THE ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN
Press the FPL Key to display
the ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN
Page as shown in Figure 1-
104. If the KMD 250 does not
have the optional internal GPS
the DONE and DELETE WPT
Softkeys will not be available.
The active leg and waypoint
are shown in magenta. When
Auto Leg Sequencing is
enabled, after passage of the
active waypoint the KMD 250
Figure 1-104
will automatically sequence to
the next waypoint in the flight
plan. The next leg and active waypoint will then be displayed in
magenta.
The waypoints in the flight plan are listed on the left of display. Moving
the Joystick up or down will scroll through the waypoints. The magenta
arrow denotes the current leg of the flight plan. The active waypoint
identifier is also displayed in magenta. When scrolling through the way-
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Flight Plan Operation
points, as each waypoint is
highlighted it is displayed on
the map centered in the
window. The current leg and
active waypoint are shown in
magenta on the map.
Information about a waypoint
can be viewed by using the
Joystick to select the desired
waypoint identifier in the list
and then pressing the MORE
INFO Softkey. Information will
be displayed as shown in
Figure 1-105. Press the
CLEAR Softkey to exit.
Pressing the USE STICK
Softkey will allow use of the
Joystick Pointer for map inter-
rogation as discussed previ-
ously in Map Operation (see
Figure 1-106. Press the
RESET STICK Softkey to exit
Joystick Pointer operation.
Figure 1-105
Figure 1-106
If applicable, press the MORE
INFO softkey to view more
information about the selection. In the case of an airport, pressing the
NEXT softkey on the AIRPORT INFO 1 of 2 Page will display the
AIRPORT INFO 2 of 2 and allow access to the QUICK TUNE Softkey.
Pressing this softkey will tune the radios to the correct frequencies for
the airport as discussed previously in Airport Information.
VIEWING FLIGHT PLAN
DATA
When viewing the the ACTIVE
FLIGHT PLAN Page (Figure
1-105) or the STORED
FLIGHT PLAN Page, pressing
the DATA VIEW Softkey will
display more detailed data
pertaining to the flight plan
Figure 1-107
selected as shown in Figure 1-
107. Pressing the MAP VIEW Softkey will return to the previous map
view display.
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Flight Plan Operation
FUEL FLOW
If the KMD 250 is installed in
conjunction with a fuel flow
monitor, the actual fuel flow
and estimated fuel usage cal-
culations will be displayed in
white as in Figure 1-107. This
will allow the KMD 250 to cal-
culate the fuel flow for each leg
of the flight plan based on cur-
rent ground speed. If no fuel
flow monitor is used, the value
may be entered manually by
using the Joystick to select the
FFLOW field. Use the Rotary
Knob to enter the desired
value. User entered values,
and calculations based on user
entered data are displayed in
yellow as seen in Figure 1-108.
Figure 1-108
NOTE: Fuel flow values can
only be entered manually on
the ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN
Page if no fuel flow monitor is
installed.
Figure 1-109
DIS
Distance En Route
DTK
ESA
ETA
ETE
FUEL
Desired Track
CHANGING THE DATA
En Route Safe Altitude
Estimated Time of Arrival
Estimated Time En Route
Estimated Fuel En Route
COLUMNS
The three data columns can be
changed to reflect various types
of information for each leg. To
change the columns perform the
following steps.
Leg Dis Leg Distance
Leg Fuel Estimated Leg Fuel
Leg MSA Leg Minimum Safe Altitude
Leg Time Estimated Leg Time
Sunrise Sunrise Time
1. Press
the
CHANGE
FIELDS Softkey to display
Figure 1-109.
Sunset
Sunset Time
2. Move the Joystick horizon-
tally to select the desired data column (in this case the first column).
3. Turn the Rotary Knob to select one of the available options from the
list. Each field can be customized to display any of the following:
4. Press the DONE Softkey when finished and the columns will now
display the selected data options.
Pressing the RESTORE DEFAULT Softkey to change the columns back
to the factory settings.
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Flight Plan Operation
CREATING A FLIGHT
PLAN
A maximum of 99 flight plans
may be stored in the KMD 250.
Each flight plan may contain up
to 99 waypoints. To create a
new flight plan, perform the fol-
lowing steps.
1. Press the FPL Key to
toggle to the FLIGHT PLAN
INDEX Page. Initially, if no
flight plans have been stored,
the display will appear as
shown in Figure 1-110.
2. Press the NEW FPL
Softkey to display the STORED
FLIGHT PLAN Page as seen
in Figure 1-111. The first way-
point in the flight plan can be
entered using the Joystick
Pointer and selecting a point
on the map or by entering an
identifier.
To enter an identifier, turn the
Rotary Knob and the WAYPO-
INT ENTRY window will be dis-
played as in Figure 1-112. Use
the Rotary Knob to enter the
desired starting waypoint in the
same manner as discussed in
previous procedures.
Figure 1-110
Figure 1-111
Figure 1-112
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Flight Plan Operation
Press the OK Softkey and the
first waypoint is entered in the
list as shown in Figure 1-113.
To select the waypoint using
the Joystick Pointer, press the
USE STICK Softkey. Using
the Joystick, move the pointer
to the desired place on the map
as in Figure 1-114. Press the
INSERT WPT Softkey to enter
the waypoint in the list.
3. Continue entering way-
points using either method until
the flight plan is complete.
Press the DONE Softkey and
the flight plan will be entered
on the FLIGHT PLAN INDEX
Page as shown in Figure 1-
115.
Figure 1-113
Figure 1-114
Figure 1-115
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Flight Plan Operation
4. To start using the flight
plan press the USE Softkey.
Figure 1-116 will be displayed.
5. Press the OK Softkey to
activate the flight plan as
shown in Figure 1-117.
ACTIVATING A STORED
FLIGHT PLAN
Perform the following steps to
activate a flight plan that has
been stored in the KMD 250.
Figure 1-116
Figure 1-117
Figure 1-118
1. Press the FPL Key to dis-
play the FLIGHT PLAN INDEX
Page as seen in Figure 1-118.
Note that the current active
flight plan is displayed in
magenta with an arrow at the
top of the list stored flight
plans.
2. Use the Joystick to select
the desired flight plan in the list.
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Flight Plan Operation
3. Press the USE Softkey and
Figure 1-119 will be displayed.
4. Press the OK Softkey to
use the selected flight plan. If
desired, the selected flight plan
can be navigated in reverse by
pressing the INVERT Softkey.
The selected flight plan will now
be displayed on the ACTIVE
FLIGHT PLAN Page as in
Figure 1-120.
Figure 1-119
5. Press the DONE Softkey to
return to the FLIGHT PLAN
INDEX Page.
Figure 1-120
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Flight Plan Operation
EDITING A STORED
FLIGHT PLAN
To edit the active or a stored
flight plan, begin by pressing
the FPL Key to display the
FLIGHT PLAN INDEX Page as
seen in Figure 1-121. Press
the EDIT/REVIEW Softkey to
display Figure 1-122. Now var-
ious editing parameters may be
accomplished as in the fol-
lowing discussions.
Figure 1-121
Figure 1-122
Figure 1-123
Pressing the COPY Softkey will
allow the selected flight plan to
be copied for editing while not
changing the original.
DELETING A WAYPOINT IN
THE FLIGHT PLAN
To delete a waypoint in the
flight plan, perform the fol-
lowing steps.
1. Use the Joystick to select
the waypoint to be deleted in
list on the left of the display.
2. Press the DELETE WPT
Softkey to display Figure 1-
123. Press the OK Softkey to
delete the waypoint.
3. Press the DONE Softkey
to return to the FLIGHT PLAN
INDEX Page.
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Flight Plan Operation
INSERTING A WAYPOINT IN
THE FLIGHT PLAN
To insert a waypoint in the flight
plan, perform the following
steps.
1. Use the Joystick to select
a waypoint in list to which the
new waypoint will be inserted
before or after (in this case
OTM) as shown in Figure 1-
124.
Figure 1-124
2. Select the new waypoint
with one of the following
methods.
To enter an identifier, turn the
Rotary Knob and the WAYPO-
INT ENTRY window will be dis-
played as in Figure 1-125. Use
the Rotary Knob to enter the
desired waypoint (KTVK) in the
same manner as discussed in
previous procedures. Press
the OK Softkey and the way-
point is entered before OTM as
shown in Figure 1-126.
Figure 1-125
Figure 1-126
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Flight Plan Operation
To select the waypoint using
the Joystick Pointer, press the
USE STICK Softkey. Using
the Joystick, move the pointer
to the desired place (KTVK) on
the map as in Figure 1-127.
Press the INSERT BEFORE or
INSERT AFTER Softkey to
enter the waypoint before or
after the waypoint selected in
the list as seen in Figure 1-128.
Figure 1-127
Figure 1-128
Figure 1-129
3. Press the RESET STICK
Softkey and the new waypoint
will be displayed in the flight
plan as in Figure 1-129.
4. Press the DONE Softkey
to return to the FLIGHT PLAN
INDEX Page.
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Flight Plan Operation
CHANGING THE NAME OF
THE FLIGHT PLAN
The name of the flight plan can
be changed from either the
STORED FLIGHT PLAN or
ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN Pages
while in FPL Map View or FPL
Data View.
To change the name of the
flight plan, perform the fol-
lowing steps.
Figure 1-130
1. Use the Joystick to select
the flight plan name as shown
in Figure 1-130.
2. Turn the Rotary Knob one
increment and the flight plan
name will shift to the left with
the first character highlighted
as in Figure 1-131.
Figure 1-131
3. Use the Rotary Knob to
enter the desired first character
for the new waypoint name.
4. Use the Joystick to select
the next character field.
5. Use the Rotary Knob to
enter the next desired char-
acter for the new waypoint
name. Continue until the
desired name is entered as
seen in Figure 1-132.
Figure 1-132
Pressing the DEFAULT NAME
Softkey will cause the flight plan name to revert back to name previously
given by KMD 250. Pressing the CLEAR NAME Softkey will delete all
characters in the flight plan name field allowing different characters to be
entered.
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Flight Plan Operation
6. Press the OK Softkey and
the new name will shift back to
the center as in Figure 1-133.
7. Press the DONE Softkey
and the new flight plan name
will be displayed in the list of
flight plans as shown in Figure
1-134.
DELETING A STORED
FLIGHT PLAN
Figure 1-133
Figure 1-134
Figure 1-135
To delete a flight plan, perform
the following steps.
1. Press the FPL Key until
the FLIGHT PLAN INDEX
Page is displayed as shown in
Figure 1-134.
2. Use the Joystick to select
the flight plan name.
3. Press
the
DELETE
Softkey and Figure 1-135 will
be displayed.
4. Press the OK Softkey and
the flight plan will be deleted.
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Flight Plan Operation
DELETING THE ACTIVE
FLIGHT PLAN
To delete the active flight plan
perform the following steps:
1. Press the FPL Key until the
FLIGHT PLAN INDEX Page is
displayed as shown in Figure
1-136. Note that the active
flight plan is highlighted in
magenta.
Figure 1-136
2. Press the DELETE Softkey
and Figure 1-137 will be dis-
played to verify the deletion of
the active flight plan.
3. Press the OK Softkey to
delete the active flight plan. As
shown in Figure 1-138, the
active flight plan is no longer
displayed. Note also that the
previously active flight plan has
not been deleted from the list of
stored flight plans.
NOTE: If the active flight plan
has not been stored prior to
deleting, press the COPY
Softkey to store a copy of the
active flight plan before
pressing the DELETE Softkey.
Figure 1-137
Figure 1-138
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Flight Plan Operation
USING DIRECT-TO IN THE ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN
Sometimes it may be desirable to proceed directly to a waypoint in a
flight plan or a specific leg in a flight plan. For example, after takeoff in a
terminal area, vectors may be given followed by a clearance directly to
the first waypoint in the filed flight plan or to intercept a particular leg in
the filed flight plan. A Direct-To can be performed to the waypoint or to
the flight plan leg. After reaching the waypoint or leg the KMD 250 will
automatically begin navigating the active flight plan. If waypoints exist in
the flight plan prior to that which the Direct-To is established, these way-
points will be bypassed. If a Direct-To is established to a waypoint not in
the flight plan, the navigation of the active flight plan will not resume after
the Direct-To waypoint is reached.
NOTE: Remember, the internal GPS of the KMD 250 is not certified for
IFR operation. Navigation of ATC clearances on the KMD 250 can only
be done as a backup to the primary navigation system.
PROCEEDING DIRECT-TO
AN ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN
WAYPOINT
To do a Direct-To to a way-
point within an active flight plan
perform the following steps.
1. Press the Direct-To Key to
display Figure 1-139.
2. Use the Joystick to scan
Figure 1-139
Figure 1-140
the waypoints in the active
flight plan.
3. When the desired waypoint
is displayed, press the
ACTIVATE Softkey and the
Map will again be displayed as
in Figure 1-140. Note the
Direct-To is now plotted from
aircraft’s present position to the
waypoint.
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Flight Plan Operation
4. The Direct-To will also be
denoted on the ACTIVE
FLIGHT PLAN Page. Press
the FPL Key and note the
change in the magenta arrow
in the waypoint list indicates a
Direct-To the waypoint as
shown in Figure 1-141.
After the waypoint is reached,
the KMD 250 will navigate the
remainder of the active flight
plan.
Figure 1-141
MANUALLY SELECTING AN
ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN LEG
To select a specific leg within
an active flight plan perform the
following steps.
1. Press the Direct-To Key to
display the Direct-To window
as shown previously in Figure
1-139 .
Figure 1-142
2. Press the Direct-To Key a
second time to display Figure
1-142.
3. Use the Joystick to scan
the flight plan legs.
4. When the desired leg is
displayed, press the ACTI-
VATE Softkey and the Map will
again be displayed as in Figure
1-143. Note the airplane is
navigating to intercept the
selected flight plan leg.
Figure 1-143
After the leg is intercepted, the KMD 250 will provide navigation guid-
ance the remainder of the active flight plan.
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Flight Plan Operation
DELETING A DIRECT-TO
WITHIN THE ACTIVE
FLIGHT PLAN
If it becomes necessary to
delete a Direct-To in an active
flight plan (as seen in Figure 1-
140), perform the following
steps:
1. Press the Direct-To Key to
display Figure 1-144.
Figure 1-144
Figure 1-145
2. Press
the
DELETE
DIRECT Softkey to display
Figure 1-145.
3. Press the OK Softkey.
The Map will again be dis-
played with guidance to inter-
cept and resume the active
flight plan as shown in Figure
1-146.
Figure 1-146
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Flight Plan Operation
USING OBS COURSE MODE IN THE ACTIVE FLIGHT
PLAN
It may also be desirable to proceed directly to a waypoint in a flight plan
on a specific bearing. An OBS Course can be set to the waypoint. If
Automatic Leg Sequencing (see Appendix A) is enabled, after reaching
the waypoint the KMD 250 will automatically begin navigating the next
leg in the active flight plan. If Automatic Leg Sequencing is disabled, the
aircraft will overfly the waypoint and continue on the selected course. If
waypoints exist in the flight plan prior to that which the OBS Course is
established, these waypoints will be bypassed. If an OBS Course is
established to a waypoint not in the flight plan, the navigation of the
active flight plan will not resume after the waypoint is reached.
SETTING AN OBS COURSE
TO AN ACTIVE FLIGHT
PLAN WAYPOINT
To set an OBS Course to a
waypoint within an active flight
plan perform the following
steps.
1. Press the Direct-To Key to
display Figure 1-147.
2. Use the Joystick to scan
the waypoints in the active
flight plan.
3. When the desired waypoint
is displayed, press the OBS
COURSE Softkey to display
Figure 1-148. Enter the
desired bearing “to” or “from”
the waypoint.
Figure 1-147
Figure 1-148
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Flight Plan Operation
4. Use the Joystick to high-
light the Auto Leg Seq. field
as shown in Figure 1-149.
5. Use the Rotary Knob to
select Enabled. With Auto
Leg Sequencing enabled the
remaining portion of the flight
plan will automatically resume
after passing the waypoint.
6. Press the ACTIVATE
Softkey to start navigating the
OBS Course. The selected
course will be displayed as the
active portion of the flight plan
as seen in Figure 1-150.
Figure 1-149
Figure 1-150
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Flight Plan Operation
DELETING AN OBS
COURSE WITHIN THE
ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN
If it becomes necessary to
cancel the selected OBS
Course in an active flight plan
(as seen in Figure 1-150), per-
form the following steps:
1. Press the Direct-To Key to
display Figure 1-151.
Figure 1-151
2. Press
the
DELETE
DIRECT Softkey and Figure 1-
152 will be displayed.
3. Press the OK Softkey to
confirm the deletion. The map
will now display the active flight
plan in Leg Mode as shown on
Figure 1-153.
Figure 1-152
Figure 1-153
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Flight Plan Operation
TRIP PLANNING USING
PRESENT POSITION
For planning purposes the
internal calculator can be used
to determine such things as
time, distance and required fuel
to waypoints, for another flight
plan or for modifications to the
active flight plan. This is done
by inserting the aircraft’s prese-
nt position into a desired sce-
nario and using the data view
of the Active Flight Plan Page
and selecting the desired data
columns to present the needed
information.
Figure 1-154
Figure 1-155
The following example illus-
trates checking time, distance
and required fuel to KDSM
while navigating a flight plan
from KIXD to KOSH as shown
on Figure 1-154.
1. Perform the following
steps to create a new flight
plan as previously discussed.
2. Enter the desired destina-
tion (in this case KDSM) using
the Rotary Knob as shown in
Figure 1-155.
3. Press the OK Softkey to
display Figure 1-156.
Figure 1-156
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Flight Plan Operation
4. Use the Joystick to high-
light the destination identifier as
shown in Figure 1-157.
5. Turn the Rotary Knob one
increment to display Figure 1-
158.
6. Press the INSERT PPOS
Softkey and the aircraft’s
present position will be inserted
before the selected identifier as
seen in Figure 1-159. ETA,
distance and required fuel to
KDSM are now displayed in the
data columns based on current
ground speed and fuel flow
(FFLOW) value indicated.
Figure 1-157
Inserting the aircraft’s present
position in the flight plan is just
like inserting any other way-
point in the flight plan except
the position continually
updates.
Figure 1-158
Figure 1-159
Note the ground speed and fuel
flow values shown in Figure 1-
159 indicate actual values by
being displayed in white. Fuel
flow is taken from a fuel flow
monitor and GPS ground
speed is being used.
7. If desired, press the
CHANGE FIELDS Softkey to
change the data columns as
discussed previously to view
other calculated data for the destination.
8. If desired, both the ground speed (GNDSPD) and fuel flow (FFLOW)
can be changed to a user defined number to view various “what if” sce-
narios.
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Flight Plan Operation
9. To change the ground
speed as in Figure 1-60, Use
the Joystick to place the cursor
in the desired field. Use the
Rotary Knob to enter the
desired values. Note the
changes to the ETA and FUEL.
Yellow indicates user entered
data and data calculated from
user entered data.
Figure 1-160
Figure 1-161
10. With the cursor over the
GNDSPD value, press the USE
ACTUAL Softkey to return the
ground speed to the actual
GPS ground speed as shown
in Figure 1-161. Note also that
the ETA and FUEL values
have also returned to actual
values.
Fuel flow (FFLOW) values can
be changed in the same
manner as ground speed. Fuel
flow and ground speed can
also be changed in conjunction with one another to work out different
scenarios.
NOTE: If the KMD 250 is not interfaced with a functioning fuel flow mon-
itor, the fuel values will always be displayed in yellow.
11. Press the DONE Softkey to return to the FLIGHT PLAN INDEX
Page. The flight plan created in this process can now be deleted if no
longer needed.
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System Setup
SYSTEM SETUP
This portion of the manual is
designed to provide step by
step instructions for the setup
of the KMD 250. Note that not
all features discussed here are
available in all installations. If
an item is not available it will
appear “grayed out” and will not
be selectable.
Figure 1-162
MAP SETUP
1. Press the MENU Key to
display Figure 1-162. Press
the MAP SETUP Softkey to
display Figure 1-163. Use the
Joystick to select the desired
field and turn the Rotary Knob
to make the desired changes.
Pressing the OVLY SETUP
Softkey will go directly to
OVERLAYS GROUP Page for
selection of map overlays as
discussed later in Map Setup.
Figure 1-163
Orientation: Set either in Track Up, North Up or Heading Up.
Extended TRK: Turns on or off the extended track line, which is drawn
ahead of the present position in the direction of the present track.
Range Rings: Turns range rings on or off on the map.
Airport Settings: Selectable airport filtering for display on the map.
Min Rwy Len: Minimum Runway Length allows the display of airports
on the map based on minimum runway length. This can be set to Any or
1000 ft to 5000 ft in 100 foot increments.
Surface: Allows the display of airports on the map based on Any sur-
face or Hard surface only.
Label: May be set to display the airport on the map with ICAO identifier,
the airport Name or City.
All settings on MAP SETTINGS GROUP 1 affect all map displays for all
functions. Settings on GROUP 2 through 6 affects only the displays for
the currently viewed function.
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System Setup
2. Press the NEXT GROUP
Softkey to display the AVIATI-
ON ICON GROUP Page as in
Figure 1-164.
VFR Map aviation related icons
are shown with corresponding
definitions.
The next series of menus
allows customizing of the Map
Displays to show the amount of
data desired for ease of read-
ability at various display
ranges.
Figure 1-164
Figure 1-165
Figure 1-166
The maximum range settings
at which the ICON, LINE
and/or TEXT is displayed on
the map may be selected for
each category.
Use the
Joystick to select the desired
field and turn the Rotary Knob
to change the setting.
3. Press the NEXT GROUP
Softkey to display the AVIATI-
ON LINE GROUP Page as in
Figure 1-165.
VFR Map aviation related lines
are shown with corresponding
definitions.
The database filters airspace
first by class, then by type. If
the class is not known and the
type does not fit into one of the
categories, it will be displayed
as Unknown.
Other SUA types are Radar
Area, Alert, Caution, Training, Warning or Unspecified.
Again, use the Joystick to select the desired field and turn the Rotary
Knob to change the setting.
NOTE: Class A, E, F and G airspace will not be shown in the United
States, but are in the international data.
4. Press the NEXT GROUP Softkey to display the LAND ICON
GROUP Page as in Figure 1-166.
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System Setup
VFR Map land related icons
are shown with corresponding
definitions.
As before, use the Joystick to
select the desired field and turn
the Rotary Knob to change the
setting.
5. Press the NEXT GROUP
Softkey to display the second
LAND LINE GROUP Page as
in Figure 1-167.
Figure 1-167
Again, use the Joystick to
select the desired field and turn
the Rotary Knob to change the
setting.
6. Press the NEXT GROUP
or OVLY SETUP Softkey to
display the OVERLAYS
GROUP Page as in Figure 1-
168.
Overlay icons are shown with
corresponding definitions.
Figure 1-168
NOTE: Some functions may not
be available in certain installations. Unavailable functions will appear
gray with dashes for values and will not be selectable.
If Stormscope, a Traffic Avoidance System and/or Flight Information
Services have been installed, control of how the data is displayed (or not
displayed) on the map is accomplished on this page. The maximum
range settings at which the ICON and TEXT is displayed on the map
may be selected for each function. Use the Joystick to select the desired
field and turn the Rotary Knob to change the setting.
7. Press the DONE Softkey when Map Setup is complete.
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System Setup
NAVIGATION SETUP
1. Press the MENU Key to
display Figure 1-169.
2. Press the AUX MENU
Softkey to display Figure 1-
170.
3. Use the Joystick to select
Navigation Setup then press
the SELECT Softkey to display
the first the NAV DATA SET-
TINGS Page as in Figure 1-
171.
4. Use the Joystick to select
the desired item and use the
Rotary Knob to change the
value.
Figure 1-169
Figure 1-170
Figure 1-171
Current NAV Source
:
Used to select the naviga-
tion source in units with the
optional internal GPS. Can be
set to Internal GPS or
External. Options are depen-
dent on installation configura-
tion.
AutoNav
: If the KMD 250
is installed to
function with an external GPS
source, such as a KLN 94, and
KMD 250 has the optional
internal GPS, the system is
capable of automatically
switching from the external
GPS source to the internal
GPS when situations dictate.
When AutoNav is enabled, this
allows the system to prompt the user for a change in navigation source if
valid position data is not being received from the external source. The
flight plan will be copied from the external navigation source to the KMD
250 active flight plan. Navigation displayed will be limited to VFR only as
annunciated by INTERNAL VFR GPS. Options are dependent on instal-
lation configuration.
CDI Scale: Used to set the sensitivity of the Course Deviation Indicator
when being viewed in a Data Field. Options are 5nm, 1nm or .3nm.
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System Setup
NOTE: The 0.3 nm scale could result in overly active roll performance
depending upon the particular autopilot installation. Use of the 1 nm or 5
nm CDI scale may be preferred during autopilot operation.
Time Zone: Selection determines the time displayed in any time related
Data Field. The next line gives a description of the abbreviation and the
offset from UTC time. When Local Time is selected the UTC offset field
will be an entry field to input the local offset value. The following is a list
of the available Time Zone options:
UTC
GST
GDT
ATS
ATD
EST
EDT
CST
CDT
MST
Coordinated Universal Time/Zulu
Greenland Standard Time UTC-3
Greenland Daylight Time UTC-2
Atlantic Standard Time
Atlantic Daylight Time
Eastern Standard Time
Eastern Daylight Time
Central Standard Time
Central Daylight Time
UTC-4
UTC-3
UTC-5
UTC-4
UTC-6
UTC-5
Mountain Standard Time UTC-7
MDT Mountain Daylight Time
UTC-6
PST
PDT
AKS
Pacific Standard Time
Pacific Daylight Time
Alaska Standard Time
UTC-8
UTC-7
UTC-9
AKD Alaska Daylight Time
UTC-8
HAS
Hawaii Standard Time
UTC-10
HAD Hawaii Daylight Time
UTC-9
SST
SDT
LCL
Samoa Standard Time
Samoa Daylight Time
Local Time
UTC-11
UTC-10
User entered in 1/2 hour increments
Magnetic Variation: The magnetic variation used for navigation calcula-
tions. Options are Auto, Manual or External depending on installation
configuration. When Manual is selected, the offset can be entered using
the Rotary Knob.
5. Press the NEXT Softkey to
display the second NAV DATA
SETTINGS Page as in Figure
1-172.
Position Format: Determines
whether position information is
displayed with reference to
Lat/Lon (Latitude/Longitude),
UTM (Universal Transverse
Mercator) or OSGB (Ordinance
Survey of Great Britain) in the
Figure 1-172
PPOS Data Field. This will also
affect the PBRG and PDIS data when the Joystick Pointer is active.
Note: OSGB is only defined for Great Britain.
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System Setup
Near Pos Format: Determines parameters used to display the near
position reporting when viewed in a Data Field. Can be set to
Airports+VORs, VORs only or All data.
Turn Anticipation: When turned on, turn guidance to a new course is
provided along an arc.
SUA Alerting: When turned on, a Special Use Airspace Alert Message
will be annunciated when the aircraft is approximately 10 minutes or two
miles from entering the airspace.
SUA Alerting Buffer: Defines the altitude boundary for the Special Use
Airspace at which the Alert Message is annunciated. Can be set from
300 feet to 59900 feet in 100 foot increments.
Default/WPT Char.: Defines the default first character displayed in way-
point data entry fields. Use the Rotary Knob to enter the desired
alphanumeric character.
6. Press the AUX MENU Softkey to return to the first NAV DATA SET-
TINGS Page. Now press the DONE Softkey to exit the setup.
DEMO MODE & SETUP
A great way to become familiar with all the features of the KMD 250 is to
use it’s built in Demo Mode. When the KMD 250 is in the Demo Mode, it
performs as if it is receiving adequate sensor signals to use the various
functions. Units without the optional internal GPS, a pre-programmed
flight plan determined by the database type being used can be navi-
gated. Units containing the optional internal GPS can navigate any user
programmed waypoints or flight plans.
In order for the KMD 250 to function in the Demo Mode it must be used
in conjunction with a product such as the Commander 2900 from Lone
Star Aviation.
For more information on the Commander 2900-KMD 250, or to place an
order, contact:
Lone Star Aviation, Inc.
604 Wisteria Street
Mansfield, TX 76063
Phone: (682) 518-8882
FAX: (682) 518-8831
www.lonestaraviation.com
The KMD 250 is automatically put into Demo Mode when it is used with
a Commander 2900. In addition, an authorized Honeywell Service
Center may also arrange for you to put the KMD 250 into Demo Mode by
grounding the appropriate pin at the back of the unit while it is removed
from the aircraft and is connected to an appropriate power supply. The
KMD 250 must never be put into the Demo Mode when it is installed in
the aircraft.
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System Setup
After power-up is complete
Figure 1-173 will be displayed.
Press the DEMO MODE
Softkey and Figure 1-174 will
be displayed. Press the OK
Softkey to acknowledge the
caution.
Press the OK Softkey to
acknowledge the next caution
displays as in previous discus-
sions.
Figure 1-173
DEMO MODE FOR NON-GPS
VERSIONS
If KMD 250 does not have the
optional internal GPS it will
begin navigating a simulated
flight plan that is stored on
each of the three different
types of data cards as shown
in Table 1-4.
In this example the AMR data-
Figure 1-174
base is installed, therefore,
Figure 1-175 shows the pre-programmed flight plan for KIXD to KOSH.
Database Type
AMR (Americas)
PAI (Pacific International)
ATI (Atlantic International)
Starting Waypoint Destination Waypoint
KIXD
YSSY
EGHD
KOSH
YBBN
EGNJ
Table 1-4 Demo flight plan Waypoints
The system defaults for Demo
Mode will automatically start
the demo at the beginning way-
point for the flight plan stored in
the data card. The simulated
flight will be at an altitude of
2000 feet and groundspeed will
be 135 knots. Track and
heading will be equal.
Figure 1-175
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System Setup
DEMO MODE FOR GPS
VERSIONS
If the KMD 250 contains the
optional internal GPS, way-
points and flight plans may be
created, stored and navigated
in the Demo Mode. After
entering Demo Mode refer to
previous discussions for opera-
tion of the KMD 250.
Figure 1-176
Figure 1-177
Figure 1-178
CHANGING DEMO MODE
SETTINGS
To modify the Demo Mode set-
tings, perform the following
steps:
1. Press the MENU Key to dis-
play the AUX MENU Softkey
as in Figure 1-176.
2. Press the AUX MENU
Softkey to display Figure 1-
177. If necessary, use the
Joystick to highlight Demo
Mode Setup as shown.
3. Press the SELECT Softkey
to display Figure 1-178. In ver-
sions without the optional
internal GPS, the default Mode
setting is Auto. When Auto is
selected, all other parameters
will be “grayed out”. To change
the other parameters, turn the
Rotary Knob to select Manual
in the Mode field. The Joystick
may now be used to select the
desired field. Turn the Rotary Knob to enter the desired values.
In versions containing the optional internal GPS, Mode is not available
and all fields are selectable and editable.
4. When finished making changes, press the RESTART DEMO Softkey
to begin the demo using the new parameters.
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System Setup
SOFTWARE VERSIONS
The current unit software ver-
sion may be checked by per-
forming the following steps:
1. Press the MENU Key to dis-
play the AUX MENU Softkey
as in Figure 1-176.
2. Press the AUX MENU
Softkey to display Figure 1-
179. If necessary, use the
Joystick to highlight Software
Versions as shown.
3. Press the SELECT Softkey
to display Figure 1-180.
Figure 1-180
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System Setup
DATABASE VERSIONS
The current database version
may be checked by performing
the following steps:
1. Press the MENU Key to dis-
play the AUX MENU Softkey as
in Figure 1-176.
2. Press the AUX MENU
Softkey to display Figure 1-181.
If necessary, use the Joystick to
highlight Database Versions as
shown.
Figure 1-181
3. Press the SELECT Softkey
to display Figure 1-182.
NOTE: For a VDL installation,
if a new datacard is not
installed before the date shown
under SUBSCRIPTION DATA,,
the KMD 250 will no longer
receive FIS subscriptions even
if the FIS subscriptions are cur-
rent. A new datacard is only
required on initial XM installa-
tions, not for later database
updates.
Figure 1-182
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Map Display Icons
MAP DISPLAY ICONS
The following table shows the map display icons and their meanings:
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Datacards
DATACARDS
DATA AREAS
Honeywell produces three datacards based on the ICAO/ARINC geo-
graphic areas for the KMD 250 that cover the entire world. Each card for
each area contains the operating software, the appropriate Jeppesen
aeronautical data, cartographic data and topological data to a high reso-
lution. Also included is a low resolution map of the rest of the world.
The ten ICAO/ARINC areas along with their three letter identifiers are:
AFR Africa
EUR Europe
PAC Pacific
USA USA
CAN Canada
LAM Latin America
SAM South America
EEU Eastern Europe
MES Middle East
SPA South Pacific
These areas are combined to produce three data cards covering the
entire world that contain the following data:
AMR Americas - comprising CAN, USA, LAM, SAM
ATI
Atlantic International - comprising EUR, AFR, EEU, MES
PAI Pacific International - comprising PAC, SPA, EEU, MES
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Datacards
INSERTING A NEW
DATACARD
Each KMD 250 Database cycle
will result in the necessity to
load a new database when
using the database subscripti-
on service. This is done by
inserting a new datacard.
NOTE: Since all user way-
points and flight plans are
stored on the datacard, it will
be necessary to transfer this
data to the new datacard.
The following displays depict
those seen on a KMD 250 con-
taining the internal GPS.
Figure 1-183
Figure 1-184
Figure 1-185
To change the datacard follow
these steps:
1. Turn off the KMD 250.
2. Push in the datacard until it
clicks, then release. The data-
card should now slide straight
out.
3. With the new card facing
upward, as indicated on it’s
label, insert the new datacard
until it clicks. The new data-
card is now locked in place.
4. Turn the unit on and, if
necessary, wait for the new
software to load.
5. Figure 1-183 will be dis-
played to allow flight plans and
waypoints stored on the previous datacard to be moved to the new data-
card. Press the YES Softkey to move stored data. Other wise press the
NO Softkey.
6. After pressing the YES Softkey, Figure 1-184 will be displayed. As
directed, remove the new datacard and re-insert the old datacard.
7. When Figure 1-185 is displayed re-insert the new datacard.
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Datacards
8. The flight plans and way-
points are now written to the
new card as shown in Figure 1-
186. Press the OK Softkey.
NOTE: In units that do not
contain the internal GPS, refer-
ences to flight plans will not be
displayed. For example the
title of the window in Figure 1-
186 will be “USER WAYPOINT
DATA STORED”.
Figure 1-186
Figure 1-187
Figure 1-188
TRANSFERRING DATA
BETWEEN DATACARDS
User stored data such as flight
plans and waypoints can be
moved between datacards.
The following displays depict
those seen on a KMD 250 con-
taining the internal GPS.
STORE CURRENT USER
DATA ON ANOTHER DATA-
CARD
To move from one datacard to
another, perform the following
steps:
1. Press the MENU Key.
2. Press the AUX MENU
Softkey to display Figure 1-
187. Use the Joystick to high-
light User FPL Save/Load as
shown.
3. Press the SELECT Softkey to display Figure 1-188.
4. If necessary, use the Joystick to highlight Store current user data
on another datacard.
5. Press the SELECT Softkey.
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Datacards
6. When Figure 1-189 is dis-
played, insert the datacard to
which the data will be copied.
7. After the datacard is
inserted, the data will be copied
and Figure 1-190 will displayed
indicating the data was copied
successfully.
8. Re-insert the original data-
card.
Figure 1-189
Figure 1-190
Figure 1-191
NOTE: In units that do not con-
tain the internal GPS, refer-
ences to flight plans will not be
displayed. For example the
title of the window in Figure 1-
190 will be “USER WAYPOINT
DATA STORED”.
RETRIEVE USER DATA
FROM ANOTHER DATA-
CARD
To move from one datacard to
another, perform the following
steps:
1. Press the MENU Key.
2. Press the AUX MENU
Softkey to display Figure 1-
191. Use the Joystick to high-
light User FPL Save/Load as
shown.
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Datacards
3. Press
the
SELECT
Softkey to display Figure 1-
192.
4. If necessary, use the
Joystick to highlight Read user
data from another datacard.
5. Press
the
SELECT
Softkey.
6. When Figure 1-193 is dis-
played, insert the datacard
containing the data to be
copied.
7. After the datacard is
inserted, the data will be read
and Figure 1-194 will displayed
indicating the data is ready to
be copied.
Figure 1-192
Figure 1-193
Figure 1-194
Figure 1-195
8. Re-insert the original data-
card that will receive the data.
9. Figure 1-195 will be dis-
played indicating data on the
datacard will be overwritten.
10. Press the OK Softkey to
overwrite.
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Datacards
11. Figure 1-196 will be dis-
played showing that the data
has been stored on the data-
card.
12. Press the OK Softkey to
continue.
NOTE: In units that do not con-
tain the internal GPS, refer-
ences to flight plans will not be
displayed. For example the title
of the window in Figure 1-195
will be “STORING USER WAY-
POINT DATA”.
Figure 1-196
DATABASE INFORMATION
Due to Honeywell’s policy of continual development and routine data-
base updates, new VDL datacards will become available every 28 days.
As a registered owner of a KMD 250, you will be offered a 1/3/6/12
monthly datacard subscription.
DATABASE CYCLE INFORMATION
Keeping the database current in the KMD 250 is the user’s responsibility.
Honeywell maintains its VDL databases to be current at all times to the
latest Jeppesen 28-day data cycle.
For VDL database subscriptions and FIS subscriptions, contact
Wingman Services at the following numbers:
1-800-247-0230 if calling within the United States or Canada
(913) 712-3145 if calling from outside the United States or Canada
(913) 712-3904 FAX
e-mail: [email protected]
Visit Wingman Services at www.bendixking.com
For XM subscriptions, contact XM Radio at 1-800-985-9200 or
www.xmradio.com/weather.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Introduction
SECTION 2
FIS VDL OR XM OPERATION
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT OF OPERATION
The Flight Information Services (FIS) system supplies real-time weather
information and other flight advisory information to pilots to enhance situ-
ation awareness.
FIS is not intended to replace voice radio services. Voice communication
of weather and meteorological information, in accordance with FAA
operating rules, is still required.
Real-time weather is available 24 hours / day, 7 days / week. Two dif-
ferent systems are available for delivery of the weather data: a ground-
based VHF Datalink (VDL) network and Baron WxWorx weather deliv-
ered via the XM Radio satellite system. Data acquired from FAA
approved weather sources is processed and then distributed to VDL
Ground Stations and to the XM satellite network. The Ground Stations
broadcast the information over a VHF Data Link (VDL) to aircraft within
line-of-sight utilizing VDL mode 2 transmitters at a bit rate up to 31.5
kbps. The XM satellite network uses two geosynchronous satellites to
broadcast network weather to aircraft at S-band (2.3 GHz) frequencies.
This diagram illustrates how FIS VDL data is received in the aircraft.
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2-1
Introduction
See our website at www.bendixking.com for VDL network status and
coverage. Continuous coverage of most of the continental US is possible
at altitudes as low as 5,000 ft. AGL, except for regions of precipitous ter-
rain. As with all VHF communications, the line-of-sight range increases
with altitude. However, there is no appreciable increase in coverage
above 17,500 ft MSL. The following illustration shows how altitude influ-
ences FIS VDL coverage.
The following diagram illustrates how XM Wx data is received in the air-
craft.
The XM Satellite Radio weather system provides continuous coverage
down to ground level over the entire continental United States. A good
view of the southern horizon must be available in order to receive at least
one of the two satellites.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Introduction
To receive FIS WX products, an aircraft must be equipped with a com-
patible VDL receiver (KDR 510) or XM receiver (KDR 610), dedicated
VHF antenna or satellite antenna, and appropriate display (KMD 250).
FIS VDL uses a one-way (ground-to-air) broadcast protocol. XM WX
uses one-way (satellite network to air) broadcast protocol. Data is con-
tinually broadcast without the need to request information, nor acknowl-
edge receipt.
Both basic (no-cost) and value added fee-based products are transmitted
by VDL. Basic VDL products are displayed using standard ICAO/WMO
textual format.
No-Cost VDL Subscription
Aviation Routine Weather Reports Aviation Routine Weather Reports
(METARs) (METARs)
Fee-Based XM Subscription
Aviation Selected Special Weather Reports Aviation Selected Special Weather Reports
(SPECIs)
(SPECIs)
Terminal Area Forecasts (TAFs)
Terminal Area Forecasts (TAFs)
Pilot Reports (PIREPs)
AIRMETs
AIRMETs
SIGMETs
SIGMETs
Convective SIGMETs
Alert Weather Watches (AWWs)
Convective SIGMETs
Fee-Based VDL Subscriptions
NEXRAD Base Reflectivity
NEXRAD Composite Reflectivity
Graphical METARs
Graphical METARs
Graphical AIRMETs
Graphical AIRMETs
Graphical SIGMETs
Graphical SIGMETs
Graphical Convective SIGMETs
Graphical Alert Weather Watches
Graphical Convective SIGMETs
The VDL ground station network repetitively broadcasts the same
product until either newer data is available or the information has
exceeded a pre-determined expiration time. Basic products are broad-
cast at least once every 5 minutes by the VDL system. Products are
broadcast once every 5 - 12 minutes (depending on the product) by the
XM system.
NOTE: Due to inherent delays, areas of coverage and relative age and
availability of the data that can be experienced, weather data cannot
be viewed as an absolute depiction of conditions at a specific location.
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2-3
Introduction
EQUIPMENT OVERVIEW
The Datalink Weather Function of the Bendix/King KMD 250 allows for
the display and control of textual and graphical weather information
received from the Bendix/King KDR 510 VDL Receiver or the KDR 610
XM satellite receiver. The choice of VDL or XM receiver is made during
installation. A single display can display only VDL weather or only XM
weather, not both.
This section describes the operation of the KMD 250 display and dis-
cusses the proper use of the displayed data for strategic weather plan-
ning.
The Bendix/King KMD 250 is shown below with the Text METAR Page
selected.
CAUTION
Datalink weather information is to be used as a strategic planning
tool for pilot decisions on avoiding inclement weather areas that
are beyond visual range or where poor visibility precludes visual
acquisition of inclement weather. Datalink weather information
may be used as follows:
a. To aid the pilot in situational awareness of hazardous meteo-
rological conditions.
b. As a cue to the pilot to communicate with the ATC controller,
AFSS specialist, Operator Dispatch, or Airline Operations Control
Center (AOCC) to get further information about the current meteo-
rological conditions. In no case should the pilot take any evasive
action based solely upon the datalink weather display.
The datalink weather information is intended for assistance in
strategic flight planning purposes only and lacks sufficient resolu-
tion and updating necessary for tactical maneuvering.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Introduction
DATALINK WEATHER FUNCTION STATUS ICONS
The Datalink Weather Function Status Icons are located in the lower left
of the display. They are used to indicate whether or not the KMD 250 is
currently receiving and/or displaying weather information. The following
table shows the various icons and their meanings:
VDL Icon
XM Icon
Colors
Description
Black on a cyan
No weather data is currently being
received but previously received data is
being displayed on the present page.
background.
Black on a cyan
background.
Weather data is currently being received
from a signal and displayed on the pre-
sent page. XM signal is weak.
Black on a cyan
background.
Weather data is currently being received
from a signal and displayed on the pre-
sent page. XM signal is marginal.
Black on a cyan
background.
Weather data is currently being received
from a signal and displayed on the pre-
sent page. XM signal is good.
Black on gray.
Black on gray.
Weather data not being received nor dis-
played on the present page.
Weather data is currently being received
from a signal but not displayed on the
present page.
Black on gray with
red slash
Fault with connection or data link radio.
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Introduction
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Basic Service Weather Products
BASIC SERVICE WEATHER PRODUCTS
The following is a discussion of weather products offered with the basic
no-fee VDL service. Accessing and navigating these services will be
discussed in detail later in this addendum.
All basic and value-added products (except those identified as VDL only)
can also be obtained through a single fee-based XM subscription ser-
vice.
METAR
A METAR (Aviation Routine Weather Report) describes the specific
weather conditions at a particular airport at a given time. The elements
of a METAR are in order as follows:
1. Type of report
2. ICAO station identifier
3. Date and time of issue
4. Modifier (AUTO if automated report or COR if corrected observation)
5. Wind
6. Visibility
7. Runway visual range (as required)
8. Weather phenomena
9. Sky condition
10. Temperature/dew point group
11. Altimeter
12. Remarks (as required)
METARs available within the selected range of the selected area will be
displayed up to a maximum of 25 reports. These reports are displayed
in an encoded textual format. METARs displayed graphically on the
map are offered through a subscription service.
NOTE: When a specific element of METAR data is not available, it is
omitted from the report. The user must know the sequence of data to
recognize omissions. METAR observations older than 120 minutes will
be discarded.
See the section on Understanding Textual Aviation Weather Reports, for
instructions on decoding textual METARs.
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Basic Service Weather Products
SPECI
A SPECI (Aviation Selected Special Weather Report) is related to the
METAR. SPECIs are issued when certain specific conditions or events
have been observed at a particular location, usually an airport. A SPECI
will contain the same elements as a METAR and will generally be issued
for the following reasons:
1. Sudden, extreme changes in wind speed and/or direction.
2. Changes in surface visibility, especially those that change the flying
category at the reporting site.
3. Changes in runway visibility above or below 2,400 feet.
4. Appearance or termination of significant weather or natural atmos-
pheric events such as tornados, waterspouts, funnel clouds, thun-
derstorms, squalls and volcanic eruptions.
5. Changes in precipitation intensity or form.
6. Changes to ceilings when previously reported ceilings were at or
below 3,000 feet, or the formation of a ceiling below 3,000 feet.
Also, new formation of cloud layers or other obscuring phenomenon
that occur below 1,000 feet.
7. Aircraft mishaps.
8. Other meteorological conditions that the agency or the observer
determine as critical.
Refer to the section on METARs for an explanation of the elements.
The element sequence and content will be the same as those in a
METAR report with the exception of the first element denoting report
type. “SPECI” will be seen in place of “METAR”.
NOTE: When a specific element of SPECI data is not available, it is
omitted from the report. The user must know the sequence of data to
recognize omissions. SPECI observations older than 120 minutes will
be discarded.
Basic service SPECIs are offered in the encoded textual format.
See the section on Understanding Textual Aviation Weather Reports, for
instructions on decoding textual METAR/SPECIs.
TAF
A TAF (Terminal Area Forecast) is a statement of expected meteorolog-
ical conditions at an airport during a specified period of time. Many
aspects of the TAF are the same as a METAR. Abbreviations are the
same as in a METAR with addition of a few more discussed later. Many
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Basic Service Weather Products
of the data elements are formatted as those in a METAR report. A TAF
will contain elements in the following order:
1. Type of report
2. ICAO station identifier
3. Date and time of issue
4. Date and time valid
5. Wind
6. Visibility
7. Weather phenomena
8. Sky conditions
9. Wind shear (as required)
10. Forecast weather change indicator
TAFs available within the selected range of the selected area will be dis-
played up to a maximum of 25 reports. These reports are displayed in
an encoded textual format.
NOTE: TAFs older than the forecast validity period are discarded.
Amended or corrected TAFs generated within the issuance period are
provided as soon as they are available, and the previous outdated TAF is
no longer transmitted.
See the section on Understanding Textual Aviation Weather Reports, for
instructions on decoding textual TAFs.
PIREP (VDL ONLY)
A PIREP (Pilot Weather Report) is an observation of conditions at a spe-
cific location or along a specific route. These conditions are reported by
pilots when communications are established with ground facilities such
EFAS, AFSS/FSS, ARTCC or ATC. Abbreviations are the same as in a
METAR. Pilots are encouraged to promptly volunteer these reports. A
PIREP will contain elements in the following order:
1. Type of message (urgent or routine)
2. Location in relation to an airport or VHF NAVAID
3. Time observed
4. Flight Level (may not always be present)
5. Type of aircraft (may not always be present)
6. Sky cover (may not always be present)
7. Weather conditions (may not always be present)
8. Temperature (may not always be present)
9. Wind direction and speed (may not always be present)
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10. Turbulence (may not always be present)
11. Icing (may not always be present)
12. Remarks (may not always be present)
PIREPs available within the selected range of the selected area will be
displayed up to a maximum of 25 reports. These reports are displayed
in an encoded textual format.
NOTE: PIREPs older than 120 minutes are discarded.
See the section on Understanding Textual Aviation Weather Reports, for
instructions on decoding textual PIREPs.
AIRMET
An AIRMET (Airman’s Meteorological Information) is an advisory of
significant weather that could be hazardous to single engine, light aircraft
and VFR pilots. However, parameters are such that the phenomena
does not require issuance of a SIGMET. AIRMETs address details
regarding IFR, extensive mountain obscuration, turbulence, strong sur-
face winds, icing and freezing levels. AIRMETs are considered wide-
spread because they must either be affecting or forecast to affect an
area at least 3,000 square miles. However, during the forecast period,
the actual affected area may be much smaller. AIRMETs are issued
every six hours and the maximum forecast period is 6 hours. An
AIRMET will contain elements in the following order:
1. Forecast Area
2. Report Type
3. Date and time issued
4. Report designation and reason for issuance
5. Validity period
6. Area of coverage
7. Weather phenomenon details.
These reports are displayed in an encoded textual format.
NOTE: AIRMETs may be issued up to 15 minutes prior to the start of the
validity period. The system will display the data age as zero until the start
of the validity period. AIRMETs older than 360 minutes are discarded.
Amended or corrected AIRMETs generated within the issuance period
are provided as soon as they are available, and the previous outdated
AIRMET is no longer transmitted.
When an AIRMET is cancelled, neither the original report nor the cance-
lation message can be displayed.
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Basic Service Weather Products
See the section on Understanding Textual Aviation Weather Reports, for
instructions on decoding textual AIRMETs.
SIGMET
A SIGMET (Significant Meteorological Information) is an advisory of non-
convective weather that is potentially hazardous to all aircraft. SIGMETs
address details regarding severe icing not associated with thunder-
storms, severe or extreme turbulence not associated with thunderstorms,
dust or sand storms lowering visibility to less than 3 miles, volcanic ash.
SIGMETs are considered widespread because they must either be
affecting or forecast to affect an area at least 3,000 square miles.
However, during the forecast period, the actual affected area may be
much smaller. SIGMETs are issued as needed and the maximum fore-
cast period is 4 hours, except for 6 hours for conditions associated with
hurricanes. A SIGMET will contain elements in the following order:
1. Forecast Area
2. Report Type
3. Date and time issued
4. Report designation and reason for issuance
5. Validity period
6. Area of coverage
7. Location of weather phenomenon
8. Weather phenomenon details.
These reports are displayed in an encoded textual format.
NOTE: SIGMETs older than the forecast period are discarded. Amended
or corrected SIGMETs generated within the issuance period are pro-
vided as soon as they are available, and the previous outdated SIGMET
is no longer transmitted.
When an SIGMET is cancelled, neither the original report nor the cance-
lation message can be displayed.
See the section on Understanding Textual Aviation Weather Reports, for
instructions on decoding textual SIGMETs.
CONVECTIVE SIGMET
A Convective SIGMET (Convective Significant Meteorological
Information) is an advisory of convective weather that the forecaster
believes hazardous to all aircraft. Convective SIGMETs address details
regarding severe thunderstorms, embedded thunderstorms, a line of
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Basic Service Weather Products
thunderstorms, or thunderstorms producing heavy precipitation affecting
an area 40 percent or more of an area at least 3,000 square miles.
Convective SIGMETs are issued hourly with a maximum forecast period
of 2 hours. A Convective SIGMET will contain elements in the following
order:
1. Region Identifier and issue date and time
2. Report designator
3. Validity period
4. Area of coverage
5. Location details
6. Weather phenomena details
NOTE: Convective SIGMETs older than the forecast period are dis-
carded. Amended or corrected Convective SIGMETs generated within
the issuance period are provided as soon as they are available, and the
previous outdated Convective SIGMET is no longer transmitted.
See the section on Understanding Textual Aviation Weather Reports, for
instructions on decoding textual Convective SIGMETs.
ALERT WEATHER WATCHES (VDL ONLY)
Alert Weather Watches (AWW) are Alert Severe Weather Watch
Bulletins that describe areas of possible severe thunderstorm or tornado
development. These are watches, not warnings; and are issued as
needed. Severe weather may not actually develop. An Alert Weather
Watch will contain elements in the following order:
1. Report designation and date and time of issuance
2. Watch number, reason for issuance, area of coverage and validity
period.
3. Watch coordinates
4. Forecast
NOTE: Alert Weather Watches older than the forecast period are dis-
carded.
See the section on Understanding Textual Aviation Weather Reports, for
instructions on decoding textual Alert Weather Watches.
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Value Added Service Weather Products
VALUE ADDED SERVICE WEATHER PRODUCTS
The following is a discussion of weather products offered with the value
added VDL subscription service. Accessing and navigating these ser-
vices will be discussed in detail later in this section.
All basic and value-added products (except those identified as VDL only)
can also be obtained through a single fee-based XM subscription ser-
vice.
NEXRAD
Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD) is formally designated WSR-88D,
which stands for Weather Service Radar (Doppler) and was commis-
sioned in 1988.
FIS VDL provides NEXRAD base reflectivity and XM WX provides
NEXRAD composite reflectivity. Each NEXRAD ground radar site scan
is composed of separate beam scans at several elevation angles for
360 degrees around the site. Base reflectivity is the highest precipita-
tion echo (reflectivity) contained in the lowest NEXRAD radar elevation
angle scan (5 degrees). Composite reflectivity provides the highest
precipitation echoes within all of the elevation scan angles. The
NEXRAD base or composite reflectivity modes provide a display of
echo intensity depicted by colors. NEXRAD information is good for
identifying precipitation intensity.
This NEXRAD base reflectivity data product content consists of reflec-
tivity measured at the minimum scan angle of 0.5 degree elevation.
CAUTION: NEXRAD data must be used for strategic planning pur-
poses only. Due to inherent delays and relative age of the data
that can be experienced, NEXRAD data cannot be used for tactical
avoidance of weather.
NEXRAD reflectivity images
older than 75 minutes are dis-
carded and no longer dis-
played.
Figure 2-1 shows a typical
NEXRAD display. Political
boundaries, rivers, lakes, and
oceans are depicted in con-
junction with weather.
The display range may be
Figure 2-1
changed to zoom in on a spe-
cific area to get a more detailed weather picture, or zoom out to display
a wider range.
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NEXRAD ABNORMALITIES
The following is a list of NEXRAD abnormalities that may be experi-
enced:
1. Each NEXRAD site can operate in two modes, "Clear Air" mode or
"Precipitation" mode. When no significant precipitation exists in the scan-
ning area of the radar a NEXRAD site produces images in the "Clear Air"
mode. In this mode the radar is very sensitive to small targets, making it
possible to detect minute particles such as pollen, smoke and dust.
2. Ground clutter is detected when nearby buildings, trees, and towers
reflect radar energy back to the NEXRAD site. Because NEXRAD is a
Doppler radar, many stationary targets are filtered out. However, if a
tower or tree sways slightly in the wind, it will show up on the scan as a
target. These “moving” objects are the targets referred to as ground
clutter. Radar returns from very near the site (within a radius 20-30 nau-
tical miles) indicating very high reflectivities often include ground clutter.
3. Strobes are spurious radar data caused primarily by defractive
bending of the beam back down to the ground. This often happens in
areas where cool air interacts with prevailing warm air, such as along
coastlines and over oceans or other large bodies of water. Blocky and
linear features are characteristics of strobes within the displayed data.
4. Sun strobes occur when a radar antenna points directly at the sun.
This shows up as high reflectivity for one or two radials. Sun strobes are
shown as bright colored spikes on the display.
5. Military planes deploy metallic dust known as 'chaff' to diffuse their
radar signatures and mask their presence on radar. Pilots frequently
practice laying chaff trails over open ocean, although these trails often
drift over land causing alterations in weather radar scans.
6. When a solid object, such as a mountain, intersects a radar beam, it
blocks any reflectivity beyond that point and produces a shadow within
the display.
7. When a building near a NEXRAD site is taller than the tower on
which the radar antenna resides, it can block the beam, casting a long,
narrow shadow (blank space) in the display.
8. NEXRAD sites sometimes return data that is entirely spurious. This
is known as "going critical" and usually does not last longer than a few
hours.
9. Atmospheric temperature inversions cause radar returns from the
Earth's surface resulting in Anomalous Propagation (AP) echoes on the
radar display.
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10. Echoes from migrating birds, bats, and insects will be displayed as
circular patterns of level 1 reflectivity centered near NEXRAD sites.
11. Significant variation in humidity with altitude can cause reflections
from the Earth's surface. These reflections are also displayed as large
circular or oval areas of uniform low intensity.
12. Differences will be noted between the base reflectivity (VDL) and
composite (XM) products. The base reflectivity product displays the
lower extent of cloud masses, so the extent of water droplets appears to
be less. The composite product provides more airborne water reflection
seen at higher angles as viewed from the NEXRAD ground sites, so
higher level features of the convective activity will be given. For example,
the “blowout” portion of thunderstorms (the anvil portion) containing high
altitude ice particles is often depicted as light precipitation and might be
confused for lower altitude light precipitation. Either base or composite
product provides an accurate, but somewhat time delayed depiction of
high levels of precipitation for fully developed or late stage thunder-
storms.
NEXRAD LIMITATIONS
The following are limitations on the use of NEXRAD data:
1. NEXRAD does not provide sufficient information to determine cloud
layers or precipitation characteristics (frozen vs. liquid, hail vs. rain, etc.),
nor does it provide information on turbulence, only the amount of
reflected energy from the precipitation.
2. The displayed NEXRAD product does not provide sufficient detail to
infer future weather trends. Due to delays involved in product creation
and transmittal, the pilot should always review the age bar to determine
information currency.
Coverage Gap
3. Due to NEXRAD site loca-
tion limitations, terrestrial block-
ages and outages, NEXRAD
coverage
gaps
exist.
Coverage gaps are displayed
as a cross hatched pattern as
shown in Figure 2-2. Lack of
reflectivity in a coverage gap
area should not be construed
as a lack of precipitation.
Coverage gaps are portrayed
identically on either VDL or XM.
Figure 2-2
4. The resolution of NEXRAD
VDL data is 4 kilometers (km). Thus, when zoomed in on the display,
each square block is 4 km in diameter. The intensity level reflected by
the square will be the highest level sampled within the 4 km area.
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5. The resolution of NEXRAD XM data is 2 km. Thus, when zoomed in
on the display, each square block is 2 km on a side. The intensity level
reflected by the square will be the highest level sampled within the 2 km
area.
INTENSITY
Precipitation intensity is depicted using colors as follows:
Green
Yellow
Red
Light
Moderate Level 2
Heavy
Level 1
15-30 dBz (10-30 dBz for XM)
30-40 dBz
Level 3-4 40-50 dBz
Level 5-8 50+ dBz
Magenta Extreme
The NEXRAD dBz levels, descriptions and colors are consistent with
FAA guidelines.
Moving the joystick and pressing the LEGEND Softkey will display the
NEXRAD legend as shown in Figure 2-3 (FIS VDL) and 2-4 (XM WX).
The column labeled dBz is a measure of the radar echo intensity.
The strength of a radar return signal typically varies as a function of
distance (i.e., weaker from distant targets, stronger from those nearby)
and the object size.
Many weather sources avail-
able on the internet use color
coding that is different than
the KMD 250 color coding.
The dBz and intensity level
can be used to compare
intensity levels between dif-
ferent sources of NEXRAD
information since many
internet weather providers will
include a legend with dBz
Figure 2-3
values indicated.
No Data, as shown in the
legend, indicates the lack of
coverage for reasons dis-
cussed previously.
Figure 2-4
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GRAPHICAL METAR
The graphical METAR is derived from the most currently received tex-
tual METAR or SPECI data from reporting sites. This is displayed on a
map background to enhance
situational awareness as
shown on Figure 2-5.
The graphical METAR icon is
gray when the textual METAR
or SPECI report exceeds 75
minutes (AGED), but is less
than the textual METAR
expiration time of 120 minutes.
Look at the textual report for
ceiling and visibility informa-
tion.
Figure 2-5
CAUTION: Graphical METAR data must be used for strategic plan-
ning purposes only. Due to inherent delays, areas of coverage
and relative age and availability of the data that can be experi-
enced, Graphical METAR data cannot be viewed as an absolute
depiction of conditions at a specific location.
Graphical METARs are shown using two color coded boxes, one indi-
cating ceiling (upper box), the other visibility (lower box). Next to the
boxes is the ICAO station identifier for the airport to which the METAR
pertains. Color coding for the boxes is specified in the table below:
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Moving the joystick pointer to
an area that will not highlight a
specific report then pressing
the LEGEND Softkey will dis-
play the graphical METAR
legend as shown in Figure 2-6.
Figure 2-6
GRAPHICAL AIRMET
The graphical AIRMET is derived from the location description (if pro-
vided) in the textual AIRMET and displayed as a boundary box with the
appropriate color for the condition as shown in the legend (for a
description, see AIRMETs in the Basic Weather Services section). The
“IN” box in the legend indicates the current aircraft position is within the
corresponding forecast condition. The boundaries are displayed on a
map background to enhance situational awareness as shown on
Figure 2-7. Low Level Wind Shear and Freezing Level information will
not be displayed on the GRAPHICAL AIRMET; check the textual
AIRMETs for this information.
NOTE: If no location description is provided in the textual AIRMET the
AIRMET cannot be depicted graphically. These AIRMETs are denoted
by displaying the AIRMET identifier in green within the textual AIRMET.
Figure 2-7
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GRAPHICAL SIGMET
The graphical SIGMET is derived from the location description in the
textual SIGMET and displayed as a boundary box with the appropriate
color for the condition (for a description, see SIGMETs in the Basic
Weather Services section). This is displayed on a map background to
enhance situational awareness as shown on Figure 2-8.
Figure 2-8
GRAPHICAL CONVECTIVE SIGMET
The graphical Convective SIGMET is derived from the location descrip-
tion in the textual Convective SIGMET and displayed as a yellow
boundary box (for a description, see CONVECTIVE SIGMETs in the
Basic Weather Services section). The “IN” box in the legend indicates
the current aircraft position is within the corresponding forecast condi-
tion. The boundaries are displayed on a map background to enhance
situational awareness as shown on Figure 2-9.
Figure 2-9
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GRAPHICAL ALERT WEATHER WATCHES (VDL ONLY)
The graphical Alert Weather Watches (AWWs) are derived from the
location description in the textual AWW and displayed as a boundary
box with the appropriate color for the condition as shown in the legend
(for a description, see ALERT WEATHER WATCHES in the Basic
Weather Services section). The “IN” box in the legend indicates the
current aircraft position is within the corresponding forecast condition.
The boundaries are displayed on a map background to enhance situa-
tional awareness as shown on Figure 2-10.
Figure 2-10
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FIS Subscriptions
SUBSCRIPTIONS
A current subscription (VDL or XM) and a current data card (VDL only)
are required to receive services. Subscriptions are used to gain access
to services. Some VDL services are offered at no cost and others are fee
based. All XM weather services are provided on a fee basis. All services
not identified as VDL only are available with an XM subscription.
VDL SUBSCRIPTIONS
Obtaining a VDL subscription can be performed via website,
(http://www.bendixking.com) select Wingman Services, Data Link
Weather, or alternatively by contacting Wingman Services at 800-247-
0230 (or 913-712-3145). During this process, you will have the option to
subscribe to fee-based products, such as NEXRAD, Graphical METARs,
Graphical AIRMETs, Graphical SIGMETs, Graphical Convective
SIGMETs, Graphical AWWs and/or may choose to subscribe to basic
textual products, such as TAFs, METARs/SPECIs, PIREPs, AIRMETs,
SIGMETs, Convective SIGMETs and AWWs, which are free-of-charge.
NOTE: Although the basic textual products are free of charge, they still
require a subscription as well as a current data card to receive the ser-
vice.
To accommodate users with varying service needs (for example, during
different flying seasons over the course of a year), the display unit allows
storage for up to four individual subscriptions, in much the same way that
a computer can support multiple user accounts with different passwords.
Once entered, the display unit manages selection of the appropriate sub-
scription without any operator intervention. A subscription code must be
entered into the display unit whenever you add or renew a subscription.
When subscribing for a FIS VDL service package, you may specify the
date when service shall commence and the duration. If you subscribe to
multiple packages, the start date and duration of each can differ (if
desired). For instance, a user may select the free text weather package
for an entire year and also choose a graphical weather package for part
of the year.
During the subscription process, you will receive 1 to 4 subscription
codes which you must enter into your display unit to permit access to all
products. A subscription code is an alphanumeric sequence that permits
access to the FIS VDL broadcast network in much the same way that a
computer password permits access to a computer network. When you
subscribe for FIS services, the online system will ask for a FIS Display ID
in order to provide you with the subscription code. The FIS Display ID is
a unique alphanumeric serial number associated with your display unit.
This ID is obtained by viewing the FIS VDL Subscription Status page on
your display unit. After obtaining the subscription code (from either
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FIS Subscriptions
www.bendixking.com or via a phone call to Wingman Services), enter
this code into your display unit. The subscription code tells the display
the service(s) to which you have subscribed and for what period of time.
Also, the data card must be updated at least once a year for continuance
of FIS subscription service. The validity period for the subscription data
on the data card is shown on the FIS Caution page at power on and also
on the FIS Subscription Status Page. The data card contains both sub-
scription data that is needed to access FIS products as well as the latest
operating software. By updating the data card at least once a year prior
to the expiration date you will ensure uninterrupted FIS service and also
have the latest version of software to utilize new FIS products as they
become available. Note that data card updates are available every 28
days and also include the latest version of Jeppesen navigation data.
Enter Display ID during
Go to Bendixking.com
Get Display ID
registration
or call 1-800-247-0230
from unit in airplane
(This is only required first
time you subscribe)
to subscribe to FIS Services
Take printed out code(s)
to the airplane and enter
code(s) on the FIS Subscription
Status Page
Receive Subscription
Code(s) and print them
out
Select the desired
services
Update Data Card if needed.
Update at least once per year
to ensure continued FIS Services
Enjoy flying with FIS
Services!
How to Subscribe to FIS VDL Services
Rev 4 Aug/2007
2-22
KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
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FIS Subscriptions
SETTING UP A FIS VDL SUBSCRIPTION
At least one subscription must be set up, even to receive the no-charge
services. Up to four different concurrent subscriptions can be set up
depending on the service packages desired.
NOTE: Entering more than four subscriptions will cause previous sub-
scriptions to be overwritten.
NOTE: The following details require selection of a KDR-510 as the
source for datalink weather data.
To set up a subscription, per-
form the following steps:
1. Press the MENU Key to dis-
play the AUX MENU Softkey
as shown in Figure 2-11.
2. Press the AUX MENU
Softkey to display the AUX-
MAIN MENU Page as shown in
Figure 2-12.
3. Turn the Rotary Knob or
Figure 2-11
move the Joystick to move the
cursor
to
select
FIS
Subscription as shown in
Figure 2-12.
4. Press the SELECT Softkey
to display the AUX-FIS SUB-
SCRIPTION Page as shown in
Figure 2-13. On initial sub-
scription setup the subscription
window will show only blank
spaces as shown in Figure 2-
13, unless services were pre-
provisioned at the factory. In
this case some lines may not
be blank. If adding another
subscription, one or more pre-
vious subscriptions may be dis-
played with the associated
validity period and status.
Figure 2-12
Figure 2-13
The unique identifier for the
individual KMD 250 is dis-
played in the FIS DISPLAY ID
window. The unique ID shown
here is 0H100 11KSH.
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2-23
FIS Subscriptions
Obtain the unique ID for your
system and visit the Wingman
Services
website
on
www.bendixking.com or call 1-
800-247-0230. This ID will be
used to obtain a Subscription
Code.
NOTE: For uninterrupted FIS
services, the data card must be
updated by the date shown in
“DATA CARD UPDATE
REQUIRED BY” field.
Figure 2-14
Figure 2-15
Figure 2-16
5. After
obtaining
the
Subscription Code, press the
ADD SUBSCR softkey to dis-
play Figure 2-14
6. The Rotary Knob selects the
alphanumeric character and
the Joystick selects the char-
acter position. Turn the Rotary
Knob until the first character of
the Subscription Code is dis-
played in first space. Push the
Joystick to the right to move to
the next space to the right.
Turn the Rotary Knob until the
second character of the
Subscription Code is displayed.
Continue this sequence until
the entire Subscription Code
has been entered as shown in
Figure 2-15.
After selecting the last char-
acter space of the Subscription
Code the ENTER Softkey will
be available.
7. After entering the last Subscription Code character, press the ENTER
Softkey. The subscription should be accepted and processed as shown
in Figure 2-16.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
FIS Subscriptions
If an incorrect code has been
entered, a notification like that
shown in Figure 2-17 will be
displayed.
8. After the subscription has
been accepted, Figure 2-18 will
be displayed showing the sub-
scription validity period and
status. If the subscription has
been entered prior to the begin-
ning of subscription service, the
entered subscription will begin
when subscription services are
turned on.
Figure 2-17
CHECKING FIS VDL SUB-
SCRIPTIONS
To check FIS VDL subscription
validity or status perform the
following steps:
1. Repeat steps 1 through 4 in
the Setting Up a FIS VDL
Subscription section.
Figure 2-18
2. A screen similar to Figure 2-18 should be displayed. In this case sub-
scription #1 is valid and no other subscriptions have been entered.
The symbols that may appear in the Status column, and their meanings,
are shown in Figure 2-19. Again, subscriptions will only be valid when
FIS subscription service is turned on.
Figure 2-19
NOTE: Only the validity period for subscriptions is shown on the display.
To determine which products are available with each subscription,
access the account on Wingman Services at www.bendixking.com.
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2-25
FIS Subscriptions
XM WX SUBSCRIPTIONS
An XM subscription must be set up to receive XM WX services. This
process involves accessing the XM Radio website and a toll-free phone
call to XM Radio.
SETTING UP AN XM WX SUBSCRIPTION
NOTE: The following details require selection of an XM receiver (such
as a KDR-610) as the source for datalink weather data.
Setting up an XM WX subscription can be accomplished by following
these steps:
1a. Retrieve the 8-digit ID from the KDR 610 label (should be attached to
the opposite end of the receiver from the connectors).
OR
1b. Apply power to the display and receiver, select the MENU key and
the AUX MENU softkey. The SELECT AUX PAGE is shown on the
screen. Scroll down to FIS Subscription so it is highlighted as shown in
Figure 2-20. Select the SELECT softkey and record the 8-digit receiver
ID displayed at the bottom of the FIS Subscription Status page.
2. Go to the website
www.xmradio.com/weather to
select your weather subscrip-
tion package.
3. Apply power to the XM
receiver, and place the
receiver’s antenna where the
signal can be received from the
XM satellites. Make certain the
antenna has a good view of the
southern horizon.
Figure 2-20
4. With the Receiver ID and desired subscription package in hand, con-
tact XM Radio at
1-800-985-9200 for assistance in activating your
receiver and setting up a weather product subscription. The receiver
should remain in view of the satellites during the subscription process.
5.Verify the activation of the receiver and the subscription validity by
selecting and viewing the “FIS Subscription Status Page” on the KMD
screen.
If for any reason the receiver was not exposed to the XM signal within
the initial 24 hour broadcast period, or is not successfully authorized for
some other reason, a subsequent 15 minute resend of the subscription
information can be obtained. Get the receiver ID (instructions in step 1a
or 1b above), go to the website http://www.xmradio.com/refresh/, and
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
FIS Subscriptions
follow the instructions.
CHECKING XM WX
SUBSCRIPTIONS
To check the FIS XM subscrip-
tion and receiver status, apply
power to the display and
receiver, select the MENU key,
then the AUX MENU softkey,
which opens the SELECT AUX
PAGE. Scroll down to FIS
Subscription so it is highlighted,
and finally select the SELECT
softkey, as in step 1b previ-
ously.
Figure 2-21
The Application IDs are displayed along with the receiver activation and
subscription status as shown in Figure 2-21. The Application IDs provide
the groupings of products that are part of th subscription package. Green
checkmarks indicate those App IDs or product groups that are contained
in the subscription package for the XM receiver. Contact XM Radio at 1-
800-985-9200 with the App ID information if the subscribed products are
not received and displayed.
Symbol
Subscription Status
Description
The XM FIS receiver subscription
information message has not
been received.
__
(white)
No Information
The user is not authorized for the
Application ID.
Not Subscribed
Subscribed
The user is authorized for the
Application ID.
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2-27
FIS Subscriptions
Intentionally left blank
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Normal Operation
NORMAL OPERATION
To display the FIS pages, press the WX Function Select Key. Each
press will cycle through the FIS Graphics Page, FIS Text Page and
Stormscope® (if installed).
Datalink Wx
Graphical
Products
Datalink Wx
Textual
Products
*Only if Stormscope® is installed
Stormscope®
In the graphical weather products, each option can be selected in one of
two ways. The first is using the menu as shown in the following steps:
1. Press the MENU Key to display Figure 2-22.
2. Press the CHOOSE PRODUCT Softkey to display
Figure 2-23 (Figure 2-24 for XM).
3. Using the Rotary Knob or
Joystick, scroll to the desired
product and press the SELECT
Softkey.
This method allows for easily
moving between graphical and
textual weather products. It
also makes it easy to quickly
identify any weather products
that have not been received by
the KMD 250. These will
appear “grayed out” and will not
be selectable.
Figure 2-22
The second method of selecting options can be used for cycling through
only the graphical products. If presently viewing a graphic product dis-
play, simply turn the Rotary Knob. Each click will select the next graphic
display.
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2-29
Normal Operation
NOTE: The KMD 250 will only
allow for selection and display
of products for which data has
been received. If a desired
product is not available, it may
be that the data has not yet
been received or to which
there is no subscription. Wx
Watches and PIREPs are not
available for XM WX and will
not be listed
Figure 2-23
Figure 2-24
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Normal Operation
NEXRAD PAGE
The following illustration describes the NEXRAD VDL display. The
NEXRAD XM display is the same except the FIS Icon is different and
Composite Reflectivity is shown instead of Base Reflectivity.
3
4
5
6
7
2
8
1
9
11
10
1 Display Range - RNG:####.
2 Function Status Icons - Displays icons representing data available and
displayed.
3 North Pointer
4 Aircraft Symbol - Indicates present position. Stylized airplane when
heading/track input is present, a plus symbol with no heading/track.
5 Range Rings - Outer ring radius is selected range, inner ring radius is one
half the selected range.
6 RESET STICK Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick is moved.
7 Precipitation - NEXRAD precipitation returns.
8 LEGEND Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick is moved.
9 Age of Data and Status Bar - The age of the data is displayed in minutes
based on current time minus the NEXRAD issue time. The colored bar
indicates percentage of age versus elapsed time before expiration. The bar
will be green the first 50% then turn yellow. Also, note in this example that
the maximum age allowed for the display of this data is 75 minutes.
10 Rotary Knob Active - When displayed on the graphical weather products
pages, rotating the knob will cycle through the products.
11 Current Selection - Displays the name of the weather product currently being
viewed.
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2-31
Normal Operation
NEXRAD PAGE OPERATIONAL CONTROLS
CAUTION: NEXRAD data must only be used for strategic planning
purposes. Due to inherent delays and relative age of the data that
can be experienced, NEXRAD data cannot be used for tactical
avoidance of weather.
WX Function Select Key - Cycles through Graphical
Weather Products, Textual Weather Products and
Stormscope®.
Rotary Knob - Turning the Rotary Knob cycles
through the graphical NEXRAD, METAR, AIRMET,
SIGMET, Convective SIGMET, Alert Weather Watches
and FIS Network Status Pages.
Joystick - Moving the Joystick allows panning of the
map and placement of the pointer over the desired
weather activity to be viewed.
RNG▲/RNG▼ - Displays ZOOMING TO ### nm and
advances the indicator to the next range. The upper button
increases range, the lower button decreases it. The
selected range is displayed in the lower left corner of the
display with the outer range ring the displayed range and
the inner range ring is half the displayed range.
USING THE NEXRAD PAGE
1. Press the WX Function
Select Key until the FIS
Graphics Page is displayed. If
necessary, turn the Rotary
Knob to obtain the NEXRAD
Base Reflectivity display as
shown in Figure 2-25.
NEXRAD Base Reflectivity
(NEXRAD
Composite
Reflectivity for XM) will be dis-
played at the bottom of the dis-
play.
Figure 2-25
NOTE: If a notification such as that shown in Figure 2-26 is displayed, it
may be that the system has not had time to acquire a signal or has
acquired a signal and not yet received all the data for a NEXRAD image.
If this notification is still present after more than 5-10 minutes, while in an
area of expected coverage, refer to the FIS NOTIFICATIONS in this sec-
tion.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Normal Operation
Always make note of the age of
the data displayed in the
bottom right corner (see Figure
2-25). Remember, the older
the age the more suspect the
accuracy of the data. The col-
ored bar will be green the first
50% of the expiration time
period for the displayed data
then turn yellow. Also, delays
occurring prior to the weather
distributor time stamping the
data are not reflected in the dis-
played age. These delays can
range from one to seven min-
utes.
Figure 2-26
If no data update has been
received for 75 minutes the
NEXRAD image is discarded
and no longer displayed.
2. Press the RNG▲/RNG▼
Key to zoom in or out on the
display. The map is centered
on the present position indi-
cated by the symbolic aircraft.
Figure 2-27
Figure 2-28
3. To view a specific area of
weather, move the joystick in
the desired direction. A pointer
will appear on the display (see
Figure 2-27). The distance and
bearing between present posi-
tion and the pointer is shown at
the bottom of the display. As
the joystick is held the pointer
will continue to move. When
the pointer reaches the edge of
the display the map will pan to keep up with pointer
movement. Release the joystick to stop moving the
pointer. Press the RNG▲/RNG▼ keys to zoom in
or out on the pointer position.
Pressing the LEGEND Softkey will display the VDL
NEXRAD LEGEND as in Figure 2-28 (or the XM
NEXRAD LEGEND as in Figure 2-29). Press the
CLEAR Softkey to clear the legend from the display.
Figure 2-29
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2-33
Normal Operation
Press the RESET STICK Softkey to return to the present position dis-
play. If no actions are taken for a period of 30 seconds, the display will
return to the present position.
GRAPHICAL METARS PAGE
The following illustration describes the Graphical METARs display. The
only difference between VDL and XM is the FIS function status icon.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2
1
10
12
11
1 Display Range - RNG:####.
2 Function Status Icons - Displays icons representing data available and
displayed.
3 North Pointer
4 Aircraft Symbol - Indicates present position. Stylized airplane when
heading/track input is present, a plus symbol with no heading/track.
5 Range Rings - Outer ring radius is selected range, inner ring radius is one
half the selected range.
6 RESET STICK Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick is moved.
7 Graphical METAR Icon - Ceiling indicated in top box, visibiliy in bottom box
and ICAO identifier of issuing airport. Note that ICAO identifiers are not
displayed on all range settings.
8 MORE INFO Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick Pointer is positioned
over a METAR Icon. Pressing this Softkey will display more information.
9 LEGEND Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick is moved.
10 METAR Color Key - Colors indicating flight rules pertaining to ceiling and
visibility.
11 Rotary Knob Active - When displayed on the graphical weather products
pages, rotating the knob will cycle through the products.
12 Current Selection - Displays the name of the weather product currently being
viewed.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Normal Operation
GRAPHICAL METARS PAGE OPERATIONAL CONTROLS
WX Function Select Key - Cycles through Graphical
Weather Products, Textual Weather Products and
Stormscope®.
Rotary Knob - Turning the Rotary Knob cycles
through the graphical NEXRAD, METAR, AIRMET,
SIGMET, Convective SIGMET, Alert Weather Watches
and FIS Network Status Pages.
Joystick - Moving the Joystick allows panning of the
map and placement of the pointer over the desired
weather activity to be viewed.
RNG▲/RNG▼ - Displays ZOOMING TO ### nm and
advances the indicator to the next range. The upper button
increases range, the lower button decreases it. The
selected range is displayed in the lower left corner of the
display with the outer range ring the displayed range and
the inner range ring is half the displayed range.
USING THE GRAPHICAL METARS PAGE
1. Press the WX Function
Select Key until the FIS
Graphics Page is displayed. If
necessary, turn the Rotary
Knob to obtain the Graphical
METAR display similar to
Figure 2-30.
Graphical
METARs will be displayed at
the bottom of the display.
NOTE: This page will not be
accessible until a valid FIS
signal has been acquired and
processed by the system.
Figure 2-30
2. Press the RNG▲/RNG▼ Key to zoom in on the display. The map is
centered on the present position indicated by the symbolic aircraft.
3. To view a specific METAR, move the joystick in the desired direction.
A pointer will appear on the display. The distance and bearing between
present position and the pointer is shown at the bottom center of the dis-
play (see Figure 2-31). As the joystick is held the pointer will continue to
move. When the pointer reaches the edge of the display the map will
pan to keep up with pointer movement. Release the joystick to stop
moving the pointer. When the pointer moves over a graphical METAR
icon, a box will pop up containing the IDENT, NAME and CITY/STATE
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2-35
Normal Operation
pertaining to the location and
the AGE of the report (see
Figure 2-32).
▲/
▼
4. Press the RNG RNG
keys to zoom in or out on the
pointer position.
5. Press the MORE INFO
Softkey to display the Text
METAR Page for the displayed
location as in Figure 2-33.
Figure 2-31
Figure 2-32
6. Press the RETURN TO
MAP Softkey to return to the
previous display.
7. Press the RESET STICK
Softkey to return to the present
position display. If no actions
are taken for a period of 30
seconds, the display will return
to the aircraft present position
display.
8. To view the GRAPHICAL
METAR LEGEND, move the
joystick pointer to an area with
no icons and press the
LEGEND Softkey. The legend
will be displayed as in Figure 2-
34. Press the CLEAR Softkey
to remove the legend from the
display.
Figure 2-33
Figure 2-34
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Normal Operation
GRAPHICAL AIRMETS PAGE
The following illustration describes the Graphical AIRMETs display. The
only difference between VDL and XM is the FIS function status icon.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2
1
10
11
13
12
1 Display Range - RNG:####.
2 Function Status Icons - Displays icons representing data available and
displayed.
3 North Pointer
4 Aircraft Symbol - Indicates present position. Stylized airplane when
heading/track input is present, a plus symbol with no heading/track.
5 Range Rings - Outer ring radius is selected range, inner ring radius is one
half the selected range.
6 RESET STICK Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick is moved.
7 AIRMET Boundary - Color coded line indicating the boundaries of an AIRMET.
8 MORE INFO Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick Pointer is positioned
over an AIRMET boundary line. Pressing this Softkey will display more
information.
9 LEGEND Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick is moved.
10 Boundary Color Key - Colors indicate the type of weather phenomenon.
11 IN - Indicates the current aircraft position is “IN” a turbulence AIRMET.
12 Rotary Knob Active - When displayed on the graphical weather products
pages, rotating the knob will cycle through the products.
13 Current Selection - Displays the name of the weather product currently being
viewed.
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2-37
Normal Operation
GRAPHICAL AIRMETS PAGE OPERATIONAL CONTROLS
WX Function Select Key - Cycles through Graphical
Weather Products, Textual Weather Products and
Stormscope®.
Rotary Knob - Turning the Rotary Knob cycles through
the graphical NEXRAD, METAR, AIRMET, SIGMET,
Convective SIGMET, Alert Weather Watches and FIS
Network Status Pages.
Joystick - Moving the Joystick allows panning of the
map and placement of the pointer over the desired
weather activity to be viewed.
RNG▲/RNG▼ - Displays ZOOMING TO ### nm and
advances the indicator to the next range. The upper button
increases range, the lower button decreases it. The
selected range is displayed in the lower left corner of the
display with the outer range ring the displayed range and
the inner range ring is half the displayed range.
USING THE GRAPHICAL AIRMETS PAGE
1. Press the WX Function
Select Key until the FIS
Graphics Page is displayed. If
necessary, turn the Rotary
Knob to obtain the Graphical
AIRMETs display similar to
Figure 2-35. AIRMETs will be
displayed at the bottom of the
display.
NOTE: This page will not be
accessible until a valid FIS
signal has been acquired and
processed by the system.
Figure 2-35
2. Press the RNG▲/RNG▼ Key to zoom in on the display. The map is
centered on the present position indicated by the symbolic aircraft.
3. To view a specific AIRMET, move the joystick in the desired direction
and place the pointer on the desired AIRMET border (see Figure 2-36).
A box will pop up containing the AIRMET designator, TYPE and the
AGE of the report.
4. Press the RNG▲/RNG▼ keys to zoom in or out on the pointer posi-
tion.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Normal Operation
5. Press the MORE INFO
Softkey to display the Text
AIRMET Page for the displayed
location as in Figure 2-37.
6. Press the RETURN TO
MAP Softkey to return to the
previous display.
7. Press the RESET STICK
Softkey to return to the present
position display. If no actions
are taken for a period of 30 sec-
onds, the display will return to
the aircraft present position dis-
play.
Figure 2-36
8. To view the AIRMET
LEGEND, move the joystick to
display the LEGEND Softkey.
Press the LEGEND Softkey
and the legend will be dis-
played as in Figure 2-38.
Press the CLEAR Softkey to
remove the legend from the
display.
Figure 2-37
Figure 2-38
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2-39
Normal Operation
GRAPHICAL SIGMETS PAGE
The following illustration describes the Graphical SIGMETs display. The
only difference between VDL and XM is the FIS function status icon.
4
6
7
3
2
8
9
1
10
12
11
1 Display Range - RNG:####.
2 Function Status Icons - Displays icons representing data available and
displayed.
3 SIGMET Boundary - Color coded line indicating the boundaries of a SIGMET.
4 North Pointer
5 Aircraft Symbol - Indicates present position. Stylized airplane when
heading/track input is present, a plus symbol with no heading/track.
6 Range Rings - Outer ring radius is selected range, inner ring radius is one
half the selected range.
7 RESET STICK Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick is moved.
8 MORE INFO Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick Pointer is positioned
over a SIGMET boundary line. Pressing this Softkey will display more
information.
9 LEGEND Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick is moved.
10 Boundary Color Key - Colors indicate the type of weather phenomenon.
11 Rotary Knob Active - When displayed on the graphical weather products
pages, rotating the knob will cycle through the products.
12 Current Selection - Displays the name of the weather product currently being
viewed.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Normal Operation
GRAPHICAL SIGMETS PAGE OPERATIONAL CONTROLS
WX Function Select Key - Cycles through Graphical
Weather Products, Textual Weather Products and
Stormscope®.
Rotary Knob - Turning the Rotary Knob cycles through
the graphical NEXRAD, METAR, AIRMET, SIGMET,
Convective SIGMET, Alert Weather Watches and FIS
Network Status Pages.
Joystick - Moving the Joystick allows panning of the
map and placement of the pointer over the desired
weather activity to be viewed.
RNG▲/RNG▼ - Displays ZOOMING TO ### nm and
advances the indicator to the next range. The upper button
increases range, the lower button decreases it. The selected
range is displayed in the lower left corner of the display with
the outer range ring the displayed range and the inner range
ring is half the displayed range.
USING THE GRAPHICAL SIGMETS PAGE
1. Press the WX Function
Select Key until the FIS
Graphics Page is displayed. If
necessary, turn the Rotary
Knob to obtain the Graphical
SIGMETs display similar to
Figure 2-39. SIGMETs will be
displayed at the bottom of the
display.
NOTE: This page will not be
accessible until a valid FIS
signal has been acquired and
processed by the system.
Figure 2-39
2. Press the RNG▲/RNG▼ Key to zoom in on the display. The map is
centered on the present position indicated by the symbolic aircraft.
3. To view a specific SIGMET, move the joystick in the desired direction
and place the pointer on the desired SIGMET border (see Figure 2-40).
A box will pop up containing the SIGMET designator, TYPE and the
AGE of the report.
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2-41
Normal Operation
▲/
▼
4. Press the RNG RNG
keys to zoom in or out on the
pointer position.
5. Press the MORE INFO
Softkey to display the Text
SIGMET Page for the dis-
played location as in Figure 2-
41.
6. Press the RETURN TO
MAP Softkey to return to the
previous display.
Figure 2-40
Figure 2-41
Figure 2-42
7. Press the RESET STICK
Softkey to return to the present
position display. If no actions
are taken for a period of 30 sec-
onds, the display will return to
the aircraft present position dis-
play.
8. To view the SIGMET
LEGEND, move the joystick to
display the LEGEND Softkey.
Press the LEGEND Softkey
and the legend will be displayed
as in Figure 2-42. Press the
CLEAR Softkey to remove the
legend from the display.
2-42
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Normal Operation
GRAPHICAL CONVECTIVE SIGMETS PAGE
The following illustration describes the Graphical Convective SIGMETs
display. The only difference between VDL and XM is the FIS function
status icon.
4
5
6
7
3
2
8
9
1
10
12
11
1 Display Range - RNG:####.
2 Function Status Icons - Displays icons representing data available and
displayed.
3 Convective SIGMET Boundary - Yellow line indicates the boundaries of a
Convective SIGMET.
4 North Pointer
5 Aircraft Symbol - Indicates present position. Stylized airplane when
heading/track input is present, a plus symbol with no heading/track.
6 Range Rings - Outer ring radius is selected range, inner ring radius is one
half the selected range.
7 RESET STICK Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick is moved.
8 MORE INFO Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick Pointer is positioned
over a boundary line. Pressing this Softkey will display more information.
9 LEGEND Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick is moved.
10 Boundary Color Key - Colors indicating type of weather phenomenon.
11 Rotary Knob Active - When displayed on the graphical weather products
pages, rotating the knob will cycle through the products.
12 Current Selection - Displays the name of the weather product currently being
viewed.
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2-43
Normal Operation
GRAPHICAL CONVECTIVE SIGMETS PAGE OPERATIONAL
CONTROLS
WX Function Select Key - Cycles through Stormscope®,
Graphical Weather Products and Textual Weather
Products.
Rotary Knob - Turning the Rotary Knob cycles
through the graphical NEXRAD, METAR, AIRMET,
SIGMET, Convective SIGMET, Alert Weather Watches
and FIS Network Status Pages.
Joystick - Moving the Joystick allows panning of the
map and placement of the pointer over the desired
weather activity to be viewed.
RNG▲/RNG▼ - Displays ZOOMING TO ### nm and
advances the indicator to the next range. The upper button
increases range, the lower button decreases it. The
selected range is displayed in the lower left corner of the
display with the outer range ring the displayed range and
the inner range ring is half the displayed range.
USING THE GRAPHICAL CONVECTIVE SIGMETS PAGE
1. Press the WX Function
Select Key until the FIS
Graphics Page is displayed. If
necessary, turn the Rotary
Knob to obtain the Graphical
Convective SIGMETs display
similar to Figure 2-43.
Convective SIGMETs will be
displayed at the bottom of the
display.
NOTE: This page will not be
accessible until a valid FIS
signal has been acquired and
processed by the system.
Figure 2-43
2. Press the RNG▲/RNG▼ Key to zoom in on the display. The map is
centered on the present position indicated by the symbolic aircraft.
3. To view a specific Convective SIGMET, move the joystick in the
desired direction and place the pointer on the desired Convective
SIGMET border (see Figure 2-44). A box will pop up containing the
Convective SIGMET designator, TYPE and the AGE of the report.
2-44
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Normal Operation
▲/
▼
4. Press the RNG RNG
keys to zoom in or out on the
pointer position.
5. Press the MORE INFO
Softkey to display the Text
Convective SIGMET Page for
the displayed location as in
Figure 2-45.
6. Press the RETURN TO
MAP Softkey to return to the
previous display.
Figure 2-44
7. Press the RESET STICK
Softkey to return to the present
position display. If no actions
are taken for a period of 30
seconds, the display will return
to the aircraft present position
display.
8. To view the CONV SIGMET
LEGEND, move the joystick to
display the LEGEND Softkey.
Press the LEGEND Softkey and
the legend will be displayed as
in Figure 2-46. Press the
CLEAR Softkey to remove the
legend from the display.
Figure 2-45
Figure 2-46
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2-45
Normal Operation
GRAPHICAL ALERT WEATHER WATCHES PAGE (AWW)
(VDL ONLY)
The following illustration describes the Graphical Alert Weather Watches
(AWW) display.
4
5
6
7
3
2
8
9
1
10
12
11
1 Display Range - RNG:####.
2 Function Status Icons - Displays icons representing data available and
displayed.
3 Weather Watch Boundary - Color coded line indicates the boundaries and
type of Weather Watch.
4 North Pointer
5 Aircraft Symbol - Indicates present position. Stylized airplane when
heading/track input is present, a plus symbol with no heading/track.
6 Range Rings - Outer ring radius is selected range, inner ring radius is one
half the selected range.
7 RESET STICK Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick is moved.
8 MORE INFO Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick Pointer is positioned
over a boundary line. Pressing this Softkey will display more information.
9 LEGEND Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick is moved.
10 Boundary Color Key - Colors indicating type of weather phenomenon.
11 Rotary Knob Active - When displayed on the graphical weather products
pages, rotating the knob will cycle through the products.
12 Current Selection - Displays the name of the weather product currently being
viewed.
2-46
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Normal Operation
GRAPHICAL WEATHER WATCHES PAGE OPERATIONAL
CONTROLS
WX Function Select Key - Cycles through Graphical
Weather Products, Textual Weather Products and
Stormscope®.
Rotary Knob - Turning the Rotary Knob cycles through
the graphical NEXRAD, METAR, AIRMET, SIGMET,
Convective SIGMET, Alert Weather Watches and FIS
Network Status Pages.
Joystick - Moving the Joystick allows panning of the
map and placement of the pointer over the desired
weather activity to be viewed.
RNG▲/RNG▼ - Displays ZOOMING TO ### nm and
advances the indicator to the next range. The upper button
increases range, the lower button decreases it. The
selected range is displayed in the lower left corner of the
display with the outer range ring the displayed range and
the inner range ring is half the displayed range.
USING THE GRAPHICAL WEATHER WATCHES PAGE
1. Press the WX Function
Select Key until the FIS
Graphics Page is displayed. If
necessary, turn the Rotary
Knob to obtain the Graphical
Weather Watches display sim-
ilar to Figure 2-47. Weather
Watches (AWW) will be dis-
played at the bottom of the dis-
play.
NOTE: This page will not be
accessible until a valid FIS
signal has been acquired and
processed by the system.
Figure 2-47
2. Press the RNG▲/RNG▼ Key to zoom in on the display. The map is
centered on the present position indicated by the symbolic aircraft.
3. To view a specific Weather Watch, move the joystick in the desired
direction and place the pointer on the desired Weather Watch border
(see Figure 2-48). A box will pop up containing the Weather Watch des-
ignator, TYPE and the AGE of the report.
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2-47
Normal Operation
▲/
▼
4. Press the RNG RNG
keys to zoom in or out on the
pointer position.
5. Press the MORE INFO
Softkey to display the Text
Weather Watch Page for the
displayed location as in Figure
2-49.
6. Press the RETURN TO
MAP Softkey to return to the
previous display.
Figure 2-48
Figure 2-49
Figure 2-50
7. Press the RESET STICK
Softkey to return to the present
position display. If no actions
are taken for a period of 30
seconds, the display will return
to the aircraft present position
display.
8. To view the Wx WATCH
(AWW) LEGEND, move the
joystick to display the LEGEND
Softkey. Press the LEGEND
Softkey and the legend will be
displayed as in Figure 2-50.
Press the CLEAR Softkey to
remove the legend from the
display.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Normal Operation
FIS NETWORK STATUS PAGE (VDL ONLY)
The FIS Network Status Page displays the location and identifier of
installed ground stations. This page can also be used to determine
which stations are being received and the status of each station.
The following illustration describes the FIS Network Status Page display.
3
4
5
6
7
2
1
10
8
9
1 Display Range - RNG:####.
2 Function Status Icons - Displays icons representing data available and
displayed.
3 North Pointer
4 Aircraft Symbol - Indicates present position. Stylized airplane when
heading/track input is present, a plus symbol with no heading/track.
5 Range Rings - Outer ring radius is selected range, inner ring radius is one
half the selected range.
6 RESET STICK Soft Label - Displayed when the Joystick is moved.
7 FIS Station Icon - Color coded icon indicates station location and status. The
“starburst” indicates station currently being received.
8 Color Key - Ground station status legend.
UNKNOWN indicates the station status is unknown. If network status information
has not been recently received, all sites will be shown as UNKNOWN in white
at their last known location.
OK indicates the station is broadcasting current information.
CHECK AGE indicates the station is operating, but may not be broadcasting
the most recent information. Check the age of the data before using.
OFFLINE indicates the station is known to be offline.
9 Rotary Knob Active - When displayed on the graphical weather products
pages, rotating the knob will cycle through the products.
10 Current Selection - Displays the name of the weather product currently being
viewed.
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2-49
Normal Operation
FIS NETWORK STATUS PAGE OPERATIONAL CONTROLS
WX Function Select Key - Cycles through Graphical
Weather Products, Textual Weather Products and
Stormscope®.
Rotary Knob - Turning the Rotary Knob cycles
through the graphical NEXRAD, METAR, AIRMET,
SIGMET, Convective SIGMET, Alert Weather Watches
and FIS Network Status Pages.
Joystick - Moving the Joystick allows panning of the
map and placement of the pointer over the desired
weather activity to be viewed.
RNG▲/RNG▼ - Displays ZOOMING TO ### nm and
advances the indicator to the next range. The upper button
increases range, the lower button decreases it. The
selected range is displayed in the lower left corner of the
display with the outer range ring the displayed range and
the inner range ring is half the displayed range.
USING THE FIS NET-
WORK STATUS PAGE
1. Press the WX Function
Select Key until the FIS
Graphics Page is displayed. If
necessary, turn the Rotary
Knob to obtain the FIS
Network Status display similar
to Figure 2-51. FIS Network
Status will be displayed at the
Figure 2-51
bottom of the display.
2. Press the RNG▲/RNG▼
Key to zoom in on the display.
The map is centered on the
present position indicated by
the symbolic aircraft.
3. To view a specific FIS
Network station move the joy-
stick in the desired direction
and place the pointer on the
desired station icon (see
Figure 2-52). A box will pop up
Figure 2-52
containing the FIS TRANSMITTER IDENTIFIER and STATUS.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Normal Operation
4. Press the RESET STICK Softkey to return to the present position dis-
play. If no actions are taken for a period of 30 seconds, the display will
return to the aircraft present position display.
NOTE: At any given moment the FIS receiver may not be receiving the
closest transmitting site. This is not a problem since all stations transmit
the same data.
Visit Wingman Services at www.bendixking.com to view the latest infor-
mation about network transmitter locations and to cross-reference
ground station IDs with the location names.
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2-51
Normal Operation
FIS TEXTUAL WEATHER PRODUCTS
The following illustration describes the FIS Textual Products display. The
only difference between VDL and XM is the FIS function status icon.
8
6
5
7
9
4
10
3
11
12
13
14
2
1
1 Report Range - RNG:####. Pressing the RNG▲/RNG▼ Key will change the
distance radius from the selected FILTER AREA in which available reports will
be listed. In this case all available METARs with a 50 mile radius of KJHW
will be listed in the AVAILABLE METARS field.
2 Function Status Icons - Displays icons representing data available (black)
and displayed (color).
3 Selected Report Info - Displays identifier, name, city and state of selected
report. This field is only displayed for METARs, TAFs and PIREPs when available.
4 Available Reports - Shows available reports based on the selection
in the FILTER AREA field. Special, urgent or amended reports are
highlighted in yellow. Horizontal movement of the joystick will move the
cursor over the next report in the field. The presence of a scroll bar
indicates more reports are available, but not displayed.
5 Filter Area Selection - Pressing the CHANGE AREA Softkey cycles
between Destination, Flightplan WPT, Nearest and User Defined.
6 Knob Active - When displayed, the Rotary Knob can be used to select
an identifier from the database or Flightplan. This is only available when
User Defined or FPL WPT is selected.
7 Selected Identifier - Indicates the currently selected identifier.
8 UTC - Current UTC time.
9 METAR MAP Softlabel - In this case, when this key is pressed the graphical
METAR page is displayed with the map centered on the selected METAR.
This softkey corresponds to the currently selected textual product, i.e
METAR MAP. This is only available when valid data is being received.
10 Change Area Softlabel - Cycles the FILTER AREA field between
Destination, Flightplan Waypoint (FPL WPT), Nearest and User Defined.
11 Text Field - The encoded weather report is displayed in this field.
12 CHOOSE PRODUCT Softlabel - Pressing this softkey will display the
SELECT WX PRODUCT window. Use the Rotary Knob or Joystick to
highlight the desired product and press SELECT.
13 Current Selected - Indicates the currently selected weather product.
14 Age of Report- Age of report based on UTC time minus time of report.
The colored bar indicates percentage of age versus elapsed time before
expiration. The bar will be green the first 50% then turn yellow.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Normal Operation
FIS TEXTUAL PRODUCTS OPERATIONAL CONTROLS
WX Function Select Key - Cycles through Graphical
Weather Products, Textual Weather Products and
Stormscope®.
MAP Softkey - Depending on which tex-
tual product is currently being viewed, this
softkey will be labeled for corresponding
graphical product page. For example, if
viewing the textual METAR page this softkey will be labeled METAR
MAP as shown here. If viewing the textual AIRMETs page this softkey
will be labeled AIRMET MAP and so on.
NOTE: If no location description is provided in the textual AIRMET the
AIRMET cannot be depicted graphically. These AIRMETs are denoted
by displaying the AIRMET identifier in green within the textual AIRMET.
Also, the AIRMET MAP Softkey will not be available.
CHANGE AREA Softkey - Pressing the
CHANGE AREA softkey will cycle
through the four options available for the
FILTER AREA field in the upper part of
the display. Available selections are
Destination, Nearest, FPL WPT and User Defined. The closest avail-
able weather reports for the selected FILTER AREA will be displayed in
the AVAILABLE reports field.
CHOOSE PRODUCT Softkey - Pressing
the CHOOSE PRODUCT softkey will dis-
play the SELECT WX PRODUCT
window. Use the Rotary Knob or Joystick
to highlight the desired weather product.
Rotary Knob/Joystick - These may be used to high-
light the desired weather product in the SELECT WX
PRODUCT window. The Rotary Knob may also be
used to scroll through flightplan waypoints and enter air-
port identifiers.
SELECT Softkey - After highlighting the
desired weather product in the SELECT
WX PRODUCT window, pressing the
SELECT Softkey will display the chosen
weather product.
▲
▼
RNG /RNG Keys - The KMD 250 displays all textual
weather product reports available within a specified radius
of the selection made in the FILTER AREA. This specified
▲
▼
radius can be changed by pressing the RNG /RNG
Keys.
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2-53
Normal Operation
USING THE FIS TEXT
PAGE
Press the WX Function Select
Key until the FIS Textual Page
is displayed as shown in Figure
2-53.
NOTE: If a notification such as
that shown in Figure 2-54 is
displayed, it may be that the
system has not had time to
acquire a signal. If this notifi-
cation is still present after a few
minutes, refer to the FIS NOTI-
FICATIONS section of this sec-
tion.
If no METAR is available in the
selected area, a notification
such as that shown in Figure 2-
55 will be displayed.
The example displayed in
Figure 2-53 is a METAR report
for KIXD, which was selected
as a User Defined area.
Press the METAR MAP
Softkey to display the graphical
METAR for the KIXD as shown
in Figure 2-56. Press the
MORE INFO Softkey to return
the textual report.
The METAR MAP Softkey will
change depending on the
selected weather product. In
this case a METAR is being
viewed so the label displays
METAR MAP. If viewing an
AIRMET, the label would show
AIRMET MAP and so on. In
short, pressing this softkey will
display the graphical weather
product for the appropriate tex-
tual weather product selected.
Figure 2-53
Figure 2-54
Figure 2-55
Figure 2-56
NOTE: See Appendix B for a
list of common weather abbre-
viations.
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2-54
KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Normal Operation
CHANGING WEATHER
PRODUCTS
1. Press
the
CHOOSE
PRODUCT Softkey to display
the SELECT WX PRODUCT
window as shown in Figure 2-
57.
2. Turn the Rotary Knob or
move the Joystick up or down
to highlight the desired weather
product.
Figure 2-57
3. Press the SELECT Softkey.
If a Graphical Weather Product
is selected, refer to that partic-
ular Graphical Weather
Products section for operation.
4. If desired, press the
RNG▲/RNG▼ Keys to change
the reporting radius for the
selected FILTER AREA. The
default distance for METARs is
50nm and TAFs is 100nm. All
others are 150nm. The user
selected distance can be from
50 to 300nm.
Figure 2-58
Note that in Figure 2-58,
METARs have been selected
with the default RNG of 50nm.
In this example all METAR
reports within 50nm of the User
Defined location of KJHW are
listed in the AVAILABLE
METARS field. The scroll bar
indicates not all reports are dis-
Figure 2-59
played. Move the Joystick to the right to select the different reports.
In Figure 2-59 the RNG▲ Key has been used to change the report RNG
to 150nm. Note that more reports are now in the AVAILABLE METARS
field due to selecting the larger 150nm radius.
The AVAILABLE METARS field (or TAFS, PIREPS, etc.) lists closest
first, furthest last. For instance, the display shown in Figure 2-53 lists all
available METARs within 50nm of KJHW (the selected FILTER AREA).
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2-55
Normal Operation
KJHW is also a reporting station which is listed first in the AVAILABLE
METARS field. Use the joystick to scroll through the AVAILABLE
METARS. Urgent, special or amended reports will be highlighted in
yellow.
Note that the displayed report in Figure 2-54 is 12 minutes old. The bar
indicates a percentage of time left before expiration. The bar will be
green the first 50%, then turn yellow.
CHANGING FILTER AREA
1. Press the CHANGE AREA Softkey to view either Nearest to present
position, a User Defined location, the Destination (last waypoint in a
flightplan) or FPLN WPT (any waypoint in an active flightplan). The
softkey cycles through the FILTER AREAs as shown in Figure 2-60.
☞
☞
☞
User
Flightplan
Waypoint
Nearest
Destination
Defined
☞
Figure 2-60
These four selectable areas are used to make it easier to find all the
reports near a specific location without having to know the exact identifier
of the reporting station.
Scanning Flightplan
Waypoints
If FPLN WPT is selected in the
FILTER AREA field (as shown
in Figure 2-61), the Rotary
Knob can be used to sequence
through all the waypoints on
the active flightplan. The next
waypoint from the current posi-
tion will be displayed.
Figure 2-61
Turn the Rotary Knob clockwise
to sequence forward through the waypoints. Turn the Rotary Knob
counter-clockwise to sequence backward through the waypoints.
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Normal Operation
Finding User Defined Areas
by Identifier
If User Defined has been
selected, as in Figure 2-62, use
the following procedure to
change the location.
1. Turn the Rotary Knob to dis-
play the USER DEFINED
AREA ENTRY window as
shown in Figure 2-63. The
identifier previously selected is
displayed with the appropriate
name and city. Note the first
character in the IDENT field is
highlighted. Turn the Rotary
Knob to change this character.
Figure 2-62
2. Move the Joystick to the
right to highlight the next char-
acter as seen in Figure 2-64.
Again, turn the Rotary Knob to
change
the
character.
Continue changing each char-
acter in this manner until the
desired identifier is entered.
Figure 2-63
Figure 2-64
3. After entering the desired
the identifier, press the OK
Softkey. The selected weather
product will now be displayed
for the new User Defined area.
Finding User Defined Areas
by Name or City
When the identifier of the
desired location is known, the
method previously described
can be used to select it. However, if the identifier is not known, the name
of the location can be entered. The system will also allow entry of just
the first few characters of the location name to help find it in the data-
base. If neither the identifier nor the location name is known, the
city/state can be scanned.
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2-57
Normal Operation
To Enter Location Name:
The following example shows
entering MONTROSE REGL
as a location.
1. Turn the Rotary Knob to dis-
play the USER DEFINED
AREA ENTRY window as
shown in Figure 2-63.
2. Move the Joystick down to
highlight the first character of
the location name as shown in
Figure 2-65.
3. Turn the Rotary Knob coun-
terclockwise until an M is
selected as shown in Figure 2-
66.
4. Move the Joystick to the
right to highlight the next char-
acter as seen in Figure 2-67.
5. Turn Rotary Knob clockwise
until an O is selected. Continue
moving the cursor and entering
characters until MONTROSE is
displayed.
Figure 2-65
Figure 2-66
Figure 2-67
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Normal Operation
6. Press the KNOB SCAN
Softkey and Figure 2-68 will be
displayed.
7. Turn the Rotary Knob one
click clockwise. The first occur-
ance of names starting with
Montrose in the database is
now displayed as in Figure 2-
69.
8. Turn the Rotary Knob to
scan through the database until
the desired name is displayed
as in Figure 2-70.
Figure 2-68
9. Press the OK Softkey to
view the selected weather
product for MONTROSE
REGL.
To Enter Location by City:
A location may be selected by
first entering the city using the
same method as entering the
location name.
Figure 2-69
Figure 2-70
1. After entering the city, press
the KNOB SCAN Softkey.
2. Turning the Rotary Knob will
scan through the database dis-
playing each entry for the city
of Montrose.
3. Press the OK Softkey when
the desired location is dis-
played.
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2-59
Normal Operation
To Scan for Location Name:
Sometimes, only a portion of
the airport name may come to
mind. The following example
shows scanning for EAGLE
GROVE MUN when EAGLE is
the only portion of the name
remembered.
1. If necessary press the
CHANGE AREA Softkey to
select User Defined in the
FILTER AREA.
2. Turn the Rotary Knob to dis-
play the USER DEFINED
AREA ENTRY window as
shown in Figure 2-71.
3. Move the Joystick down to
highlight the first the character
of the location name as shown
in Figure 2-72.
4. Turn the Rotary Knob coun-
terclockwise until an E is
selected as shown in Figure 2-
73.
Figure 2-71
Figure 2-72
Figure 2-73
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Normal Operation
5. Move the Joystick to the
right to highlight the next char-
acter space as seen in Figure
2-74.
6. Turn Rotary Knob clockwise
until an A is selected as in
Figure 2-75. Continue moving
the cursor and entering charac-
ters until EAGLE is displayed.
7. Press the KNOB SCAN
Softkey and Figure 2-76 will be
displayed.
Figure 2-74
8. Turn the Rotary Knob to
sequence through all the loca-
tion names in the database
beginning with EAGLE. stop-
ping at the desired name as in
Figure 2-77.
9. Press the OK Softkey to
select EAGLE GROVE MUN
as the User Defined area.
NOTE: This same method
may be used with the name of
the city where the airport is
located.
This method is also used to
choose the desired airport
among those of identical
names, but located in different
cities.
Figure 2-75
Figure 2-76
Figure 2-77
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2-61
Normal Operation
Intentionally left blank
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
FIS Notifications
FIS NOTIFICATIONS
The following are descriptions of FIS notifications that may be displayed.
(GRAPHICAL PRODUCT) DATA HAS NOT BEEN
RECEIVED
If no valid graphical product
data is received (in this case
NEXRAD) a notification such
as that shown in Figure 2-78
will be displayed.
This notification usually means
that the system is not in FIS
VDL coverage or there is no
subscription set up for the
Value Added Product selected.
For XM WX, the notification
Figure 2-78
usually means that the XM WX
signal strength is poor.
The notification can also occur
while in coverage if not all of
the data for a weather product
has been received.
NO METARS AVAIL-
ABLE IN SELECTED
AREA
A notification such as that
shown in Figure 2-79 will be
displayed if no METARs are
available in the selected area.
Figure 2-79
This notification means that the
FIS system is working properly, there are simply no reports of the
selected mode within the area.
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FIS Notifications
NO METARS AVAILABLE, DATA NOT RECEIVED
This notification will be dis-
played (Figure 2-80) if no
METAR data has been
received.
This notification means the FIS
system has not received any
METAR data. This may be
due to not being in FIS cov-
erage or to poor signal
strength.
Figure 2-80
INVALID SUBSCRIPTION CODE. PLEASE CHECK AND
RE-ENTER CODE (VDL ONLY)
This notification will be dis-
played (Figure 2-81) if an
invalid Subscription Code is
entered. This may be due to
an error entering the
Subscription Code. Also, it
may be due to a Subscription
Code being entered that is
associated with a different
Display ID.
Figure 2-81
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Understanding Weather Reports
UNDERSTANDING TEXTUAL AVIATION
WEATHER REPORTS
UNDERSTANDING METARS
Refer to the numbers on the following diagram to find the appropriate
descriptions.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
METAR KPIT 201955Z AUTO 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28R/2600FT TSRA OVC010CB
18/16 A2992 RMK SLPO13 T01760158 PK WND 22030/15
9
10
11
1. Type of Report: METAR (SPECI will be seen here if this is a Special
Weather Report)
2. ICAO Station Identifier: KPIT
This is the location for which the METAR pertains.
3. Date and Time of Issue: 201955Z
The 20th day of the month at 1955Zulu or UTC.
4. AUTO indicates the reporting station is an automated station. If the
reporting station is a manned station this element will be omitted.
Also, if a report from an automated station is modified by a person
this element will be omitted. “COR” indicates a corrected report.
5. Wind: 22015G25KT
220 is the 3 digit true direction to the nearest 10°. Airport advisory
service, ATIS and ATC towers report wind direction as magnetic.
“VRB” in this place indicates variable winds less than or equal to 6
knots. If wind direction is varying more than 60° with speeds over 6
knots, an entry similar to “180V260” will be displayed in this place.
This example actually shows wind direction varying by 80°.
15 is the 2 or 3 digit wind speed (in knots).
25 is the 2 or 3 digit wind gust speed in knots (KT) because it follows a
G (Gust).
6. Visibility: 3/4SM R28R/2600FT
3/4 indicates 3/4 statute mile (SM) visibility.
Runway Visual Range (RVR) for R28R (runway 28 right) is 2600 feet
(2600FT). An “M” in this distance number indicates visibility is less
than the lowest reportable sensor value. A “P” indicates visibility is
greater than the highest reportable sensor value.
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Understanding Weather Reports
NOTE: Only reported at those locations with certified RVR reporting
capability.
7. Significant Present Weather: TSRA
TS is a two letter designation for thunderstorm. Other possible des-
ignations could be as follows:
BC Patches
BL Blowing
DR Low Drifting
FZ Supercooled/Freezing
MI Shallow
PR Partial
SH Showers
The second two letter designator, RA, indicates moderate rain.
Moderate is indicated by the absence of a “+”, “-” or “VC” preceding
the designation. These preceding designations represent the fol-
lowing:
+
Heavy
-
Light
VC In the vicinity
Other possible designations could be as follows:
BR Mist
DS Dust Storm
DU Widespread Dust
DZ Drizzle
FC Funnel Cloud
+FC Tornado/Water Spout
FG Fog
FU Smoke
GR Hail
GS Small Hail/Snow Pellets
HZ Haze
IC
Ice Crystals
PE Ice Pellets
PO Dust/Sand Whirls
PY Spray
SA Sand
SG Snow Grains
SN Snow
SQ Squall
SS Sandstorm
UP Unknown Precipitation (Automated Observations)
VA Volcanic Ash
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8. Sky Condition: OVC010CB
OVC indicates the sky is overcast. Cloud cover is based on the sky
being divided into eighths or octas. Overcast means the sky is 8
octas covered. The cloud cover designators are as follows:
SKC Sky Clear
CLR Clear below 12,000 ft. (automated observing systems)
FEW 1-2 Octas
SCT 3-4 Octas
BKN 5-7 Octas
OVC 8 octas
“VV” may also be encountered here indicating an indefinite ceiling.
For example, VV004 would indicate a vertical visibility of 400 feet.
010 indicates clouds are at 1000 feet.
CB denotes cloud type is cumulonimbus. “TCU” is another possible
designator meaning towering cumulus. CI is cirrus.
9. Temperature/Dew Point: 18/16
18 indicated the temperature is 18° Celsius. An “M” preceding the
temperature means the temperature is below 0° Celsius.
16 indicated the dew point is 16° Celsius. An “M” preceding the dew
point means the dew point is below 0° Celsius.
10. Altimeter Setting: A2992
A indicates the setting is in inches of mercury.
2992 is the altimeter setting. The first two digits are inches and the
second two are hundredths.
11. Remarks: RMK SLP013 T01760158 PK WND 22030/15
RMK designates the beginning of the remarks. Remarks can con-
tain anything, but often include the following:
SLP indicates sea level pressure in millibars from selected stations.
013 indicates pressure is 1001.3 millibars.
T01760158. Selected stations may also include a 9 place code indi-
cating temperature and dewpoint to the nearest 1/10 degree. T
denotes temperature. 0 indicates temperature is above 0° Celsius.
A “1” in this position indicates a temperature below 0° Celsius. 176
indicates a temperature of 17.6° Celsius. The next 0 indicates the
dew point is above 0° Celsius. A “1” in this position indicates a dew
point below 0° Celsius. 158 indicates a dewpoint of 15.8° Celsius.
PK WND 22030/15. Selected stations may include peak wind
observations which will appear in the remarks element.
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Understanding Weather Reports
PK WND denotes peak wind.
200 indicates wind direction from 200°.
30/15 indicates a maximum instantaneous wind of 30 knots occurred
at 15 minutes past the hour.
UNDERSTANDING TAFS
Refer to the numbers on the following diagram to find the appropriate
descriptions.
6
1
3
5
7
2
4
8
TAF KPIT 091730Z 091818 22020KT 3SM -SHRA BKN020
FM2030 30015G25KT 3SM SHRA OVC015 WS015/30045KT 20
TEMPO 2022 1/2SM TSRA OVC008CB
19
FM0100 27008KT 5SM -SHRA BKN020 OVC040 PROB40 0407 21
00000KT 1SM -RA BR
10
FM1000 22010KT 5SM -SHRA OVC020 BECMG 1315 20010KT
P6SM NSW SKC
9
16 17 18 11
1. Type of Report: TAF
12
13
14
15
TAF indicates a Terminal Area Forecast. TAF AMD indicates an
amended forecast.
2. ICAO Station Identifier: KPIT
This is the airport for which the TAF pertains.
3. Date and Time of Issue: 091730Z
The 9th day of the month at 1730Zulu or UTC.
4. Date and Time Valid: 091818
The 9th day of the month, valid for 24 hours from 091800Z to
101800Z. An amended forecast (TAF AMD) will be valid for only the
time interval remaining, usually less than 24 hours.
5. Forecast Wind: 22020KT
See #5 in the UNDERSTANDING METARs section for details.
6. Forecast Visibility: 3SM
See #6 in the UNDERSTANDING METARs section for details,
except RVR is not included in a TAF
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7. Forecast Weather Phenomenon: -SHRA
See #7 in the UNDERSTANDING METARs section for details.
8. Sky Conditions: BKN020
See #8 in the UNDERSTANDING METARs section for details.
9. Beginning of Changed Forecast Conditions: FM1000
FM denotes “from” and 1000 indicates 1000Z. “From” means a sig-
nificant change in prevailing conditions is expected. The described
conditions follow this element and supercede all previous forecast
conditions.
10. Forecast Wind: 22010KT
See #5 in the UNDERSTANDING METARs section for details.
11. Forecast Visibility: 5SM
See #6 in the UNDERSTANDING METARs section for details.
12. Forecast Weather Phenomenon: -SHRA
See #7 in the UNDERSTANDING METARs section for details.
13. Forecast Sky Conditions: OVC020
See #8 in the UNDERSTANDING METARs section for details.
14. Change in Conditions: BECMG 1315
BECMG indicates “becoming” over the time interval between 1300Z
(13) and 1500Z (15). “Becoming” describes a gradual change in
forecast conditions. The described conditions follow this element
and supercede previously reported like elements.
15. Wind Becoming: 20010KT
See #5 in the UNDERSTANDING METARs section for details. This
element may be omitted if no change is expected.
16. Visibility Becoming: P6SM
See #6 in the UNDERSTANDING METARs section for details. This
element may be omitted if no change is expected.
17. Weather Phenomenon Becoming: NSW
NSW indicates “No Significant Weather”. See #7 in the UNDER-
STANDING METARs section for details.
18. Sky Conditions Becoming: SKC
See #8 in the UNDERSTANDING METARs section for details. This
element may be omitted if no change is expected.
19. Change in Conditions: TEMPO 2022
TEMPO indicates “temporary” changes expected as described
between 2000Z (20)and 2200Z (22). “Temporary” indicates a tem-
porary fluctuation in conditions, usually lasting less than one hour.
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Understanding Weather Reports
The described conditions follow this element.
20. Low Level Windshear: WS015/30045KT
WS indicates “windshear” not associated with convective activity.
015 indicates the windshear is expected at 1500 feet. AGL Wind is
expected from 300° (300) at 45 knots (45KT).
21. Change in Conditions: PROB40 0407
PROB40 indicates a 40% “probability” of described conditions occur-
ring between 0400Z (04)and 0700Z (07). The described conditions
follow this element.
UNDERSTANDING PIREPS
The following is an example of a typical PIREP with an explanation of the
elements.
1
3
2
KCRW UA/OV KBKW 360015-KCRW/TM 1815/FL120/TP BE99/SK IMC/
WX RA/TA M08/WV 290030/TB LGT-MDT/IC LGT RIME/RM MDT MXD
ICG DURGC KROA NWBND FL080-100 1750Z
1. Station Identifier: KCRW
This is the station identifier of the nearest weather reporting location
to the reported conditions.
2. Report Type: UA
Reports will be routine (UA) or urgent (UUA).
3. Location: OV KBKW 360015-KCRW
OV indicates the report is in relation to a VOR. KBKW is the VOR
identifier, in this case Beckley VOR. 360015-KCRW indicates posi-
tion as related to the VOR. In this case, 15 miles out on the 360
degree radial. KCRW indicates this is a leg to the Charleston, West
Virginia VOR.
The next series of elements contain data that is read much like that in
METARs and TAFs. Each element starts with a 2-letter designator
which denotes the type of data with that element. The following defines
the element designators:
/TM: Time as Coordinated Universal Time
/FL: Altitude as Flight Level
/TP: Aircraft Type
/SK: Sky Cover (may include cloud height and coverage)
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/WX: Weather Phenomenon (can include flight visibility, precipitation
and restrictions to visibility.
/TA: Outside air temperature at altitude in degrees Celsius.
/WV: Wind (direction in degrees magnetic north and speed in knots)
/TB: Turbulence (refer to the Airman’s Information Manual)
CAT - Clear Air Turbulence
CHOP - Choppy Turbulence
OCNL - Occasional
NEG - No Turbulence
ABV - Above
BLO - Below
LGT - Light - Momentarily causes slight, erratic changes in
altitude and/or attitude.
MOD - Moderate - Greater intensity changes in altitude and/or
attitude, but aircraft remains in positive control at all times.
Usually causes changes in indicated airspeed.
SEV - Severe - Causes large and abrupt changes to aircraft
altitude and/or attitude. Large variations in indicated airspeed
and momentary loss of control.
EXTRM - Extreme - Aircraft is violently tossed about and is
nearly impossible to control. May cause structural damage.
/IC: Icing (refer to the Airman’s Information Manual)
CLR - Clear
MX - Mixed (combination of rime and clear icing)
NEG - No Icing
ABV - Above
BLO - Below
Trace - Ice becomes perceptible. Rate of evaporation is
almost equal to the rate of accumulation. Deicing/anti-icing
equipment is not utilized unless encountered for a period of
time greater than 1 hour.
LGT - Light - Rate of accumulation may be a problem if flight
is prolonged for longer than 1 hour without deicing/anti-icing
equipment. Deicing/anti-icing removes and/or prevents accu-
mulation.
MOD - Moderate - The rate of accumulation is such that even
short encounters become potentially hazardous. Use of
deicing/anti-icing equipment or diversion is necessary.
SEV - Severe - Flight diversion is necessary. Deicing/anti-
icing equipment is not effective.
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Understanding Weather Reports
/RM: Remarks (for reporting elements not included or to clarify pre-
viously reported items). Remarks can include anything. The
example translates to “moderate (MDT) mixed (MXD) icing during
climb (DURGC) from Roanoke, VA (KROA) northwestbound
(NWBND) between Flight Level 080 and 100 (FL080100) at
1750Z”.
UNDERSTANDING AIRMETS
The following is an example of a typical AIRMET with an explanation of
the elements.
1
2
3
4
CHIT WA 151900 AMD
AIRMET TANGO UPDT 2 FOR TURB
VALID UNTIL 160100
AIRMET TURB...KS MO
FROM MCI TO STL TO SGF TO ICT TO MCI
MOD TURB BLW 100 EXPCD
CONDS IPVG AFT 160000Z
5
6
7
8
9
10
1. Forecast Area: CHIT
This is the forecast area identifier of the issuing Weather Service
Forecast Office.
BOS Boston
CHI
Chicago
DFW Dallas/Ft. Worth
MIA
SFO
SLC
Miami
San Francisco
Salt Lake City
The T denotes the reason for the AIRMET. This could be one of the
following:
S
Sierra IFR
Ceilings < 1,000 feet and/or visibility
< 3 miles affecting > 50% of the area at
one time or extensive mountain obscu-
ration.
T
Z
Tango Turbulence
Moderate turbulence, sustained suface
winds of ≥ 30 knots at the surface or
low level windshear.
Moderate icing and/or freezing levels.
Zulu
Icing
AIRMET items are considered widespread. Widespread is consid-
ered an area ≥ 3,000 square miles.
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2. Report Type: WA
WA identifies an AIRMET.
3. Date and Time Issued: 151900
15 indicates the 15th day of the month. 1900 indicates UTC.
NOTE: AIRMETs may be issued up to 15 minutes prior to the start of the
validity period. The FIS system will display the data age as zero until the
start of the validity period.
4. AMD indicates an amended report. Reports can be amended due
to changing weather conditions or issuance/cancelation of a
SIGMET. COR in this field would indicate a corrected AIRMET.
RTD indicates a delayed AIRMET.
5. This line indicates that there is a second (2) update (UPDT) to this
AIRMET issued for turbulence (FOR TURB). More than one meteo-
rological condition may be addressed as shown in the following:
FOR IFR AND MTN (mountain) OBSCN (obscuration)
FOR ICE AND FRZLVL (freezing level)
FOR STG (strong) SFC (surface) WINDS AND LLWS (low
level
wind shear)
6. This updated AIRMET is valid until 0100 UTC on the 16th day (16)
of the month. An AIRMET does not contain an explicit validity start
time.
7. This AIRMET forecasts turbulence (TURB) for the states of KS
(Kansas) and MO (Missouri). Geographic areas are also covered
such as CSTL WTRS (coastal waters). Other geographic abbrevia-
tions are used as well (see Appendix A).
8. The affected area is defined by lines FROM MCI (Kansas City) TO
STL (St. Louis) TO SGF (Springfield) TO ICT (Wichita) and back TO
MCI. Areas can be defined by lines between points which are air-
port or navaid identifiers.
9. Moderate (MOD) turbulence (TURB) below (BLW) 10,000 feet
expected (EXPCD).
10. Conditions (CONDS) improving (IPVG) after (AFT) the 16th day (16)
of the month 0000 UTC.
If conditions end more than one hour prior to the indicated expiration
time, an amended AIRMET will be issued stating it’s cancellation. If con-
ditions end within one hour of the indicated expiration time, the AIRMET
will be allowed to expire without cancellation. Once the report is can-
celled or expires, the FIS system no longer broadcasts the report.
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Understanding Weather Reports
UNDERSTANDING SIGMETS
The following is an example of a typical SIGMET issued for turbulence
with an explanation of the elements.
1
2
3
CHIR UWS 041430
4
5
6
SIGMET ROMEO 1 VALID UNTIL 041830
KY TN WV VA OH
FROM CVG TO EKN TO PSK TO VXV TO CVG
OCNL SEV TURB BTN 300 AND 360. RPRTD BY AIRCRAFT.
CONDS CONTG BYD 1830Z.
7
8
SLM/GTB
1. Forecast Area: CHIR
This is the forecast area identifier of the issuing Weather Service
Forecast Office.
BOS Boston
CHI
Chicago
DFW Dallas/Ft. Worth
MIA
SFO
SLC
Miami
San Francisco
Salt Lake City
The R denotes report ROMEO. A new alphabetic designator is
given each time a SIGMET is issued for a new weather phenom-
enon. The order of issuance is as follows:
N
NOVEMBER
O OSCAR
PAPA
P
Q QUEBEC
R
U
V
ROMEO
UNIFORM
VICTOR
W WHISKEY
X
XRAY
Y
YANKEE
SIGMETs are issued for:
Severe icing not associated with thunderstorms
Severe or extreme turbulence or clear air turbulence (CAT)
Dust storms or sandstorms lowering visibilities to < 3 miles
Volcanic ash
2. Report Type: UWS
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UWS indicates this is the first issuance of report ROMEO.
Subsequent reports for ROMEO would display WS.
3. Date and Time Issued: 041430.
04 indicates the 4th day of the month. 1430 indicates UTC.
4. This line indicates that SIGMET ROMEO 1 is VALID UNTIL the 4th
day (04) of the month at 1830 UTC.
Each subsequent report issued for this same weather phenomenon
designated ROMEO would increment the number. For example,
ROMEO 2, ROMEO 3 and so on.
5. Area of coverage by state or geographic area. In addition to state
abbreviations, other area abbreviations may be seen here, such as,
TX CSTL WTRS (Texas Coastal Waters).
6. Location of weather phenomenon. Three letter designators for
navaids or airports are used to describe boundaries of coverage. If
the weather phenomenon extends across multiple forecast areas,
the location is described as if no boundaries exist.
7. Details of weather phenomenon. The example is typical of a syn-
opsis for turbulence:
OCNL (occasional) SEV (severe) TURB (turbulence) BTN
(between) 300 (30,000 feet) AND 360 (36,000 feet). RPRTD
(reported) BY AIRCRAFT. CONDS (conditions) CONTG (contin-
uing) BYD (beyond 1830Z.
More typical examples of descriptors used in other SIGMET weather
phenomenon are as follows:
MOD (moderate) TO
STG (strong) UDDFS (updrafts and downdrafts)
UPDFTS (updrafts)
DWNDFTS (downdrafts)
INVOF (in vicinity of) MTNS (mountains)
BLO (below) 360
BTWN (between) FRZLVL (freezing level) AND 360
ABV (above) 360
RPRTD (reported) BY ACFT (aircraft) IN VCNTY (vicinity)
RPRTD BY SVRL (several) ACFT
8. Issuers initials.
If conditions end more than one half hour prior to the indicated expiration
time, and the report does not state that conditions will continue, a cancel-
lation will be issued with CNCL SIGMET as the report designator. If con-
ditions are expected to continue, a new SIGMET will be issued. If condi-
tions end within one half hour of the indicated expiration time, the
SIGMET will be allowed to expire without cancellation. Once the report
is cancelled or expires, the FIS system no longer broadcasts the report.
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Understanding Weather Reports
UNDERSTANDING CONVECTIVE SIGMETS
The following is an example of a typical Convective SIGMET with an
explanation of the elements.
1
2
3
MKCC WST 221855
CONVECTIVE SIGMET 20C
VALID UNTIL 2055Z
ND SD
FROM 60W MOT-GFK-ABR-90W MOT
INTSFYG AREA SVR TSTMS MOVG FROM 2445. TOPS ABV FL450.
WIND GUSTS TO 60KT RPRTD. TORNADOES…HAIL TO 2 IN…WIND
GUSTS TO 65KT PSBL ND PTN.
4
5
6
7
8
1. Station Identifier: MKCC
MKC is the station identifier of the Aviation Weather Center (AWC)
in Kansas City.
The C denotes the report is for the Central portion of the continental
United States. The choices are as follows:
C
E
Central
East
W West
Convective SIGMETs are issued for:
Severe weather including: (a)Surface winds ≥ 50 knots,
(b) Surface hail ≥ 3/4 inch in diameter or (c) Tornadoes
Embedded thunderstorms (obscured by haze or other phenomena)
Line of thunderstorms
Thunderstorms ≥ VIP level 4 affecting ≥ 40% of an area ≥ 3000 sq.
mi.
2. Report Type: WST
WST indicates this is a convective SIGMET.
3. Date and Time Issued: 221855.
22 indicates the 22nd day of the month. 1855 indicates UTC.
4. This line is the identifying number of the Convective SIGMET.
Numbering begins daily at 0000 UTC. The C denotes the Central
portion of the country.
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5. This line indicates that CONVECTIVE SIGMET 20C is VALID
UNTIL 2055Z time. Expiration time is two hours after issuance, but
Convective SIGMETs are issued hourly and replace the previous
hour’s product.
Each subsequent report issued for this same weather phenomenon
would increment the number. For example, 21C, 22C and so on.
6. Area of coverage by state ND (North Dakota) and SD (South
Dakota) or geographic area. In addition to state abbreviations, other
area abbreviations may be seen here, such as FL CSTL WTRS
(Florida Coastal Waters).
7. Location of weather phenomenon (may be an area, single cell or
line). Three letter designators for navaids or airports are used to
describe boundaries of coverage.
The starting and ending point are identical for an area of thunder-
storms, like this: FROM 90W MOT-GFK-ABR-90W MOT (from 90
nm west of Minot, ND to Grand Forks, ND to Aberdeen, SD to 90
nm west of Minot, ND).
A Single Cell thunderstorm 35 nm west of Kansas City would look
like this: 35WMKC
A Line of severe thunderstorms would look like this: FROM 90SE
SGF-70NE TXK-50NE LFK (from 90 nm southeast of Springfield,
MO to 70 nm northeast of Texarkana, AR to 50 nm northeast of
Lufkin, TX).
8. Details of weather phenomenon. Convective SIGMET details are
mostly in plain language with some abbreviations. This example is
typical for an area of severe thunderstorms:
INTSFYG (intensifying) AREA (of) SVR TSTMS (severe thunder-
storms) MOVG (moving) FROM 2445 (240 degrees at 45 knots).
Storm TOPS ABV (above) FL450 (flight level 4-5-0). WIND GUSTS
TO 60KT (knots) RPRTD (reported). TORNADOES…HAIL TO 2 IN
(inches in diameter)…WIND GUSTS TO 65 KT (knots) PSBL (pos-
sible) in the ND PTN (North Dakota portion).
For a single cell thunderstorm:
ISOLD (isolated) SVR TSTM (severe thunderstorm) D30 (30 nm in
diameter) MOVG (moving) FROM 2520 (250 degrees at 20 knots).
Storm TOPS ABV (above) FL450 (flight level 4-5-0). HAIL TO 2 IN
(inches in diameter) WIND GUSTS TO 65 KT (knots) PSBL (pos-
sible).
For a line of thunderstorms 25 nm wide:
LINE (line of) SVR TSTMS (severe thunderstorms) 25 MI WIDE
MOVG (moving) FROM 2745 (270 degrees at 45 knots). Storm
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TOPS ABV (above) FL450 (flight level 4-5-0). WIND GUSTS TO
60KT (knots) RPRTD (reported). TORNADOES…HAIL TO 2 IN
(inches in diameter)…WIND GUSTS TO 65 KT (knots) PSBL (pos-
sible).
UNDERSTANDING ALERT WEATHER WATCHES (AWW)
The following is an example of a typical Alert Weather Watch with an
explanation of the elements.
1
2
3
5
SPC AWW 162236
WW 1162 SEVERE TSTM MS AL FL AND ADJ CSTL WTRS
162300Z - 170400Z
4
6
AXIS..75 STATUTE MILES NORTH AND SOUTH OF LINE..
45SW MOB/MOBILE AL/ - 30SSE DHN/DOTHAN AL/
..AVIATION COORDS.. 65NM N/S /37SW MOB - 51WNW TLH/
HAIL SURFACE AND ALOFT..1 1/4 INCHES. WIND GUSTS..60
KNOTS. MAX TOPS TO 400. MEAN WIND VECTOR 23035.
7
8
9
1. Station Identifier: SPC
SPC is the station identifier for the Storm Prediction Center in
Norman, Oklahoma.
AWWs are issued for:
Tornado
Damaging winds or winds > 58 knots
Hail ≥ 3/4 inch in diameter.
2. Report Type: AWW
AWW indicates this is an Alert Weather Watch.
3. Date and Time Issued: 162236.
16 indicates the 16th day of the month. 2236 indicates UTC.
4. WW 1162 is the identifying number of the Alert Weather Watch.
Numbering begins yearly at 0000.
5. This line indicates the type of weather and the affected areas.
SEVERE TSTM (severe thunderstorm) for MS (Mississippi) AL
(Alabama) FL (Florida) AND ADJ CSTL WTRS (adjacent coastal
waters).
6. This line indicates that the watch is valid from 162300Z - 170400Z
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Understanding Weather Reports
(the 16th at 2300 Zulu to the 17th at 0400 Zulu).
7. Coordinates of the watch box area. Draw a line 75 STATUTE
MILES NORTH AND SOUTH OF A LINE.. The endpoints of the line
are 45SSW MOB/MOBILE AL/-30SSE DHN/DOTHAN AL/ (45
miles south-southwest of Mobile, Alabama and 30 miles south-
southeast of Dothan, Alabama). Connect the lines to form the box.
Sometimes it might be defined as EAST AND WEST OF A LINE.. or
EITHER SIDE OF A LINE..
8. Aviation coordinates of the watch box area. Draw a line 65NM N/S /
(65 nautical miles north and south) of a line). The endpoints of the
line are 37SW MOB - 51WNW TLH/ (37 nautical miles southwest of
Mobile, Alabama and 51 nautical miles west-northwest of
Tallahassee, Florida). Connect the lines to form the box.
9. Details of the forecast weather. AWW details are mostly in plain lan-
guage with some abbreviations. This is an example of a typical
product.
HAIL SURFACE AND ALOFT..1 1/4 INCHES (hail diameter poten-
tial of one and one quarter inches) WIND GUSTS..60 KNOTS (wind
gust potential of 60 knots) MAX TOPS TO 400 (maximum tops of
the storms is 40,000 feet). MEAN WIND VECTOR 23035 (motion of
storm is 230 degrees at 35 knots).
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Understanding Weather Reports
Intentionally left blank
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Introduction
SECTION 3
TRAFFIC AVOIDANCE OPERATION
INTRODUCTION
The Traffic Function of the Bendix/King KMD 250 Multi Function Display
allows for the display and control of one of several models of traffic
avoidance systems. Some examples are TCAS I (Traffic Collision
Avoidance System), TCAS II, TAS (Traffic Avoidance System) and TIS
(Traffic Information Service).
This section describes the operation of the KMD 250 display for control-
ling the display of traffic. For detailed information on the proper use and
interpretation of the displayed traffic data when using TCAS I, TCAS II
and TAS systems, please reference the pilot’s guide that is provided
with the traffic avoidance system.
An active traffic avoidance system (TCAS I, TCAS II or TAS) is used for
detecting and tracking aircraft near your own aircraft. Aircraft detected,
tracked, and displayed are referred to as Intruders. Intruders are shown
as symbols on the traffic display. The system identifies the relative
threat of each Intruder by using various symbols and colors. The
intruder’s altitude, relative to your own aircraft’s altitude, is annunciated if
the Intruder is reporting altitude. A trend arrow is used to indicate if the
Intruder is climbing or descending more than 500 feet per minute.
The passive Traffic Information Service (TIS) is a data link service that
provides information similar to VFR radar traffic advisories normally
received over voice radio. The data is received from the terminal Mode
S radar system through a TIS capable Mode S transponder to the KMD
display once per radar scan (approximately every 5 seconds).
TIS provides the relative position, relative altitude, altitude trend, and
estimated ground track angle for as many as 8 intruders that are within 7
NM horizontally and +3,500/-3000 feet vertically of the aircraft receiving
TIS. Only aircraft with operating transponders that are within the surveil-
lance volume of a TIS Mode S radar are visible to TIS. Terminal Mode
S radars equipped with TIS provide the service to 55 NM (or possibly
greater) of the radar location, and as low as the "line of site" limitation
inherent to radar surveillance.
ATC procedures and the “see and avoid concept” will continue to be the
primary means of ensuring aircraft separation. However, if communica-
tion is lost with ATC, TCAS/TAS/TIS adds a significant backup for colli-
sion avoidance.
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Introduction
The Bendix/King KMD 250 is shown below with the Traffic Page for
TAS/TCAS selected.
The Bendix/King KMD 250 is shown below with the Traffic Page for TIS
selected.
TRAFFIC FUNCTION STATUS ICONS
The Traffic Function Status Icons are located in the lower left of the dis-
play. They are used to indicate whether or not the KMD 250 is currently
receiving and/or displaying traffic information. The following table shows
the various traffic icons and their meanings:
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TAS/TCAS
TAS/TCAS
This section applies to TAS, TCAS I and TCAS II systems.
TAS/TCAS NORMAL OPERATION
To display the TCAS/TAS traffic page press the TRFC
function select key.
The following illustration defines the data that appears on the TAS/TCAS
Traffic Display Page:
4
6
7
5
3
2
8
9
10
11
1
14
12
13
1 Display Range - RNG:####.
2 Function Status Icons - Displays icons representing data available and
displayed.
3 Current Flight Level - FL ###
4 Altitude Volume - Current Altitude Volume selection is displayed in this field.
5 Range Rings - Outer ring radius is selected range, inner ring radius is always
2 nm.
6 Active Flight Plan
7 Aircraft Symbol - Indicates present position.
8 Altitude Volume Softkey - When the ALTITUDE VOLUME softkey is pressed,
the display will step through NORMAL, ABOVE, BELOW and UNRESTRICTED.
9 Flight Level Softkey - Pressing FLIGHT LEVEL toggles the Flight Level
display on or off.
10 Traffic Intruder Symbols - Indicates type of traffic, altitude of traffic, vertical
trend of traffic and ground track of traffic.
11 Pop-Up Softkey - Pressing the MENU Key will display the pop-up softkey.
Pressing this softkey will toggle between DISABLE POP-UP and ENABLE
POP-UP. When enabled, the Traffic Page will be displayed whenever there
is a traffic alert.
12 System ON/SBY/TST - Rotary Knob selects system ON,SBY (standby) or
TST (test).
13 Page Display Name
14 System Operating Mode - If using a TAS system, TAS TST, TAS SBY, TA
ONLY or TAS FAIL will be displayed. If using a TCAS system, TCAS TST,
TCAS SBY, TA ONLY, TA/RA, or TCAS FAIL will be displayed.
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TAS/TCAS
OPERATIONAL CONTROLS FOR TAS/TCAS
ALTITUDE VOLUME - Toggles between
altitude volume views of NORMAL,
ABOVE, BELOW or UNRESTRICTED.
This key may be enabled or disabled in
system configuration.
FLIGHT LEVEL - Pressing the MENU Key will display the
FLIGHT LEVEL Softkey. Pressing this key toggles the alti-
tude tag between relative or absolute alti-
tude as shown in Figures 3-1 and 3-2.
When absolute altitude is displayed, the
Flight Level will also be displayed in the
upper left of the screen. Operation in the
absolute mode is limited to 15 seconds.
This feature may be enabled or disabled in system configuration. See
note below.
NOTE: If FLIGHT LEVEL or ALTITUDE VOLUME Soft Keys or the
Rotary Knob are not active, these controls will be found on the separate
TAS/TCAS controller.
AUTO-POP-UP - Toggles between ENABLE POP-UP and
DISABLE POP-UP. When enabled the Traffic Display will
automatically be displayed in a Traffic Alert
situation. In some situations, like high
traffic areas or flying in formation, this fre-
quent display changing could be a nui-
sance. Disabling the pop-up may desir-
able in these circumstances. This key may be enabled or disabled in
system configuration.
RNG▲/RNG▼ - Advances the indicator to the next range.
The upper button increases range, the lower button
decreases it. The selected range is displayed in the lower
left corner of the display with the inner range ring always 2
nm. The RNG button labels will not be displayed when
their respective range limits are reached.
Rotary Knob - Selects between Test
(TST), Standby (SBY) and On mode of
operation. This control may be enabled or
disabled in system configuration. If the
KMD 250 is used with a TCAS II or L-3
SkywatchTM system, this control will not be
available.
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TAS/TCAS
Figure 3-2
Absolute Altitude Mode
Figure 3-1
Relative Altitude Mode
TAS/TCAS SYMBOLOGY
NON-THREAT TRAFFIC
An open white diamond indicates that an intruder is not yet
considered a threat. For specifics on relative distance and
altitude that defines this symbol, please refer to the pilot’s
guide that is provided with the traffic avoidance system. This one is 200
feet above your own altitude, climbing at 500 feet per minute or greater.
PROXIMITY INTRUDER TRAFFIC
A filled white diamond indicates that the intruding aircraft has
reached the next proximity threshold defined by the traffic
avoidance system, but is still not considered a threat. For
specifics on relative distance and altitude that defines this symbol,
please refer to the pilot’s guide that is provided with the traffic avoidance
system.This intruder is now 400 feet below your aircraft and climbing at
500 feet per minute or greater.
TRAFFIC ADVISORY (TA)
A symbol change to a filled yellow circle indicates that the
intruding aircraft is considered to be potentially hazardous.
Depending on your own altitude the system will display a TA
when time to Closest Point of Approach (CPA) is reached as defined by
traffic avoidance system. For specifics on CPA as defined by the
system, please refer to the pilot’s guide that is provided with the traffic
avoidance system. Here the intruder is 100 feet above your aircraft,
descending at 500 feet per minute or greater.
RESOLUTION ADVISORY (RA)
This symbol will only be displayed when the KMD 250 is inter-
faced with a TCAS II system. A solid red square indicates that
the intruding aircraft is projected to be a collision threat. TCAS
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TAS/TCAS
II calculates that the intruder has reached a point where a Resolution
Advisory is necessary. The time to CPA with the intruder, depending on
your altitude, has been reached as defined by the traffic avoidance
system. For specifics on CPA as defined by the system, please refer to
the pilot’s guide that is provided with the traffic avoidance system. The
symbol appears together with an appropriate audio warning and a
vertical maneuver indication on the RA/VSI. This aircraft is now 100 feet
below your altitude and still descending at 500 feet per minute or
greater.
NOTE: An intruder must be reporting altitude in order to generate an RA.
Therefore, the RA symbol will always have an altitude tag.
“OFF-SCALE” TRAFFIC
TA or RA traffic that is beyond the selected range will be displayed as
half the appropriate symbol at the edge of the display matching the
bearing of the traffic.
“NO-BEARING”
TRAFFIC
If the bearing of TA or RA
traffic cannot be determined by
the traffic avoidance system,
no traffic symbol will be dis-
played on the TRFC display.
The traffic information will
instead be displayed in the
lower center of the display as
Figure 3-3
shown in Figure 3-3. A max-
imum of two “no-bearing” TA
and/or RA intruders can be displayed. If the intruder is not reporting alti-
tude, the altitude and trend arrow fields will be blank.
NOTE: “Off-Scale” and “No-
Bearing” advisories are dis-
played only on the TRFC
Page.
TA/RA WHILE IN MAP
OR WEATHER DISPLAY
If a Traffic Advisory presents
itself while in the Map or
Weather Display the traffic
function icon in the Functions
Figure 3-4
Legend will flash yellow along
with ALERT as represented in Figure 3-4. In the case of a Resolution
Advisory in a TCAS II system, the icon will flash red.
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TAS/TCAS
AUTO-POP-UP
If AUTO-POP-UP is enabled,
a TA or RA will cause the
Traffic Display to be presented
automatically. The default
range of the pop-up display
will be 7 nm.
To enable AUTO-POP-UP
perform the following:
1. While viewing the Traffic
Display, press the MENU Key
to display the ENABLE POP-
UP Softkey as shown in Figure
3-5. This Softkey toggles
between ENABLE and DIS-
ABLE POP-UP.
Figure 3-5
VIEWING TRAFFIC IN A
DATA FIELD
Traffic may be selected for
viewing in a Data Field as
shown in Figure 3-6 (also see
Section 1 for displaying Data
Fields). Altitude tags and ver-
tical trend arrows will not be
shown with traffic symbol in the
Data Field display.
Figure 3-6
Traffic will not be available in
the Data Field if the Map
Orientation is set to North Up.
If the Map Display is in North
Up mode, the Traffic Data Field
will appear as shown in Figure
3-7.
Figure 3-7
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TAS/TCAS
TAS/TCAS SYSTEM FAULTS
NO DATA RECEIVED
If the KMD 250 is not receiving
any data from the TCAS or
TAS sensor then a screen sim-
ilar to Figure 3-8 will be dis-
played. This could indicate that
power is not being provided to
the traffic avoidance system
(e.g. a pulled breaker), a bad
wiring connection between the
display and the sensor, or a
failed TCAS or TAS unit.
Figure 3-8
SYSTEM TEST
A system test can be performed to verify
the traffic avoidance system is working
properly. If the KMD 250 is configured to
use the Rotary Knob with the traffic func-
tion, turn the outer knob to
select TST. Figure 3-9 indi-
cates a properly functioning
TCAS I/TAS system. An RA
will be displayed for a TCAS II
system. If the KMD 250 not
configured for use of the
Rotary Knob with the traffic
function, this test would be per-
formed using the appropriate
control unit.
If faults are detected in the
KMD 250 or the traffic sensor
they will be displayed as
shown in Figure 3-10. This
figure shows all faults. Only
actual faults will be displayed.
Figure 3-9
Figure 3-10
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Traffic Information Service
TRAFFIC INFORMATION SERVICE (TIS)
This section applies only to TIS systems.
TIS is an alerting system that provides visibility to nearby traffic
enhancing “see and avoid” collision avoidance. It’s purpose is to
increase situational awareness by supplying information to assist in visu-
ally acquiring nearby aircraft. TIS does not relieve the pilot of “see and
avoid” responsibility. No avoidance maneuvers are provided or recom-
mended by TIS.
The service is offered through the Federal Aviation Administration’s
Mode S terminal sensors and uses the same surveillance information
provided to ATC. Estimated bearing, distance, altitude and heading
information for aircraft within 7 NM and +3,500/-3,000 feet altitude of
your aircraft is sent over the Mode S datalink to the TIS display. The
pilot is also alerted to aircraft that are predicted to be within 30 seconds
of a potential collision, no matter the distance or altitude.
Mode S
KMD 250 w/ TIS Display
Sensor
TIS
ALGORITHMS
KT 73 Mode S
Target aircraft are displayed only if operating a Mode A, C or S
transponder. TIS operation is transparent to ATC and requires no con-
troller intervention.
When the onboard TIS system makes a request for TIS, the request is
sent via the Mode S transponder through the datalink. The first available
Mode S sensor capable of supporting TIS for your aircraft responds by
sending data back through the datalink on every scan of the sensor
(approximately every 5 seconds). TIS will be provided by the sensor as
long as the aircraft is within coverage range of that sensor. When
entering the coverage range of another sensor, TIS will continue pro-
vided the next sensor is TIS capable. The transfer of service is auto-
matic. In addition to traffic data, the aircraft receives status messages
that advise the pilot when TIS service has been initiated, is continuing, or
has been terminated.
While coverage varies with terrain and local site parameters, “line-of-
sight” coverage is to be expected within 55 NM of a TIS capable Mode S
sensor. Terrain and obstacles can cause areas of no radar coverage.
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Traffic Information Service
TIS LIMITATIONS
Traffic may not be displayed for one or more of the following reasons:
1. Radar site is out of service. If a TIS capable Mode S sensor is not in
service for any reason, TIS is not available. See Figure 3-11.
2. Your aircraft is beyond maximum range of a TIS capable Mode S
site. Maximum range can extend beyond 55 NM up to 100 NM.
However, expect TIS service to 55 NM. See Figure 3-11 and 3-12.
Figure 3-11 - TIS Capable Mode S Radar Sensor Sites
Radar Coverage
Dead Zones
Figure 3-12 - TIS Functional Range
3. Your aircraft is inside the “Cone of Silence. When near or above
(depending on altitude) the TIS radar site, and out of range of another
TIS radar site, TIS data cannot be received. See Figure 3-13.
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Traffic Information Service
4. The other aircraft is within the “Cone of Silence”. So, remember,
there may be aircraft within your alert area, but if they are not seen by
the radar site they will not show on your display.
5. Your aircraft is below radar coverage. With no obstructions and flat
terrain, the coverage floor is about 2,000-3,000 feet at 60 miles and
4,000-6,000 feet at 100 miles. Terrain and obstacles can substantially
decrease coverage range or make coverage asymmetrical about the
radar site. See Figure 3-13.
“Cone of Silence”
Mode-S Terminal Secondary Surveillance Radar
Radar Coverage
Dead Zones
Figure 3-13 - Obstructions To TIS Coverage
6. The other traffic is below radar coverage. The other aircraft may be
in situations mentioned in number 5 and therefore not seen by radar.
Again, there may be aircraft within your alert area, but if they are not
seen by the radar site they will not show on your display.
7. The other aircraft is without an operating a Mode A, C or S
transponder.
8. Bearing error increases as the distance from the radar site
increases. However, distance and relative altitude will remain accurate.
9. Due to the way the radar sites check for transponder faults, a reply
can be interpreted as two different aircraft. This causes a “self alert”.
This is shown as a “pop-up” alert intruder at or near the client’s position
and altitude lasting for only one or two radar scans. It most often occurs
during maneuvering or upon entry into TIS coverage.
NOTE: It is important to understand that no display or aural warning of
traffic information shows the location of all traffic in the vicinity.
Whenever in VMC conditions, continue to visually scan for traffic.
NOTE: Pilots should report TIS outages to Flight Service which will
report them to the Airway Facilities Operations Control Centers for reso-
lution, similar to a report of any other system outage.
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Traffic Information Service
TIS NORMAL OPERATION
NOTE: TIS availability may be intermittent during turns or other maneu-
vering where the aircraft structure can block the line of sight between the
Mode S radar and the Mode S transponder antenna.
To display the TIS traffic page press the TRFC Function
Select Key.
The following illustration defines the data that appears on the TIS Traffic
Display Page:
6
5
8
7
4
3
9
10
2
11
12
13
1
14
15
1 Display Range - RNG:####.
2 Function Status Icons - Displays icons representing data available and displayed.
3 Range Rings - Outer ring radius is selected range, inner ring radius is always
2 nm.
4 Current Flight Level - FL:###
5 Audio Muting - When audio muting is turned on by pressing the ENABLE MUTE
Softkey, TIS Mute ON will be displayed in this field.
6 Heading - Current aircraft magnetic heading (HDG) or ground track (TRK). If no
heading or track information is available, the the field displays NO HDG/TRK.
7 Active Flight Plan
8 Traffic Intruder Symbols - Indicates type of traffic, altitude of traffic, vertical trend
of traffic and ground track of traffic.
9 Flight Level Softkey - Pressing FLIGHT LEVEL toggles the Flight Level display
on or off.
10 Aircraft Symbol - Indicates present position.
11 Audio Mute Softkey - Pressing the MENU Key will display the muting softkey.
Pressing this softkey will toggle between DISABLE MUTE and ENABLE MUTE.
12 Pop-Up Softkey - Pressing the MENU Key will display the pop-up softkey. Pressing
this softkey will toggle between DISABLE POP-UP and ENABLE POP-UP. When
enabled, the Traffic Page will be displayed whenever there is a traffic alert.
13 System ON/OFF - Rotary Knob selects TIS ON or OFF.
14 Page Display Name
15 TIS Operating Mode - Displays TIS ON, TIS OFF or TIS FAIL.
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Traffic Information Service
TIS OPERATIONAL CONTROLS
FLIGHT LEVEL - Pressing the MENU Key will display the
FLIGHT LEVEL Softkey. Pressing this key toggles the alti-
tude tag between relative or absolute alti-
tude as shown in Figures 3-14 and 3-15.
When absolute altitude is displayed, the
Flight Level will also be displayed in the
upper left of the screen. Operation in the
absolute mode is limited to 15 seconds.
AUDIO MUTE - The “TIS Unavailable” audio notification
may be muted by pressing the ENABLE MUTE Softkey.
When enabled TIS Mute ON will be dis-
played in the upper left of the screen. The
DISABLE MUTE Softkey will then be
available to disable the audio muting. The
audio traffic alerts are not affected.
AUTO-POP-UP - Toggles between ENABLE POP-UP and
DISABLE POP-UP. When enabled the Traffic Display will
automatically be displayed in a Traffic
Alert situation. In some situations, like
high traffic areas or flying in formation, this
frequent display changing could be a nui-
sance. Disabling the pop-up may desir-
able in these circumstances. This key
may be enabled or disabled in system configuration.
RNG▲/RNG▼ - Advances the indicator to the next range.
The upper button increases range, the lower button
decreases it. The selected range is displayed in the lower
left corner of the display with the inner range ring always 2
nm. The RNG button labels will not be displayed when
their respective range limits are reached.
Rotary Knob - Turns the TIS system On
or OFF.
Figure 3-15
Figure 3-14
Absolute Altitude Mode
Relative Altitude Mode
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Traffic Information Service
TIS SYMBOLOGY
TIS symbols have a track pointer which are not on TCAS/TAS symbols.
The track pointer shows the estimated ground track direction the traffic is
moving (in 45° increments) relative to your own aircraft.
PROXIMITY INTRUDER TRAFFIC
A filled white diamond indicates that the intruding aircraft has
reached the proximity traffic threshold as defined by the TIS
system, but is still not considered a threat. This intruder is
now 100 feet below your aircraft and flying level. The track
pointer on the diamond indicates the direction of the intruder’s
ground track. Here the intruder is moving approximately 45° to your cur-
rent track or heading.
PROXIMITY INTRUDER NON-ALTITUDE REPORTING
(NAR)TRAFFIC
An open white diamond indicates proximity traffic that is non-
altitude reporting. The symbol indicates that the intruder’s
ground track is approximately 90° to your current track or
heading.
TRAFFIC ADVISORY (TA)
A symbol change to a filled yellow circle indicates that the
intruding aircraft is considered to be potentially hazardous.
Depending on your own altitude the system will display a TA
when time to Closest Point of Approach (CPA) is reached as
defined by the TIS system. Here the intruder is 100 feet
above your aircraft. The arrow indicates the intruder is descending at
500 feet per minute or greater. The intruder is moving at approximately
180° to your current track or heading
TRAFFIC ADVISORY NON-ALTITUDE REPORTING (NAR)
An open yellow circle indicates that the intruding aircraft is
considered to be potentially hazardous and is not reporting
altitude. Here the intruder is moving at approximately 225° to
your current track or heading.
“OFF-SCALE” TRAFFIC
TA traffic that is beyond the selected range will be displayed as half the
appropriate symbol at the edge of the display matching the bearing of
the traffic.
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Traffic Information Service
TRAFFIC ADVISORY
WHILE IN MAP DISPLAY
If a Traffic Advisory presents
itself while in the Map or
Weather Display the traffic
function icon in the Functions
Legend will flash yellow along
with ALERT as represented in
Figure 3-16.
AUTO-POP-UP
Figure 3-16
If AUTO-POP-UP is enabled, a
TA will cause the Traffic
Display to be presented auto-
matically. The default range of
the pop-up display will be 7 nm.
To enable AUTO-POP-UP per-
form the following:
1. While viewing the Traffic
Display, press the MENU Key
to display the ENABLE POP-
UP Softkey as shown in Figure
3-17. This Softkey toggles
between ENABLE and DIS-
ABLE POP-UP.
Figure 3-17
VIEWING TRAFFIC IN A
DATA FIELD
Traffic may be selected for
viewing in a Data Field as
shown in Figure 3-18 (also see
Section 1 for displaying Data
Fields). Altitude tags, vertical
trend arrows and ground track
pointers will not be shown with
traffic symbol in the Data Field
display.
Figure 3-18
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Traffic Information Service
Traffic will not be available in
the Data Field if the Map
Orientation is set to North Up.
It the Map Display is in North
Up mode, the Traffic Data Field
will appear as shown in Figure
3-19.
COAST MODE
When intruders are displayed
and TIS information is not
received from the terminal
Mode S radar for one radar
scan, the altitude tag of the
intruder is replaced with the
text CST to inform the pilot that
the system is in Coast mode.
See Figure 3-20. CST will also
be displayed in the Traffic Data
Window. This means the dis-
played intruder information is
old and could have changed
since the last update.
When two radar scans have
elapsed without TIS informa-
tion, the intruders are removed
from the display and TIS
UNAVAILABLE is displayed in
the center of the Traffic Display
(Figure 3-21) or UNAVAIL will
be displayed in the Traffic Data
Window. Also, an audible "TIS
UNAVAILABLE" notification will
be heard (if not muted). The
display will revert to normal
when TIS information is again
available.
Figure 3-19
Figure 3-20
Figure 3-21
3-16
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Traffic Information Service
TIS SYSTEM FAULTS
SYSTEM OFF
If the TIS system is set to the
OFF position, Figure 3-22 will
be displayed.
Figure 3-22
NO DATA RECEIVED
If the KMD 250 is not receiving
data from the TIS receiver then
Figure 3-23 will be displayed.
This could indicate that power
is not being provided to the TIS
receiver (e.g. a pulled breaker),
the TIS receiver is turned off, a
bad wiring connection between
the display and the receiver, or
a failed TIS receiver.
Figure 3-23
TRANSPONDER NOT
REPORTING ALTITUDE
If the transponder’s altitude
source has failed or the
transponder is put into a non-
altitude reporting mode, Figure
3-24 will be displayed.
Figure 3-24
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Traffic Information Service
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Stormscope® Operation
SECTION 4
®
WX-500 STORMSCOPE OPERATION
INTRODUCTION
The Bendix/King KMD 250 is capable of being interfaced to an L-3 WX-
500 Stormscope® Series II Weather Mapping Sensor. The WX-500
detects electrical discharges associated with thunderstorms within a 200
nm radius of the aircraft. The information is then sent to the KMD 250
and will display the location of the electrical discharges both on the map
displays and on a dedicated Stormscope® display.
For a detailed description of the WX-500 and how to interpret the light-
ning display and a list of error codes, please reference the WX-500
Stormscope® User’s Guide.
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
The antenna detects the electric and magnetic fields generated by intra-
cloud, inter-cloud, or cloud-to-ground electrical discharges that occur
within a 200 nm radius of the aircraft and sends the resulting "discharge
signals" to the processor. The processor digitizes, analyzes, and con-
verts the discharge signals into range and bearing data then stores the
data in memory. The WX-500 processor then communicates this infor-
mation to the KMD 250 as 'strikes' and 'cells'. The WX-500 updates the
KMD 250 every two seconds.
®
STORMSCOPE FUNCTION STATUS ICONS
The Stormscope® Function Status Icons are located in the lower left of
the display. They are used to indicate whether or not the KMD 250 is
currently receiving and/or displaying Stormscope® information. The fol-
lowing table shows the various Stormscope® icons and their meanings:
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Stormscope® Operation
OPERATION
As mentioned earlier, the WX-500 is controlled through the KMD 250.
The focus on this section is to provide both background information and
a more detailed explanation of the operating procedures. The following
text assumes you have both the WX-500 and the KMD 250 switched on
and that you have selected the Stormscope® display using the WX
Function Select Key on the KMD 250.
POWER-UP
At power-up, the WX-500 executes a power-up self test. The self test
takes approximately 25 seconds to ensure that all major WX-500 func-
tions are operating properly. During this period you may receive a NO
DATA RECEIVED FROM STORMSCOPE notification, this is normal.
Functions tested include antenna reception, memory and microprocessor
functions. An error message is displayed if a fault is detected.
HEADING STABILIZATION
Some aircraft are equipped with a remote heading reference, such as an
HSI with a slaved directional gyro. This allows the heading stabilization
feature to automatically adjust the position of the discharge points on the
display when the aircraft changes heading. The heading information
comes from a remote heading source installed in the aircraft that has
been connected to the WX-500. If this heading information is valid, the
WX-500 and KMD 250 will use it. In the absence of an external heading
reference, such as an aircraft with only a directional gyro, or the failure of
the heading reference, the KMD 250 will not allow stormscope strikes to
be overlaid on the Map Display. When no heading is available it is the
responsibility of the user to manually clear strikes after executing a
change in heading for reasons discussed in the next section.
CLEAR ALL DISCHARGE POINTS
Clearing the discharge points periodically while monitoring
thunderstorms is a good way to determine if the storm is
building or dissipating. Discharge points in a building storm will reappear
faster and in larger numbers. Discharge points in a dissipating storm will
appear slower and in smaller numbers. To clear the discharge points,
press the MENU Key then press the CLEAR STRIKES Softkey.
Clearing the display is especially important if an external heading refer-
ence is not used with the system or has failed. The display should be
cleared after changes in heading in order to make the displayed strikes
reflect their true position in relation to the aircraft.
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Stormscope® Operation
SWITCH BETWEEN WEATHER VIEWS
When the Stormscope® display is selected the KMD 250 can display
strikes in one of two views, either all round (360°) or forward looking only
(120°). To switch the display turn the Rotary Knob to toggle between the
displays. Figure 4-1 is an example of the all round view and Figure 4-2
shows the forward looking view.
Figure 4-2
Figure 4-1
SWITCH BETWEEN DISPLAY MODES
The KMD 250 can display the
Stormscope® data in one of
two modes, either Cell Mode or
Strike Mode. To switch the dis-
play between modes press the
MENU Key to display Figure 4-
3. Press the CHANGE MODE
Softkey to toggle between
CELL MODE and STRIKE
MODE as shown in Figure 4-4.
The mode selected here will
remain in effect until you
change it, unless the unit is
turned off and back on.
Figure 4-3
Figure 4-4
Cell Display Mode
When
viewing
the
Stormscope® display, if cell
display mode is selected, the
KMD 250 plots a "+" symbol
(discharge point) on the display
when it detects associated dis-
charges within the selected
range and view (see Figure 4-
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Stormscope® Operation
3). The KMD 250 will plot another "+" close to the first for each addi-
tional discharge determined to be associated with the group. The KMD
250 will not plot a "+" for any discharge not associated with a group
unless it's detected within a 25 nm radius of the aircraft. The effect of this
clustering algorithm is to display the location of storm cells instead of
individual discharges. The cell display mode is most useful during
periods of heavy electrical discharge activity. Using the cell display mode
during these periods frees the pilot from sifting through a display full of
discharge points to determine exactly where the storm cells are located.
If discharges are detected within 25 nm of the aircraft, the
stormscope icon in the Functions Legend will be displayed as
that shown here.
Strike Display Mode
If the strike display mode is selected, the KMD 250 immediately plots an
"x" symbol (discharge point) on the display for each individual discharge
it detects within the selected range and view. The strike display mode
plots discharge points on the display in relation to where the discharges
are actually detected instead of plotting them close to an associated
group of discharge points as is done in the cell display mode. The strike
display mode is most useful during periods of light electrical activity
because it may plot discharges associated with a building thunderstorm
sooner than the cell display mode would.
Again, if discharges are detected within 25 nm of the aircraft, the storm-
scope icon in the Functions Legend will be displayed as that shown pre-
viously.
CHANGING DISPLAY RANGE
To change the displayed range of the Stormscope® dis-
play, press the RNG Δ or RNG ∇ keys. With each press of
the keys, the display changes to display the electrical dis-
charge activity detected within the new range. The range
indicator will also change to display the numerical value of
the new range (25, 50, 100, or 200 nm). This new range
corresponds to the distance from the aircraft to the outer
range ring on the display.
The KMD 250 stores electrical discharge information for all ranges simul-
taneously to provide an instant, up-to-date display of electrical discharge
activity when a new range is selected.
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Stormscope® Operation
When moving from one range to the next, the 25 nm range is always
indicated by the solid inner ring to advise of close proximity to thunder-
storms. Also, notice that the discharge points are progressively larger on
the shorter ranges and smaller on the longer ranges. This effect makes it
easier to spot clusters of discharge points in any range.
OPERATION IN STORMSCOPE® MODE WITH FLIGHT PLAN
If the KMD 250 is receiving Flight Plan information from the GPS and a
valid heading input is available, the Flight Plan lines and waypoints will
be displayed on the Stormscope® displays.
NOTE: In order to align the lightning strikes correctly to the flight plan
lines, heading information is necessary.
OPERATION IN MAP DISPLAY
The majority of the text in this section refers to the Stormscope® displays
on the KMD 250. It is also possible however to see thunderstorm cell or
strike data while in the Map Display. The Stormscope® overlay must be
enabled on Map Setup Page 6.
NOTE: Lightning data will only be displayed on the map if a heading ref-
erence is available in the form of an external heading reference input
(described previously).
Any settings made while in the Stormscope® displays (i.e.
cell/strike mode, clear etc) will be carried over into the Map dis-
play. Lightning icons are shown here as they appear on the
Map display. The range at which lightning icons are displayed
is selectable on Map Setup Page 6.
CAUTION
Because the accuracy of the stormscope sensor is limited, do not
rely on the placement of lightning icons for map range settings less
than 25 nm.
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Stormscope® Operation
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System Messages
SECTION 5
SYSTEM MESSAGES
VIEWING SYSTEM
MESSAGES
A system message is pre-
sented as MESSAGE PRESS
MENU in bold yellow text that
flashes alternating with the
page title at the bottom of the
screen as shown in Figure 5-1.
When the MENU Key is
pressed, the message will be
displayed as in Figure 5-2. In
this case the message is a FIS
Receiver Failure.
Figure 5-1
Pressing the OK Softkey will
exit the Message Page and the
yellow MESSAGE PRESS
MENU prompt will no longer
be displayed.
To access the system mes-
sage again, perform the fol-
lowing steps:
1. Press the MENU Key to
display the AUX MENU
Softkey as in Figure 5-3.
Figure 5-2
Figure 5-3
5-1
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System Messages
2. Press the AUX MENU
Softkey to display the AUX-
MAIN MENU Page as shown
in Figure 5-4.
3. Use the Joystick to select
Messages as shown in Figure
5-4.
4.
Press the SELECT
Softkey to display to display
the AUX-MESSAGES Page as
shown in Figure 5-5.
Figure 5-4
Figure 5-5
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System Messages
The following table describes the possible system messages:
Message Text
Description
All User Settings Cleared To This message indicates that a problem was detected in the internal
Defaults
memory storage for user preference settings. All settings have been
reset to their factory defaults.
The data card contains information required for receiving FIS information.
Data Card Has Expired
Unable To Receive FIS Data The data card has expired and FIS information will no longer be avail-
(VDL Only)
able. Go to www.bendixking.com and order a data card update.
Data Card Update Required The data card contains information required for receiving FIS information.
For Continued Reception Of If the data card is not updated soon, then FIS information will no longer
FIS Data (VDL Only)
be available. Go to www.bendixking.com and order a data card update.
Duplicate User Waypoint In This message occurs if more than one user waypoint have the same
Flight Plan Data
identifier. This usually means that the flight plan and user data file on
the datacard have been modified incorrectly. Check the flight plans to
make sure the waypoints in them are correct. Edit if necessary.
Error In Flight Plan File
An error has occurred while reading the flight plan data from the data-
card. This usually means the flight plan file on the datacard has been
modified incorrectly. Check the flight plans to make sure the waypoints
in them are correct. Edit if necessary. It message persists after
repeated power cycles, replace the datacard.
Error Writing Flight Plan
Data To Datacard
An error has occurred when the flight plan data was being stored on the
datacard. This may indicate a faulty datacard. If the error persists,
replace the datacard.
FIS Data Not Received For The KMD 250 has previously received FIS data, but it has been over 15
More Than 15 Minutes
minutes since the last reception. This is most likely due to the aircraft
being at an altitude or location outside of FIS network coverage. See the
FIS Network Status Page for locations of FIS transmitters and status.
FIS Decryption Processor
Error. FIS Data May Be
Unavailable (VDL Only)
The KMD 250 is unable to decrypt the FIS data due to FIS Decryption
Processor Error.
FIS Receiver Failure
The KMD 250 is unable to communicate with the KDR 510 VDL Receiver
or the KDR 610 XM Receiver. If this message persists, it may indicate a
problem with the Receiver or a wiring problem between the KDR 510/610
and KMD 250.
FIS Subscription Database This message occurs when an error is detected in the FIS Subscription
Error. Update Data Card To Data on the datacard. This usually means that the datacard is out of date
Receive FIS Data (VDL
Only)
and needs to be updated in order to receive FIS data.
FIS Subscription Will Expire This message occurs when at least one FIS subscription is about to
Soon (VDL Only)
expire. Check the subscription status on the Aux FIS Subscription page.
Go to www.bendixking.com to purchase a new subscription.
Flight Plan Waypoint(s) Not This message will be displayed if an invalid waypoint is found in a flight
Found In Database Have
Been Deleted
plan. This usually means the flight plan file on the datacard has been
modified incorrectly. Check the flight plans to make sure the waypoints
in them are correct. Edit if necessary.
Inside SUA
This message is displayed when the aircraft is within Special Use
Airspace. Alerting must be enabled on Navigation Setup Page.
Internal GPS Failure
This message is displayed if the internal GPS receiver (if so equipped)
has failed. Turn the KMD 250 off and then back on. If the message
persists, the unit may need service.
This message appears when the KMD 250 unit temperature is too high.
Internal Temperature Has
Exceeded Limits. Turn Unit Turn the unit off to allow it to cool down. This may indicate that the airflow
Off
around the KMD 250 has been blocked.
Invalid User Waypoint In
Indicates that an invalid user waypoint is found in a flight plan. This
usually means the flight plan file on the datacard has been modified
incorrectly. Check flight plans to make sure the waypoints in them are
correct. Edit if necessary. If the error persists, replace the datacard.
Flight Plan Data
5-3
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System Messages
Message Text
Description
Nav Data Referenced To
True North
This message is displayed when a user-defined magnetic variation of 0
degrees is being used for navigation data. Check Navigation Setup
Page.
Nav Data Referenced To
User-Defined Mag Var
This message is displayed when a user-defined magnetic variation is
being used for navigation data. Check Navigation Setup Page.
No Valid FIS Subscriptions This message occurs when no current FIS subscriptions are available.
FIS data will be unavailable. Check the subscription status on the Aux
Menu FIS Subscription page. Go to www.bendixking.com to purchase a
new VDL subscription. Go to www.xmradio.com/weather to purchase a
new XM subscription. This is the only indication received when an XM
subscription has expired.
Regulated 12V Out Of
The internal 12V power supply is operating outside its acceptable range.
Turn the unit off and back on. If the message persists then the unit may
need service.
Range. Switch Unit Off
Regulated 5V Out Of Range. The internal 5V power supply is operating outside its acceptable range.
Switch Unit Off
Turn the unit off and back on. If the message persists then the unit may
need service.
Regulated 3.3V Out Of
Range. Switch Unit Off
The internal 3.3V power supply is operating outside its acceptable range.
Turn the unit off and back on. If the message persists then the unit may
need service.
Regulated 3V Out Of Range. The internal 3V power supply is operating outside its acceptable range.
Switch Unit Off
Turn the unit off and back on. If the message persists then the unit may
need service.
Stormscope Failure
The KMD 250 is unable to communicate with the Stormscope® or it has
reported a failure. See the Stormscope® page for error codes and the
Stormscope® users manual for more information.
Traffic System Failure
The KMD 250 is unable to communicate with the traffic system or the
traffic system has reported a failure.
Unit Configuration Cleared
To Defaults
A problem was detected in the memory used for storing the unit configu-
ration settings. The settings have been set back to factory defaults. In
most cases the unit will need to be reconfigured by an authorized
Bendix/King installer in order to operate properly.
Unit History Data Cleared To A problem was detected in the memory used to store unit history informa-
Defaults
tion. The memory has effect on operation, it simply means less informa-
tion will be available to the service center if the unit requires service.
5-4
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Definitions, Acronyms & Abbreviations
APPENDIX A
DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
DEFINITIONS
Alphabetic: any of the following characters (b/ is a space): b/ABCDE-
FGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Alphanumeric: any of the following characters (b/ is a space):
b/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789
Automatic Leg Sequencing: As a waypoint is reached in the flight
plan, the next leg and waypoint of the flight plan automatically becomes
active.
Baud: bits per sec
Barometric Altitude: pressure altitude corrected for barometric
altimeter setting
Bearing To User Waypoint (BRG): bearing from the present position to
the active user waypoint measured clockwise relative to true or magnetic
north (true is implied unless magnetic is specified)
Cross Track Error: distance from the present position to the nearest
point on the desired course, and the direction (right or left) from the
desired course to the present position
Cursor Field: a character position or group of adjacent character posi-
tions on which a cursor can appear
Data Field: a character position or group of adjacent character positions
which display a single data item; a data field may be a single character
cursor field, or may contain multiple characters.
Data List: an ordered list of data elements which a given cursor field
can accept
Desired Track (DTK): The angle that the desired flight path makes with
respect to true north at the point nearest the present position. Magnetic
desired track uses the local magnetic variation.
Distance To Waypoint (DIS): distance from the present position to the
active waypoint
Ground Speed: absolute value of the rate of change of position
Headwind: difference between true airspeed and ground speed when
true airspeed is more than ground speed
Knots: Nautical Miles/hr
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Definitions, Acronyms & Abbreviations
Leg Mode: navigation of a route by picking the most direct route
between waypoints along the route.
OBS Course Mode: selecting a course to a waypoint based on setting
a specific bearing “to” or “from” the waypoint.
Special Use Airspace (SUA): any of the following: prohibited area,
restricted area, warning area, alert area, MOA, Class A through G,
unknown, danger, caution, training, CTA, or TMA type.
Tailwind: difference between ground speed and true airspeed when
ground speed is more than true airspeed.
Track (TRK): angle of the aircraft’s path over the ground measured
clockwise relative to north.
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AAS:
ACT:
ADF:
AFIS:
AGL:
ALT:
AMR:
ANSI:
APR:
APT:
Aeronautical Advisory Service
Active (user waypoint or flight plan)
Automatic Direction Finder
Aerodrome Flight Information Service
Above Ground Level
Altitude
Americas data area
American National Standards Institute
Approach
Airport
ARTCC: Air Route Traffic Control Center
ARVL: Arrival
ASOS: Automated Surface Observation System
ATC:
ATF:
ATI:
Air Traffic Control
Aerodrome Traffic Frequency
Atlantic International data area
Automatic Terminal Information Service
ATIS:
AWOS: Automated Weather Observing System
A/C:
Aircraft
BRG:
Bearing
A-2
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Definitions, Acronyms & Abbreviations
CAA:
CAS:
CL B:
CL C:
CLR:
com:
CDI:
CTA:
CTAF:
CTR:
dB:
Civil Aviation Authority
Calibrated Airspeed
Class B Airspace
Class C Airspace
Clearance Delivery
communication
Course Deviation Indicator
Control Area
Common Traffic Advisory Frequency
Control Zone or Center
decibels
DEP:
DIR:
DIS:
Departure
Director (approach control/radar)
Distance
Dgr:
Danger
DME:
DOT:
DTK:
EFIS:
ESA:
ETA:
ETE:
FAA:
FAR:
FIR:
Distance Measuring Equipment
United States Department of Transportation
Desired Track
Electronic Flight Instrument System
Enroute Safe Altitude
Estimated Time of Arrival
Estimated Time Enroute
Federal Aviation Administration
Federal Aviation Regulations
Flight Information Region
Flight Information Services
Flight Information Services - Broadcast
Flight
FIS:
FIS-B:
FLT:
FPL:
FPM:
FSS:
FT:
Flight Plan
Feet Per Minute
Flight Service Station
Feet
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Definitions, Acronyms & Abbreviations
GCO:
GPS:
GND:
Ground Communications Outlet
Global Positioning System
Ground
GRND: Ground
hr:
hour
HSI:
IFR:
IGS:
ILS:
in.:
Horizontal Situation Indicator
Instrument Flight Rules
Instrument Guidance System (used outside U.S. only)
Instrument Landing System
inches
INT:
Kt.:
Intersection
Knots
LAT:
LB:
Latitude
Pounds
LBC:
LDA:
LOC:
LON:
m:
Localizer Back Course
Localizer Type Directional Aid Approach
Localizer Approach
Longitude
meters
MATZ: Military Air Traffic Zone (used outside the U.S. only)
mB: millibars
MCOM: Multicom
MF:
Mandatory Frequency
mi:
statute miles
min:
minutes
MLS:
MOA:
MSA:
MSL:
msec:
NDB:
Microwave Landing System
Military Operation Area
Minimum Safe Altitude
Mean Sea Level
milliseconds
Non-Directional Beacon
A-4
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Definitions, Acronyms & Abbreviations
NM:
NO APR: No Approach
NPA: Non-Precision Approach
NP APR: Non-Precision Approach
Nautical Miles
NVM:
OBI:
OBS:
Obs:
Non Volatile Memory
Omni-directional Bearing Indicator
Omni-directional Bearing Selector
Obstacle
OSGB: Ordnance Survey of Great Britain
PAI:
Pacific International data area
PETE:
Phb:
Pointer ETE
Prohibited (Airspace)
PPOS: Present Position
PTAX:
RAD:
RDO:
RDR:
REF:
Res:
RMI:
SDF:
sec:
Pre-Taxi Clearance
Radial
Radio
Radar-Only Frequency
Reference
Restricted (Airspace)
Radio Magnetic Indicator
Simplified Directional Facility Approach
seconds
SPD:
SUA:
TKE:
TMA:
Speed
Special Use Airspace
Track Angle Error
Terminal Area
TOPO: Topographical Data (i.e. coastlines, terrain, rivers,
lakes etc)
TRFC:
TRK:
Traffic
Actual Track
TRSA: Terminal Radar Service Area
TWR: Tower
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Definitions, Acronyms & Abbreviations
UIR:
Upper Information Region
Unicom
Unspecified
UNIC:
UNS:
UTC:
Universal Coordinated Time (same as Greenwich
Mean Time)
UTM:
V:
Universal Transverse Mercator
Volts
VDL:
VHF:
VOR:
VHF Data Link
Very High Frequency
Very High Frequency Omni-directional Radio
Range
VRP:
WPT:
XM:
XTK:
°C:
Visual Reference Point
Waypoint
XM Satellite Weather
Cross Track Error
degrees Celsius
°F:
degrees Fahrenheit
A-6
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Common Weather Abbreviations
APPENDIX B
COMMON WEATHER ABBREVIATIONS
ABNDT
ABNML
ABT
Abundant
Abnormal
About
AFCTG
AFDK
AFOS
Affecting
After dark
Automated Field
Operations System
ABV
Above
AFSS
Automated Flight
AC
Convective outlook
Service Station
or altocumulus
AFT
After
ACC
Altocumulus castel-
lanus clouds
AFTN
AGL
Afternoon
Above ground level
Again
ACCAS
Altocumulus castel-
lanus clouds
AGN
ACFT MSHP Aircraft Mishap
AGRD
AGRS
AGRMT
AHD
Agreed
ACCUM
ACFT
Accumulate
Aircraft
Agrees
Agreement
Ahead
ACLT
Accelerate
Accelerated
Accelerating
Accelerates
Accompany
Across
ACLTD
ACLTG
ACLTS
ACPY
ACRS
ACSL
AIRMET
Airman’s Meteoro-
logical Information
AK
Alaska
Alabama
Aloft
AL
ALF
Altocumulus
ALG
ALGHNY
ALP
Along
standing lenticular
Allegheny
ACTV
Active
Airport Location
ACTVTY
ACYC
Activity
Point
Anticyclone
Adjacent
Additional
Adequate
Adequately
Adirondack
Advect
ALQDS
ALSTG
ALT
All quadrants
Altimeter setting
Altitude
ADJ
ADL
ADQT
ALTA
Alberta
ADQTLY
ADRNDCK
ADVCT
ADVCTD
ADVCTG
ADVCTN
ADVCTS
ADVN
ALTHO
ALTM
ALUTN
AMD
Although
Altimeter
Aleutian
Advected
Advecting
Advection
Advects
Amend
AMDD
AMDG
AMDT
AMP
Amended
Amending
Amendment
Amplify
Advance
Advancing
Advisory
Advisories
Affect
ADVNG
ADVY
AMPG
AMPLTD
AMS
Amplifying
Amplitude
Air mass
Amount
ADVYS
AFCT
AMT
AFCTD
Affected
ANLYS
Analysis
B-1
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Common Weather Abbreviations
ANS
AO1
Answer
AWIPS
AWOS
Advanced Interactive
Weather Processing
System
Automated
Reporting Station
Automated Weather
AO2
Automated
Observing system
Reporting Station
AWT
AWW
AZ
Awaiting
AOA
AOB
AP
At or above
At or below
Alert Weather Watch
Arizona
Anomalous
Propagation
AZM
B
Azimuth
APCH
APCHG
APCHS
APLCN
APLCNS
APPR
Approach
Began
Approaching
Approaches
Appalachian
Appalachians
Appear
BACLIN
BAJA
BATROP
BC
Baroclinic
Baja, California
Barotropic
British Columbia or
patches (descriptor
used with FG)
APPRG
APPRS
APRNT
APRNTLY
APRX
Appearing
BCFG
BCH
Patchy fog
Beach
Appears
Apparent
BCKG
BCM
Backing
Apparently
Approximate
Approximately
Arkansas
Become
Becoming
Becomes
Blowing dust
Bermuda
Boundary
Becoming
Before dark
Before
BCMG
BCMS
BD
APRXLY
AR
ARL
Air Resources Lab
Around
BDA
ARND
ARPT
BDRY
BECMG
BFDK
BFR
Airport
ASAP
As soon as possible
Above Sea Level
As Amended
ASL
ASMD
ASOS
BGN
Begin
Automated Surface
BGNG
BGNS
BHND
BINOVC
BKN
Beginning
Begins
Observing System
ASSOCD
ASSOCN
ATCT
Associated
Association
Behind
Breaks in overcast
Broken
Air Traffic Control
Tower
ATLC
ATTM
ATTN
AUTO
AVBL
AVG
Atlantic
BL
Blowing
At this time
Attention
BLD
Build
BLDG
BLDS
BLDUP
BLKHLS
BLKT
BLKTG
Building
Automated report
Available
Builds
Buildup
Average
Black Hills
Blanket
AVN
Aviation model
AWC
Aviation Weather
Blanketing
Center
B-2
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Common Weather Abbreviations
BLKTS
BLO
Blankets
CAT
Clear air turbulence
Below or below
CAVOK
Ceiling and visibility
clouds
OK
BLW
Below
CAVU
Ceiling and visibility
unlimited
BLZD
BN
Blizzard
CB
Cumulonimbus
Blowing sand
Bound
CBMAM
Cumulonimbus
BND
Mammatus clouds
BNDRY
BNDRYS
BNTH
Boundary
Boundaries
Beneath
CC
Cirrocumulus
CCCC
Generic WMO format
code group for a
four-letter location
identifier
BOOTHEEL Bootheel
BR
Branch or mist
CCL
Convective conden-
(METAR, used only
for visibility between
5/8 and 6 miles)
sation level
CCLDS
CCLKWS
CCSL
Clear of clouds
BRF
Brief
Counterclockwise
BRG
Branching
Break
Cirrocumulus
standing lenticular
BRK
CCx
Code used in the
WMO abbreviated
heading to indicate
a corrected forecast,
where x is the letter
A through X
BRKG
BRKHIC
Breaking
Breaks in higher
clouds
BRKS
Breaks
BRKSHR
BRKSHRS
BRM
Berkshire
Berkshires
Barometer
CDFNT
CDFNTL
CFP
Cold front
Cold frontal
Cold front passage
BRN
Bulk Richardson
Number
CG
Cloud to ground
(lightning)
BRS
Branches
CHC
Chance
BS
Blowing snow
Between
CHCS
CHG
Chances
Change
BTWN
BWER
Bounded weak
echo region
CHGD
CHGG
CHGS
CHI
Changed
Changing
Changes
BYD
C
Beyond
Celsius
CA
California or cloud-
to-air lightning in
PIREPs
Cloud-Height
indicator
CHINO
Sky condition at
secondary location
not available
CAA
Cold air advection
CAPE
Convective available
potential energy
CHOP
Turbulence type
characterized by
rapid, rhythmic jolts
CARIB
CAS
Caribbean
Committee for
CHSPK
CI
Chesapeake
Cirrus
Aviation Services
CASCDS
Cascades
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Common Weather Abbreviations
CIG
Ceiling
CONT
Continue
CIGS
Ceilings
CONTD
CONTLY
CONTG
Continued
Continually
Continuing
CIN
Convective inhibition
Cloud
CLD
CLDNS
CLDS
Cloudiness
Clouds
CONTRAILS Condensation trails
CONTS
CONTDVD
CONUS
COORD
COR
Continues
CLKWS
CLR
Clockwise
Clear
Continental Divide
Continental U.S.
Coordinate
CLRG
Clearing
CLRS
Clears
Correction
CMPLX
CNCL
Complex
Cancel
CPBL
Capable
CPC
Climate Prediction
Center
CNCLD
CNCLG
CNCLS
CNDN
Canceled
Canceling
Cancels
CRC
Circle
CRCLC
CRCLN
CRLC
CRLN
CRNR
CRNRS
CRS
Circulate
Circulation
Circulate
Circulation
Corner
Canadian
Center
CNTR
CNTRD
CNTRLN
CNTRS
CNTRL
CNTY
Centered
Centerline
Centers
Corners
Course
Central
CS
Cirrostratus
Consider
Considerable
Coast
County
CSDR
CSDRBL
CST
CNTYS
CNVG
Counties
Converge
Converging
Convergence
Convection
Convective
Convectively
Confidence
Colorado
Compare
Comparing
Compared
Compares
Compare
Comparing
Compared
Compares
Condition
Continuous
CNVGG
CNVGNC
CNVTN
CNVTV
CNVTVLY
CONFDC
CO
CSTL
CT
Coastal
Connecticut
Contact
CTC
CTGY
CTSKLS
CU
Category
Catskills
Cumulus
Cumulus fractus
Cover
CUFRA
CVR
COMPAR
COMPARG
COMPARD
COMPARS
COMPR
COMPRG
COMPRD
COMPRS
COND
CVRD
CVRG
CVRS
CWSU
Covered
Covering
Covers
Center Weather
Service Units
CYC
Cyclonic
CYCLGN
DABRK
Cyclogenesis
Daybreak
CONS
B-4
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Common Weather Abbreviations
DALGT
DBL
Daylight
DMSHD
DMSHG
DMSHS
DNDFTS
DNS
Diminished
Diminishing
Diminishes
Downdrafts
Dense
Double
DC
District of Columbia
Decrease
Decreased
Decreasing
Decreasingly
Decreases
Delaware
DCR
DCRD
DCRG
DCRGLY
DCRS
DE
DNSLP
DNSTRM
DNWND
DP
Downslope
Downstream
Downwind
Deep
DEG
Degree
DPND
DPNG
DPNS
DPR
Deepened
Deepening
Deepens
Deeper
DEGS
Degrees
DELMARVA Delaware-Maryland-
Virginia
DFCLT
DFCLTY
DFNT
DFNTLY
DFRS
DFUS
DGNL
DGNLLY
DIGG
Difficult
DPTH
DR
Depth
Difficulty
Definite
Low Drifting
(descriptor used
with DU, SA or SN
Definitely
Differs
DRDU
Drifting dust
Drift
DRFT
Diffuse
DRFTD
DRFTG
DRFTS
DRSA
Drifted
Diagonal
Diagonally
Digging
Drifting
Drifts
Low drifting sand
Low drifting snow
Drizzle
DIR
Direction
Discontinue
Discontinued
Discontinuing
Disregard
Disregarded
Disregarding
Dakotas
Delay
DRSN
DISC
DRZL
DISCD
DISCG
DISRE
DISRED
DISREG
DKTS
DLA
DS
Duststorm
Descent
DSCNT
DSIPT
Dissipate
DSIPTD
DSIPTG
DSIPTN
DSIPTS
DSND
Dissipated
Dissipating
Dissipation
Dissipates
Descend
DLAD
DLT
Delayed
Delete
DSNDG
DSNDS
DSNT
Descending
Descends
Distant
DLTD
DLTG
DLY
Deleted
Deleting
Daily
DSTBLZ
DSTBLZD
DSTBLZG
DSTBLZS
DSTBLZN
Destabilize
Destabilized
Destabilizing
Destabilizes
Destabilization
DMG
Damage
Damaged
Damaging
Dominant
Diminish
DMGD
DMGG
DMNT
DMSH
B-5
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Common Weather Abbreviations
DSTC
DTRT
DTRTD
DTRTG
DTRTS
DU
Distance
ENELY
East-northeasterly
East-northeastern
East-northeastward
Enhance
Deteriorate
Deteriorated
Deteriorating
Deteriorates
ENERN
ENEWD
ENHNC
ENHNCD
ENHNCG
ENHNCS
Enhanced
Widespread dust
Enhancing
storm
Enhances
DURC
During climb
During descent
During
ENHNCMNT Enhancement
DURD
ENRT
ENTR
ERN
Enroute
DURG
Entire
DURGC
DURGD
DURN
During climb
During descent
Duration
Eastern
ERY
Early
ERYR
ESE
Earlier
DVLP
Develop
East-southeast
East-southeasterly
East-southeastern
East-southeastward
Essential
DVLPD
DVLPG
DVLPMT
DVLPS
DVRG
Developed
Developing
Development
Develops
ESELY
ESERN
ESEWD
ESNTL
ESTAB
EST
Diverge
Establish
DVRGG
DVRGNC
DVRGS
DVV
Diverging
Estimate
Divergence
Diverges
ESTS
ETA
Estimates
Estimated time of
arrival or ETA
model
Downward vertical
velocity
DWNDFTS
DWPNT
DWPNTS
DX
Downdrafts
Dew point
Dew points
Duplex
ETC
Et cetera
Elapsed time
Evening
ETIM
EVE
EWD
Eastward
Exclusive
Exclusively
Except
DZ
Drizzle (METAR)
East
EXCLV
EXCLVLY
EXCP
E
EBND
EFCT
Eastbound
Effect
EXPC
Expect
ELNGT
ELNGTD
ELSW
EMBD
EMBDD
EMERG
ENCTR
ENDG
ENE
Elongate
EXPCD
EXPCG
EXTD
Expected
Expecting
Extend
Elongated
Elsewhere
Embedded
Embedded
Emergency
Encounter
Ending
EXTDD
EXTDG
EXTDS
EXTN
Extended
Extending
Extends
Extension
Extrapolate
Extrapolated
EXTRAP
EXTRAPD
East-northeast
B-6
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Common Weather Abbreviations
EXTRM
EXTRMLY
EXTSV
F
Extreme
FLWG
FM
Following
From
Extremely
Extensive
Fahrenheit
FMGGgg
From the time (UTC)
indicated by GGgg.
Generic WMO format
code group, indi-
FA
Aviation area fore-
cast
cating a significant
and rapid (in less
than 1 hour) change
to a new set of
FAH
FAM
FC
Fahrenheit
Familiar
Funnel cloud
prevailing conditions
(+FC = Tornado or
FMT
Format
water spout)
FNCTN
FNT
Function
FCST
Forecast
Front
FCSTD
FCSTG
FCSTR
FCSTS
FEW
Forecasted
Forecasting
Forecaster
Forecasts
FNTL
Frontal
FNTS
FNTGNS
FNTLYS
FORNN
FPM
Fronts
Frontogenesis
Frontolysis
Forenoon
Feet per minute
Frequent
Few (used to
describe cloud
cover or weather
phenomena, >0
octas to 2 octas
cloud amount)
FQT
FQTLY
FRM
Frequently
Form
FG
Fog (METAR, only
when visibility is
FRMG
FRMN
FROPA
FROSFC
FRQ
Forming
less than 5/8 mile)
Formation
Frontal passage
Frontal surface
Frequent
FIBI
Filed but impracti-
cable to transmit
FIG
FILG
FIR
Figure
Filling
FRST
FRWF
FRZ
Frost
Flight information
region
Forecast wind factor
Freeze
FIRAV
FIS
First available
Flight Information
FRZLVL
FRZN
FRZG
FT
Freezing level
Frozen
Service
FIS-B
Flight Information
Freezing
Service - Broadcast
Feet or
FIRST
First observation
after a break in cov-
erage at manual
station
Terminal Forecast
FTHR
FU
Further
Smoke
FL
Florida or flight level
Falling
FV
Flight visibility
Favorable
Forward
FLG
FLRY
FLRYS
FLT
FVRBL
FWD
FYI
Flurry
Flurries
For your information
Freezing
Flight
FZ
FLW
Follow
B-7
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Common Weather Abbreviations
FZRANO
Freezing rain
HDSVLY
HDWND
HGT
Hudson Valley
Head wind
Height
sensor not available
G
Gust
GA
Georgia
General
Generally
Geographic
HI
High or Hawaii
Higher
GEN
GENLY
GEO
GEOREF
HIER
HIFOR
HLF
High level forecast
Half
Geographical refer-
HLTP
HLSTO
HLYR
HND
Hilltop
ence
Hailstones
Haze layer
Hundred
GF
Fog
GICG
Glaze icing
Gulf of Alaska
Gulf of California
Gulf of Mexico
GLFALSK
GLFCAL
GLFMEX
HPC
Hydrometeorological
Prediction Center
HR
Hour
GLFSTLAWR Gulf of St.
HRS
HRZN
HTG
HURCN
HUREP
HV
Hours
Lawrence
Horizon
Heating
Hurricane
Hurricane report
Have
GND
Ground
GNDFG
GOES
Ground fog
Geostationary
Operational
Environmental
Satellite
HVY
Heavy
GR
Hail (greater than
1/4 inch in diam-
eter)
HVYR
HVYST
HWVR
HWY
HZ
Heavier
Heaviest
However
Highway
Haze
GRAD
GRDL
GRDLY
GRT
Gradient
Gradual
Gradually
Great
IA
Iowa
IC
Ice crystals or ice
GRTLY
GRTR
GRTST
GRTLKS
GS
Greatly
ICAO
International Civil
Greater
Aviation
Greatest
Great Lakes
Organization
ICG
Icing
Small hail or snow
pellets (smaller than
1/4 inch in diameter)
ICGIC
ICGICIP
Icing in clouds
Icing in clouds and
in precipitation
GSTS
GSTY
GTS
Gusts
Gusty
ICGIP
ID
Icing in precipitation
Idaho
Global Telecommuni-
IFR
Instrument flight
cation System
rules
GV
Ground visibility
Hazard
IL
Illinois
HAZ
IMC
Instrument meteo-
HCVIS
HDFRZ
High clouds visible
Hard freeze
rolgical conditions
IMDT
Immediate
B-8
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Common Weather Abbreviations
IMDTLY
IMPL
Immediately
Impulse
IP
Ice pellets
Improve
IPV
IMPLS
IMPT
Impulses
Important
Include
IPVG
IR
Improving
Infrared
INCL
ISOL
ISOLD
JCTN
JTSTR
KFRST
KLYR
KOCTY
KS
Isolate
INCLD
INCLG
INCLS
INCR
Included
Isolated
Including
Includes
Junction
Jet stream
Killing frost
Smoke layer aloft
Smoke over city
Kansas
Increase
INCRD
INCRG
INCRGLY
INCRS
INDC
Increased
Increasing
Increasingly
Increases
Indicate
KT
Knots
KY
Kentucky
Left
INDCD
INDCG
INDCS
INDEF
INFO
Indicated
Indicating
Indicates
Indefinite
Information
Inland
L
LA
Louisiana
Labrador
LABRDR
LAPS
Local Analysis and
Prediction System
LAMP
LAST
Local AWIPS MOS
Program
INLD
INSTBY
INTCNTL
INTER
INTL
Instability
Intercontinental
Intermittent
International
Intermediate
Intermittent
Intermittently
Interior
Last observation
before a break in
coverage at a
manual station
LAT
Latitude
INTMD
INTMT
INTMTLY
INTR
LAWRS
Limited aviation
weather reporting
station
LCL
Local or Lifted
condensation level
INTRMTRGN Intermountain
region
LCLY
Locally
INTS
Intense
LCTD
LCTN
LCTMP
Located
Location
INTSFCN
INTSFY
INTSFYD
INTSFYG
INTSFYS
INTSTY
INTVL
Intensification
Intensify
Little change in tem-
perature
Intensified
Intensifying
Intensifies
Intensity
LDG
Landing
Level
LEVEL
LFM
Limited fine mesh
model
Interval
LFTG
LGRNG
LGT
Lifting
INVRN
Inversion
In overcast
In vicinity of
Long-range
Light
IOVC
INVOF
LGTR
Lighter
B-9
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Common Weather Abbreviations
LGWV
LI
Long wave
Lifted Index
LTST
LV
Latest
Leaving
Level
LIFR
Low instrument
LVL
flight rules
LVLS
LWR
LWRD
LWRG
LYR
Levels
Lower
LIS
Lifted Indices
Lake
LK
Lowered
Lowering
Layer
LKS
LKLY
LLJ
Lakes
Likely
Low level jet
LYRD
LYRS
M
Layered
Layers
LLWAS
Low-level wind
shear alert system
Minus or Less than
LLWS
Low-level wind
lowest sensor value
shear
MA
Massachusetts
Manitoba
LMTD
LMTG
LMTS
LN
Limited
MAN
MAX
MB
Limiting
Limits
Maximum
Millibars
Line
MCD
Mesoscale discus-
LNS
LInes
sion
LO
Low
MD
Maryland
Modify
LONG
LONGL
LRG
Longitude
Longitudinal
Large
MDFY
MDFYD
MDFYG
MDL
Modified
Modifying
Model
LRGLY
LRGR
LRGST
LST
Largely
Larger
MDLS
MDT
Models
Largest
Local standard time
Limited
Moderate
Moderately
Maine
MDTLY
ME
LTD
LTG
Lightning
MED
Medium
LTGCA
Lightning cloud-to-
MEGG
MESO
MET
Merging
Mesoscale
Meteorological
air
LTGCC
Lightning cloud-to-
cloud
METAR
Aviation Routine
LTGCG
Lightning cloud-to-
Weather Report
ground
METRO
MEX
Metropolitan
Mexico
LTGCCCG
Lightning cloud-to-
cloud cloud-to-
ground
MHKVLY
MI
Mohawk Valley
LTGCW
Lightning cloud-to-
Michigan , shallow,
water
or mile
LTGIC
LTL
Lightning in cloud
Little
MID
MIDN
MIL
Middle
Midnight
Military
LTLCG
LTR
Little change
Later
MIN
Minimum
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Common Weather Abbreviations
MIFG
MISG
MLTLVL
MN
Shallow fog
Missing
NAB
Not above
North Atlantic
National
NAT
Melting level
Minnesota
Mainland
NATL
NAV
Navigation
MNLD
MNLY
MO
NAVAID
Electronic naviga-
tion aid facility (lim-
ited to VOR or
VORTAC for
Mainly
Missouri
PIREPs)
MOD
MOGR
MOS
Moderate
NB
New Brunswick
Northbound
Moderate or greater
NBND
NBRHD
NC
Model Output
Statistics
Neighborhood
North Carolina
MOV
Move
MOVD
MOVG
MOVMT
MOVS
MPH
Moved
NCDC
National Climatic
Data Center
Moving
NCEP
National Center of
Environmental
Prediction
Movement
Moves
Miles per hour
Marginal
Marginally
Morning
Maritime
Mississippi
Message
Mean sea level
Most
NCO
NCEP Central
MRGL
MRGLLY
MRNG
MRTM
MS
Operations
NCWX
No change in
weather
ND
North Dakota
Northeast
NE
NEB
Nebraska
MSG
NEC
Necessary
MSL
NEG
Negative
MST
NEGLY
NELY
NERN
NEWD
NEW ENG
NFLD
NGM
NGT
Negatively
MSTLY
MSTR
MT
Mostly
Northeasterly
Northeastern
Northeastward
New England
Newfoundland
Nested grid model
Night
Moisture
Montana
Mountain
Mountains
Multiple
MTN
MTNS
MULT
MULTILVL
MVFR
Multilevel
Marginal visual
flight rules
NH
New Hampshire
MWO
MX
Meteorological
Watch Office
NHC
National Hurricane
Center
Mixed (character-
ized as a combina-
tion of clear and
rime ice
NIL
NJ
None
New Jersey
No layers
Not later than
Northerly
NL
NLT
NLY
NM
MXD
N
Mixed
North
New Mexico
N/A
Not applicable
B-11
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Common Weather Abbreviations
NMBR
NMBRS
NMC
Number
NWS
National Weather
Service
Numbers
NY
New York
Next
National
Meteorological
NXT
OAT
Center
Outside air temper -
NML
Normal
ature
NMRS
NNE
Numerous
OBND
OBS
Outbound
Observation
Obscure
North-northeast
North-northeasterly
North-northeastern
NNELY
NNERN
NNEWD
OBSC
OBSCD
OBSCG
OCFNT
OCLD
OCLDS
OCLDD
OCLDG
OCLN
OCNL
OCNLY
OCR
Obscured
Obscuring
Occluded front
Occlude
North-northeast-
ward
NNW
North-northwest
NNWLY
NNWRN
NNWWD
North-northwesterly
North-northwestern
Occludes
Occluded
Occluding
Occlusion
Occasional
Occasionally
Occur
North-northwest-
ward
NNNN
NOAA
End of message
National Oceanic
and Atmospheric
Administration
NOPAC
NOS
Northern Pacific
OCRD
OCRG
OCRS
OFC
Occurred
Occurring
Occurs
National Ocean
Service
NOSPECI
No SPECI reports
are taken at station
Office
OFCM
Office of the
NPRS
NR
Nonpersistent
Near
Federal Coordinator
for Meteorology
NRLY
NRN
NRW
NS
Nearly
OFP
Occluded frontal
passage
Northern
OFSHR
OH
Offshore
Ohio
Narrow
Nova Scotia
No significant cloud
OHD
Overhead
Oklahoma
Over mountains
On shore
Oregon
NSC
NSW
OK
No significant
weather
OMTNS
ONSHR
OR
NTFY
NTFYD
NV
Notify
Notified
Nevada
ORGPHC
ORIG
OSV
Orographic
Original
NVA
Negative vorticity
advection
Ocean station
NW
Northwest
vessel
NWD
NWLY
NWRN
Northward
OTLK
OTP
OTR
Outlook
On top
Other
Northwesterly
Northwestern
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Common Weather Abbreviations
OTRW
OUTFLO
OV
Otherwise
Outflow
PNO
Precipitation amount
not available
PO
Dust/ sand swirls
Positive
Over
POS
OVC
Overcast
Overhead
Overnight
Over
POSLY
PPINA
Positively
OVHD
OVNGT
OVR
Radar weather
report not available
PPINE
Radar weather
report no echoes
observed
OVRN
OVRNG
OVTK
OVTKG
OVTKS
P
Overrun
Overrunning
Overtake
Overtaking
Overtakes
PPSN
Present position
Partial
PR
PRBL
Probable
Probably
Probability
Precede
PRBLY
PRBLTY
PRECD
PRECDD
PRECDG
PRECDS
PRES
Higher than greatest
sensor value
P6SM
Visibility forecast to
be greater than 6
statute miles
Preceded
Preceding
Precedes
Pressure
PA
Pennsylvania
Pacific
PAC
PATWAS
Pilot's automatic
telephone weather
answering service
PRESFR
Pressure falling
rapidly
PBL
Planetary boundary
PRESRR
Pressure rising
rapidly
layer
PCPN
PD
Precipitation
Period
PRFG
PRIM
PRIN
Partial fog
Primary
PDS
Periods
Principal
PDMT
PE
Predominant
Ice pellets
Peninsula
Permanent
Puget Sound
Physical
PRIND
Present indications
are...
PRJMP
PROB
Pressure jump
Probability
PEN
PERM
PGTSND
PHYS
PIBAL
PROBC C
Forecaster’s
assessment of the
probability of occur-
rence of a thunder-
storm or precipita-
tion event, along
with associated
Pilot balloon obser-
vation
PIREP
PK WND
PL
Pilot weather report
Peak wind
Ice pellets
Plains
weather elements
(wind, visibility,
and/or sky condi-
tion) whose occur-
rences are directly
related to, and con-
temporaneous with,
the thunderstorm or
precipitation event
PLNS
PLS
Please
PLTO
PM
Plateau
Postmeridian
Panhandle
PNHDL
B-13
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Common Weather Abbreviations
PROC
PROD
PRODG
PROG
PROGD
PROGS
PRSNT
PRSNTLY
PRST
Procedure
Produce
Producing
Forecast
Forecasted
Forecasts
Present
PY
Spray
QN
Question
QPFERD
NCEP excessive
rainfall discussion
QPFHSD
QPFSPD
NCEP heavy snow
discussion
NCEP special
precipitation discus-
sion
Presently
Persist
QSTNRY
QTR
Quasistationary
Quarter
PRSTS
PRSTNC
PRSTNT
PRVD
Persists
QUAD
QUE
Quadrant
Quebec
Persistence
Persistent
Provide
R
Right (with reference
to runway designa-
tion) or rain
PRVDD
PRVDG
PRVDS
PS
Provided
Providing
Provides
Plus
RA
Rain (METAR)
RADAT
Radiosonde addi-
tional data
PSBL
Possible
Possibly
Possibility
Passage
Position
RAOB
RCA
Radiosonde obser-
vation
PSBLY
PSBLTY
PSG
Reach Cruising
Altitude
RCH
Reach
PSN
RCHD
RCHG
RCHS
RCKY
RCKYS
RCMD
RCMDD
RCMDG
RCMDS
RCRD
RCRDS
RCV
Reached
Reaching
Reaches
Rocky
PSND
Positioned
Patchy
PTCHY
PTLY
Partly
PTNL
Potential
Potentially
Portions
Puget Sound
Rockies
PTNLY
PTNS
Recommend
Recommended
Recommending
Recommends
Record
PUGET
PVA
Positive vorticity
advection
PVL
Prevail
Records
PVLD
PVLG
PVLS
PVLT
PWB
Prevailed
Prevailing
Prevails
Prevalent
Receive
RCVD
RCVG
RCVS
RDC
Received
Receiving
Receives
Reduce
Pilot weather
briefing
PWINO
Precipitation identi-
fier sensor not avail-
able
RDGG
RDR
Ridging
Radar
RDVLP
Redevelop
PWR
Power
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Common Weather Abbreviations
RDVLPG
RDVLPMT
RE
Redeveloping
Redevelopment
Regard
ROTD
ROTG
ROTS
RPD
Rotated
Rotating
Rotates
Rapid
RECON
REF
Reconnaissance
Reference
Reserve
RPDLY
RPLC
RPLCD
RPLCG
RPLCS
RPRT
RPRTD
RPRTG
RPRTS
RPT
Rapidly
RES
Replace
Replaced
Replacing
Replaces
Report
REPL
REPLD
REPLG
REPLS
REQ
Replace
Replaced
Replacing
Replaces
Request
Reported
Reporting
Reports
Repeat
REQS
REQSTD
RESP
RESTR
RGD
Requests
Requested
Response
Restrict
RPTG
RPTS
RQR
Repeating
Repeats
Require
Required
Requiring
Requires
Ragged
RGL
Regional model
Regular
RGLR
RGN
RQRD
RQRG
RQRS
RRx
Region
RGNS
RGT
Regions
Right
Code used in the
WMO abbreviated
heading to indicate
a delayed forecast,
where x is the letter
A through X
RH
Relative humidity
RHI not operative
Rhode Island
RHINO
RI
RIME
Type of icing char-
acterized by a rough,
milky, opaque
RS
Receiver station
Rising
RSG
appearance
RSN
Reason
RIOGD
RLBL
RLTV
RLTVLY
RM
Rio Grande
Reliable
Relative
Relatively
Remarks
Remark
RSNG
RSNS
RSTR
RSTRD
RSTRG
RSTRS
RTRN
RTRND
RTRNG
RTRNS
RUC
Reasoning
Reasons
Restrict
Restricted
Restricting
Restricts
RMK
RMN
Remain
Return
RMND
RMNDR
RMNG
RMNS
RNFL
RNG
Remained
Remainder
Remaining
Remains
Rainfall
Returned
Returning
Returns
Rapid Update Cycle
Rough
RUF
Range
RUFLY
Roughly
ROT
Rotate
B-15
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Common Weather Abbreviations
RVR
Runway Visual
SEV
Severe
Range
SEWD
SFC
Southeastward
Surface
RVRNO
RVR system not
available
SFERICS
SG
Atmospherics
Snow grains
Significant
Significantly
Showers
Shift
RVS
RVSD
RVSG
RVSS
RW
Revise
Revised
SGFNT
SGFNTLY
SH
Revising
Revises
Rain shower
Runway
SHFT
RWY
RY
SHFTD
SHFTG
SHFTS
SHLD
Shifted
Runway
Shifting
S
South
Shifts
SA
Sand (METAR)
Shield
SAB
Satellite Analysis
SHLW
SHRT
Shallow
Branch
Short
SAO
Surface observation
Saskatchewan
Satisfactory
Southbound
Subside
SHRTLY
SHRTWV
SHUD
SHWR
SIERNEV
SIG
Shortly
SASK
SATFY
SBND
SBSD
SBSDD
SBSDNC
SBSDS
SC
Shortwave
Should
Shower
Sierra Nevada
Signature
Subsided
Subsidence
Subsides
SIGMET
Significant meteoro-
logical information
South Carolina or
SIMUL
SK
Simultaneous
Sky cover
Sky clear
Schedule
Solid
stratocumulus
SCND
Second
SKC
SCNDRY
SCSL
Secondary
SKED
SLD
Stratocumulus
standing lenticular
SCT
Scatter or Scattered
(describing cloud
cover or weather
phenomena, 3 to 4
octas cloud amount
SLGT
SLGTLY
SLO
Slight
Slightly
Slow
SLOLY
SLOR
SLP
Slowly
SCTD
SCTR
SD
Scattered
Slower
Sector
Slope or sea level
pressure
South Dakota
Southeast
Second
SLPG
Sloping
SE
SLPNO
Sea-level pressure
SEC
not available
SELY
SEPN
SEQ
SERN
Southeasterly
Separation
Sequence
Southeastern
SLT
SLW
SLY
SM
Sleet
Slow
Southerly
Statute mile
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Common Weather Abbreviations
SMK
Smoke
Small
SRND
Surround
SML
SRNDD
SRNDG
SRNDS
SS
Surrounded
Surrounding
Surrounds
SMLR
SMRY
SMS
Smaller
Summary
Sunchronous mete-
Sunset or sand
orological satellite
storm (METAR)
SMTH
Smooth
SSE
South-southeast
SMTHR
SMTHST
SMTM
SMWHT
SN
Smoother
Smoothest
Sometime
Somewhat
Snow
SSELY
SSERN
SSEWD
SSW
South-southeasterly
South-southeastern
South-southeastward
South-southwest
SSWLY
SSWRN
SSWWD
South-southwesterly
South-southwestern
SNBNK
SND
Snowbank
Sand
South-southwest-
ward
SNFLK
SNGL
Snowflake
Single
ST
Stratus
STAGN
STBL
STBLTY
STD
Stagnation
Stable
SNOINCR
Snow increase
SNOINCRG Snow increasing
Stability
Standard
Steady
SNST
SNW
Sunset
Snow
STDY
STFR
STFRM
STG
SNWFL
SOP
Snowfall
Stratus fractus
Stratiform
Strong
Standard operating
procedure
SP
Snow pellets
SPC
Storm Prediction
STGLY
STGR
STGST
STLT
STM
Strongly
Stronger
Strongest
Satellite
Storm
Center
SPCLY
SPD
Especially
Speed
SPECI
SPENES
Special observation
Satellite precip.
STMS
STN
Storms
estimate statement
Station
SPKL
SPLNS
SPRD
SPRDG
SPRDS
SPRL
SQ
Sprinkle
Southern Plains
Spread
STNRY
SUB
Stationary
Substitute
SUBTRPCL Subtropical
Spreading
Spreads
Spiral
SUF
Sufficient
Sufficiently
Suggest
SUFLY
SUG
Squall
SUGG
SUGS
SUP
Suggesting
Suggests
Supply
SQAL
SQLN
SR
Squall
Squall line
Sunrise
SUPG
Supplying
SRN
Southern
B-17
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Common Weather Abbreviations
SUPR
SUPSD
SUPSDG
SUPSDS
SVG
Superior
THKNS
THKR
THKST
THN
Thickness
Thicker
Supersede
Superseding
Supersedes
Serving
Thickest
Thin
THNG
THNR
THNST
THR
Thinning
SVR
Severe
Thinner
SVRL
SW
Several
Thinnest
Southwest
Light snow shower
Heavy snow shower
Southward
Swelling
Threshold
Thereafter
Through
SW-
THRFTR
THRU
THRUT
THSD
THTN
THTND
THTNG
THTNS
TIL
SW+
SWD
Throughout
Thousand
Threaten
Threatened
Threatening
Threatens
Until
SWLG
SWLY
SWODY1
Southwesterly
SPC Severe
Weather Outlook for
Day 1
SWOMCD
SPC Mesoscale
discussion
TKOF
TM
Takeoff
SWRN
SWWD
SX
Southwestern
Southwestward
Stability index
Section
Time
TMPRY
TMPRYLY
TMW
Temporary
Temporarily
Tomorrow
Tennessee
Tendency
Tendencies
Tonight
SXN
SYNOP
SYNS
SYS
Synoptic
TN
Synopsis
TNDCY
TNDCYS
TNGT
TNTV
TNTVLY
TOC
System
T
Thunder
TA
Temperature
Tentative
Tentatively
Top of Climb
Top of Clouds
Tops
TACAN
UHF Tactical Air
Navigation Aid
TAF
Terminal Area
Forecast
TOP
TB
Turbulence
TOPS
TOVC
TP
TCNTL
TCU
TDA
TEI
Transcontinental
Towering cumulus
Today
Top of overcast
Type of aircraft
Topping
TPG
Text element indi-
TRBL
Trouble
cator
TRIB
Tributary
Tracking
TEMP
TEMPO
THD
Temperature
Temporary
Thunderhead
Thunder
TRKG
TRML
TRMT
TRMTD
TRMTG
Terminal
Terminate
Terminated
Terminating
THDR
THK
Thick
THKNG
Thickening
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Common Weather Abbreviations
TRMTS
TRNSP
TRNSPG
TROF
Terminates
Transport
Transporting
Trough
UNAVBL
UNEC
Unavailable
Unnecessary
Unknown
UNKN
UNL
Unlimited
TROFS
TROP
Troughs
UNRELBL
UNRSTD
UNSATFY
UNSBL
UNSTBL
UNSTDY
UNSTL
UNSTLD
UNUSBL
UP
Unreliable
Unrestricted
Unsatisfactory
Unseasonable
Unstable
Tropopause
TRPCD
Tropical continental
air mass
TRPCL
TRRN
TRSN
TRW
Tropical
Terrain
Unsteady
Transition
Thunderstorm
Unsettle
Unsettled
TRW+
Thunderstorm with
Unusable
heavy rain shower
Unknown precipita-
tion (used only by
automated sites
incapable of discrimi-
nation)
TS
Thunderstorm
(METAR)
TS +
Thunderstorm with
heavy snow
TSFR
Transfer
UPDFTS
UPR
Updrafts
Upper
TSFRD
TSFRG
TSFRS
TSHWR
TSNO
Transferred
Transferring
Transfers
UPSLP
UPSTRM
URG
Upslope
Upstream
Urgent
Usable
Utah
Thundershower
Thunderstorm infor-
USBL
UT
mation not available
TSNT
TSQLS
TSTM
TSW
Transient
UTC
Universal Time
Thundersquall
Thunderstorm
Coordinate
UUA
UVV
Urgent PIREP
Weather Reports
Thunderstorm with
snow showers
Upward vertical
velocity
TSW+
Thunderstorm with
heavy snow showers UWNDS
Upper winds
Varies
TURBC
TURBT
TWD
TWDS
TWI
Turbulence
Turbulent
Toward
V
VA
Virginia or Volcanic
Ash
VAAC
VAAS
VAD
Volcanic Ash
Towards
Advisory Center
Twilight
Volcanic Ash
TWR
TWRG
TX
Tower
Advisory Statement
Towering
Velocity azimuth
display
Texas
VAL
VARN
VC
Valley
UA
Pilot weather reports
Up- and downdrafts
Unable
Variation
Vicinity
UDDF
UN
B-19
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Common Weather Abbreviations
VCNTY
VCOT
Vicinity
VSBYIR
Visibility increasing
rapidly
VFR conditions on
top
VT
VV
Vermont
VCTR
VCTS
Vector
Vertical velocity or
vertical visibility
Thunderstorms in
the vicinity
VWP
W
VAD Wind profiler
West
VDUC
VAS Data Utilization
Center (NSSFC)
WA
Washington
VFR
Visual flight rules
Verify
WAA
WAFS
Warm air advection
VFY
Word Area Forecast
VFYD
VFYG
VFYS
VHF
Verified
System
Verifying
Verifies
WBND
WDLY
Westbound
Widely
Very High Frequency WDSPRD
Widespread
Weather
VIS
Visibility
WEA
WFO
VSNO
Visibility at second-
ary location not avail-
able
Weather Forecast
Office
WFSO
Weather Forecast
Service Office
VLCTY
VLCTYS
VLNT
Velocity
Velocities
Violent
WFP
Warm front passage
Wisconsin
Will be issued
Winter
WI
VLNTLY
VLY
Violently
Valley
WIBIS
WINT
WK
VMC
Visual meteorolog-
Weak
ical conditions
WKDAY
WKEND
WKNG
WKNS
WKR
WKST
WKN
WL
Weekday
Weekend
Weakening
Weakens
Weaker
VOL
VOR
Volume
VHF
Omnidirectional
Radio Range
VORT
Vorticity
Weakest
Weaken
VORTAC
VOR and TACAN
combination
VR
Veer
Will
VRB
Variable
Veering
WLY
Westerly
VRG
WMO
World Meteorological
Organization
VRBL
VRISL
VRS
Variable
Vancouver Island,BC
Veers
WND
Wind
WNDS
Winds
WNW
West-northwest
West-northwesterly
West-northwestern
VRT MOTN
VRY
Vertical motion
Very
WNWLY
WNWRN
WNWWD
VSB
Visible
West-northwest-
VSBY
VSBYDR
Visibility
ward
Visibility decreasing
WO
Without
rapidly
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Common Weather Abbreviations
WPLTO
WRM
Western Plateau
Warm
XTNDD
XTNDG
XTRM
XTRMLY
YDA
Extended
Extending
Extreme
WRMG
WRMR
WRMST
WRMFNT
WRMFNTL
WRN
Warming
Warmer
Extremely
Yesterday
Yukon
Warmest
Warm front
Warm frontal
Western
YKN
YLSTN
Z
Yellowstone
Zulu time
Freezing drizzle
Zone
WRNG
WRS
Warning
ZL
Worse
ZN
WS
Wind shear
Windshift
ZNS
Zones
WSHFT
WSFO
ZR
Freezing rain
Weather Service
Forecast Office
WSO
Weather service
office
WSR-88D
NWS Doppler
Radar
WSTCH
WSW
Wasatch Range
West-southwest
WSWLY
WSWRN
WSWWD
West-southwesterly
West-southwestern
West-southwest-
ward
WTR
WTSPT
WUD
WV
Water
Waterspout
Would
West Virginia or wind
Waves
WVS
WW
Severe weather
watch
WWD
WWS
Westward
Severe weather
watches
WX
Weather
Wyoming
Except
WY
XCP
XPC
Expect
XPCD
XPCG
XPCS
XPLOS
XTND
Expected
Expecting
Expects
Explosive
Extend
B-21
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Common Weather Abbreviations
Intentionally left blank
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
GPS Primer
APPENDIX C
GPS PRIMER
BACKGROUND
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation
system that was originally conceived and implemented by the United
States Department of Defense (DoD). The system is, however, available
to all civilian users free of charge. GPS provides extremely precise posi-
tion, velocity, and time information.
The satellites are not geosynchronous, as is the case with many weather
and television satellites. That is, each satellite is not above a fixed spot
on the Earth all the time, but rather is continuously moving across the
sky. In fact, each satellite completely orbits the Earth two times per day.
The Department of Defense has the capability to impose an intentional
accuracy degradation of the GPS system. This degradation is known as
Selective Availability (SA). When SA is active, only U.S. military users
have access to full GPS accuracy. For civilian users, position accuracy
is degraded to no worse than 100 meters 95% of the time. At the time of
this writing, Selective Availability has been turned off by the DOD but it
could be turned back on at another time .
GPS POSITION DETERMINING CONCEPT
The technique used to determine position is fundamentally very simple.
The complicated part is accounting for and correcting all the possible
errors in the position.
The GPS receiver is able to determine the time it takes a radio signal to
travel from the satellite to the GPS antenna. Since this radio signal
travels at the speed of light (approximately 186,000 statute miles per
second), the time delay can very easily be used to determine the
receiver’s distance from a given satellite. If measurements are taken
from four satellites (or three satellites and an input from an aircraft
altimeter), the receiver can identify its position very precisely.
For example, the GPS receiver might determine that it is exactly 12,000
miles from satellite A, 12,700 miles from satellite B, and 13,100 miles
from satellite C. At the same time, the aircraft’s encoding altimeter might
be indicating an altitude of 9,500 feet MSL. There is only one point in
space that satisfies these four measurements.
GPS DATA SIGNALS
Two of the primary types of signals that the GPS satellites broadcast are
almanac and ephemeris data. These signals enable the GPS receiver to
C-1
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GPS Primer
quickly lock on to the satellites in view. Otherwise, the receiver would
have to look for each of the 24 satellites to determine which ones could
be used.
Almanac data is very crude data which describes the approximate orbital
position of the satellites. Each of the 24 satellites transmits the almanac
data for all satellites, so a GPS receiver has only to listen to one satellite
in order to know which satellites are “visible” (in the sky) at that particular
time. Almanac data is good for about six months, so when you turn the
receiver off, then back on a month later, it will know what satellites to
look for.
Ephemeris data is very precise data which each satellite transmits to tell
the GPS receiver exactly where it is and what its orbital parameters will
be for about the next four hours. Each satellite transmits its own unique
ephemeris data.
GPS SYSTEM SEGMENTS
The GPS system is composed of three segments: the Space Segment,
the Control Segment, and the User Segment.
The Space Segment consists of the 24 NAVSTAR satellites which orbit
the earth at an altitude of 10,898 nautical miles. The satellite orbits are
very precisely planned so that the entire surface of the earth may use the
GPS system 24 hours a day, every day. There are almost always more
than six satellites in view from anywhere on Earth.
The Control Segment consists of a network of ground-based monitoring
and control stations. The Master Control Station is located in Colorado
Springs, Colorado. All satellite data which is collected by the other
ground stations is assimilated and analyzed at Colorado Springs. Based
on these analyses, ephemeris updates (such as system clock correc-
tions) are sent (uplinked) to the satellites through radio transmitters at
the ground stations. These ground stations are located at Kwajalein
(west of Hawaii in the central Pacific Ocean), Diego Garcia (in the Indian
Ocean), and Ascension (in the south Atlantic Ocean).
As an owner of a GPS system, you can now claim to be a certified
member of the GPS User Segment! GPS has many users and uses,
and more are being dreamed up all the time. Not only are aircraft using
GPS navigation, so are military systems and personnel, boaters, hikers,
and surveyors. Personal automobiles and transport trucks use Intelligent
Transportation Systems, or ITS, to find their destinations, and track their
movements. Some biologists attach GPS receivers to animals to mon-
itor their movement and migration patterns. Geologists even use GPS to
track the movement of glaciers and to analyze plate tectonics (move-
ments of the Earth’s crust).
C-2
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Navigation Terms
APPENDIX D - NAVIGATION TERMS
BRG - Bearing to waypoint (degrees)
DA - Drift Angle (degrees) - (not displayed)
DIS - Distance to waypoint (nm)
DTK - Desired Track (degrees)
ETE - Estimated Time Enroute (hrs:min)
ETA - Estimated Time of Arrival
GS - Groundspeed (nm/hr)
HDG - Heading (degrees)
OBS - Selected Course
POS - Present position
TRK - Actual Track (degrees)
WPT - Waypoint
XTK - Cross Track Error Correction (nm) displayed as “FLY L 2.3 nm” on
CDI or HSI.
NORTH
WPT 2
TRK
BRG
HDG
DA
DTK
POS
ON TRACK
Enroute-Leg Mode
NORTH
WIND
OBS
BRG
WPT 1
ACTIVE WPT
NORTH
GS
DA
HDG
TRK
OFF TRACK
Enroute-OBS Mode
XTK
POS
WPT 2
NORTH
WIND
GS
BRG
DTK
DA
HDG
TRK
WPT 1
OFF TRACK
Enroute Leg Mode
XTK
POS
WIND
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Intentionally left blank
D-2
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Index
A
Absolute Altitude 1-17, 1-18, 3-4, 3-5, 3-13
Absolute Terrain 1-18, 1-19
Absolute Terrain Color Key 1-18
Activate 1-3, 1-55, 1-56, 1-57, 1-64, 1-72, 1-73, 1-76
Active Flight Plan 1-15, 1-33, 1-55, 1-56, 1-57, 1-59, 1-60, 1-61, 1-64,
1-65, 1-69, 1-71, 1-72, 1-73, 1-74, 1-75, 1-77, 1-78, 1-84
Aeronautical Data 1-34, 1-35, 1-95
Aged 2-17
Air Data Computer 1-29
AIRMET 2-3, 2-10, 2-18, 2-21, 2-32, 2-35, 2-38, 2-39, 2-41, 2-44,
2-47, 2-50, 2-53, 2-54, 2-72, 2-73
Airplane Icon 1-20
Airport Filter 1-36
Airport Identifier 1-25, 1-35
Airport Info 1 of 2 1-25, 1-60
Airport Info 2 of 2 1-25, 1-60
Airport Info Field Definitions 1-27
Airport Information 1-25, 1-28, 1-47
Airport Settings 1-81
Airspace Alert 1-30, 1-31, 1-32, 1-86
Alert Weather Watches 2-3, 2-12, 2-32, 2-35, 2-38, 2-41, 2-44, 2-47,
2-50, 2-78, 2-79
Altimeter 1-9, 1-21, 2-7, C-1
Altimeter Setting 1-21-1-29, 2-67
Altitude Encoder 1-29
Altitude Volume 3-4
AMR 1-87, 1-95
ATI 1-87, 1-95
Audio Mute 3-13
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Index
Auto 1-23, 1-85, 1-88, 2-7, 2-65
Auto Leg Sequencing 1-57, 1-59, 1-76
Auto Zoom 1-23
Auto-Pop-Up 3-4, 3-7, 3-13, 3-15
AutoNav 1-84
Autopilot 1-39, 1-85
Aux Menu 1-16, 1-22, 1-31, 1-42, 1-52, 1-84, 1-86, 1-88, 1-89, 1-90,
1-97, 1-98, 2-23, 2-26, 2-27, 5-1, 5-2, 5-4
Aux-Main Menu 2-23, 5-2
Aux-Messages 5-2
Aviation Icon Group 1-82
Aviation Line Group 1-82
B
Baro Altitude 1-9
Baro Correction 1-21, 1-22, 1-29
Baro Entry 1-22
Base Reflectivity 2-3, 2-13, 2-15, 2-31, 2-32
Bearing 1-5, 1-11, 1-14, 1-24, 1-44, 1-45, 1-46, 1-56, 1-75, 2-33, 2-35,
3-6, 3-9, 3-11, 3-14, 4-1
BRG 1-12
Brightness Control 1-3, 1-10
Buffer Altitude 1-30, 1-32
C
Calculator 1-78
Cartographic Data 1-95
Caution, No Position Data 1-23
Cell Mode 4-3
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Index
Change Area 2-53, 2-56, 2-60
Change Fields 1-12, 1-61, 1-79
Choose Product 2-29, 2-53, 2-55
Closest Point of Approach 3-5, 3-14
Coast Mode 3-16
Composite Reflectivity 2-3, 2-13, 2-15, 2-31, 2-32
Cone of Silence 3-10, 3-11
Convective SIGMET 2-3, 2-11, 2-12, 2-21, 2-32, 2-35, 2-38, 2-41, 2-44,
2-45, 2-47, 2-50, 2-76, 2-77
Copy 1-66, 1-71
Course Deviation Indicator 1-9, 1-11, 1-13, 1-84
Crosstrack Error 1-39
Current Nav Source 1-84
Current Navigation Source 1-4, 1-55
D
Data Columns 1-61, 1-78, 1-79
Data Field 1-12, 1-38, 1-84, 1-85, 1-86, 3-7, 3-15, 3-16
Database Subscriptions 1-100
Database Versions 1-90
Datacards 1-95, 1-97, 1-100
Date and Time of Issue 2-7, 2-9, 2-65, 2-68
Date and Time Valid 2-9, 2-68
Declutter 1-34, 1-35
Delete 1-53, 1-66, 1-69, 1-70, 1-71, 1-74
Demo Mode 1-5, 1-86, 1-87, 1-88
Dew Point 2-7, 2-67
Direct-To 1-2, 1-4, 1-37, 1-55, 1-56, 1-57, 1-72, 1-73, 1-74, 1-75, 1-77
Discharge Points 4-2, 4-4, 4-5
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Index
E
Edit WPT 1-52
Edit/Review 1-66
Electrical Discharge 4-4
Encoded 2-7, 2-8, 2-9, 2-10, 2-11
Enroute Safe Altitude 1-14, 1-15
Expiration 2-3, 2-17, 2-22, 2-33, 2-56, 2-73, 2-75, 2-77
Extended TRK 1-81
F
Fee-Based 2-3, 2-7, 2-13, 2-21
FFLOW 1-61, 1-79, 1-80
Fields Off 1-11, 1-12
Filter Area 2-53, 2-55, 2-56, 2-60
Find Nearest 1-4, 1-35, 1-37, 1-55
FIS Display ID 2-21, 2-23
FIS Graphics Page 2-29, 2-32, 2-35, 2-38, 2-41, 2-44, 2-47, 2-50
FIS Info 1-25, 1-26
FIS Network Status Page 2-49, 2-50, 5-3
FIS Notifications 2-63, 2-64
FIS Products 2-22
FIS Receiver Failure 5-1, 5-3
FIS Subscription Status Page 2-22, 2-26
FIS Text Page 2-29, 2-54
Flight Information Services 1-2, 1-5, 1-83, 2-1
Flight Level 2-9, 2-70, 2-72, 3-4, 3-13
Flight Plan Index 1-59, 1-62, 1-63, 1-64, 1-65, 1-66, 1-68, 1-70,
1-71, 1-80
Flight Plan Page 1-38, 1-61
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Index
Flight Planning 1-2, 1-16, 2-4
FPL 1-59, 1-62, 1-64, 1-66, 1-70, 1-71, 1-73, 1-97, 1-98
Freezing Level 2-18, 2-73, 2-75
Freq 1-50
Fuel 1-25, 1-61, 1-78, 1-80
Fuel Flow 1-61, 1-79
Function Select Key 1-3, 1-4, 1-10, 1-18, 2-29, 2-32, 2-35, 2-38, 2-41,
2-44, 2-47, 2-50, 2-53, 2-54, 3-3, 3-12, 4-2
Function Status Icons 1-5, 1-6, 2-5, 3-2, 4-1
G
Global Positioning System 1-16, C-1, C-2
GPS Altitude 1-9, 1-21
GPS Receiver 1-16, 5-3, C-1, C-2
Graphical AIRMET 2-3, 2-18, 2-21, 2-37, 2-38
Graphical Alert Weather Watches 2-3, 2-20, 2-46
Graphical Convective SIGMET 2-3, 2-19, 2-21, 2-43, 2-44
Graphical METAR 2-3, 2-17, 2-18, 2-21, 2-34, 2-35, 2-54
Graphical SIGMET 2-3, 2-19, 2-21, 2-40, 2-41
Graphical Weather Products 2-29, 2-32, 2-35, 2-38, 2-41, 2-44, 2-47,
2-50, 2-53, 2-55
Graphical Weather Watches 2-47
Great Circle 1-14
Grid Minimum Off-Route Altitude 1-14, 1-15
H
Heading 1-11, 1-87, 3-9, 3-14, 4-2, 4-5
Heading Stabilization 4-2
Heading Up 1-23, 1-81
I-5
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Index
I
ICAO Station Identifier 2-7, 2-9, 2-17, 2-65, 2-68
ICAO/WMO 2-3
Icing 2-10, 2-11, 2-71, 2-72, 2-74
IFR Map 1-18, 1-19
Insert After 1-68
Insert Before 1-68
Insert PPOS 1-79
Insert WPT 1-63
Inserting 1-67, 1-78, 1-79, 1-96
Intensity 2-8, 2-13, 2-15, 2-16, 2-71
Internal VFR GPS 1-1, 1-4, 1-84
Invert 1-65
J
Jeppesen 1-1, 1-14, 1-15, 1-29, 1-95, 1-100
Joystick 2-16, 2-18, 2-23, 2-24, 2-29, 2-32, 2-33, 2-35, 2-36, 2-38,
2-39, 2-41, 2-42, 2-44, 2-45, 2-47, 2-48, 2-50, 2-53, 2-55, 2-56,
2-57, 2-58, 2-60, 2-61
K
Knob Scan 2-59, 2-61
L
Label 1-4, 1-5, 1-81, 1-96, 2-26, 2-54
Land Data 1-34, 1-35
Land Icon Group 1-82
Land Line Group 1-83
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Index
Lat/Lon 1-85
Latitude 1-14, 1-15, 1-24, 1-44, 1-45, 1-46, 1-85
Leg 1-33, 1-38, 1-39, 1-57, 1-59, 1-60, 1-61, 1-72, 1-73, 1-75
Leg Mode 1-33, 1-59, 1-77
Legend 1-18, 1-20, 2-16, 2-18, 2-19, 2-20, 2-33, 2-36, 2-39,
2-42, 2-45, 2-48, 3-6, 3-15
Length 1-36, 1-44, 1-49
Longitude 1-14, 1-15, 1-24, 1-44, 1-45, 1-46, 1-85
M
Magnetic Variation 1-14, 1-85, 5-4
Map Orientation 3-7, 3-16
Map Settings Group 1 1-81
Map Setup 1-23, 1-28, 1-81, 1-83, 4-5
Map Setup Overlays Group Page 1-5, 1-6
Map View 1-60
Menu Key 1-3, 1-12, 1-16, 1-22, 1-31, 1-34, 1-42, 1-52, 1-81, 1-84,
1-88, 1-89, 1-90, 1-97, 1-98, 2-23, 2-26, 2-27, 2-29, 3-4, 3-7,
3-13, 3-15, 4-2, 4-35-1
Message 1-9, 1-30, 1-31, 1-32, 1-86, 2-9, 2-10, 2-11, 2-27, 4-2, 5-1,
5-3, 5-4
Message Press Menu 1-31, 5-1
METAR 1-25, 1-26, 2-4, 2-7, 2-8, 2-9, 2-17, 2-18, 2-32, 2-35, 2-36,
2-38, 2-41, 2-44, 2-47, 2-50, 2-53, 2-54, 2-55, 2-64, 2-65
Min Rwy Len 1-81
Minimum Safe Altitude 1-11, 1-14, 1-61
MORA 1-14, 1-15
More Info 1-24, 1-25, 1-27, 1-28, 1-35, 1-60, 2-36, 2-39, 2-42, 2-45,
2-48, 2-54
Mountain Obscuration 2-10, 2-72
Mute 3-13
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Index
N
Nav Data Settings 1-84, 1-85, 1-86
Navaid 1-27, 1-28, 1-45, 1-46, 2-9, 2-73
Navaid Information 1-27
Navigation Setup 1-11, 1-12, 1-13, 1-30, 1-31, 1-38, 1-84, 5-3, 5-4
Near Position 1-11, 1-12, 1-86
Nearest 1-3, 1-4, 1-12, 1-26, 1-35, 1-36, 1-37, 1-55, 2-53, 2-56, 2-65,
2-67, 2-70
New FPL 1-62
New WPT 1-43
NEXRAD 2-13, 2-14, 2-15, 2-16, 2-21, 2-31, 2-32, 2-33, 2-35, 2-38,
2-41, 2-44, 2-47, 2-50, 2-63
NEXRAD Base Reflectivity 2-3, 2-13, 2-32
NEXRAD Composite Reflectivity 2-3, 2-13, 2-32
Next DTK 1-38
Next Group 1-82, 1-83
No Data 2-16, 2-33
No Data Received from Stormscope® 4-2
No-Bearing 3-6
No-Cost 2-3
North Pointer 1-23
North Up 1-23, 1-81, 3-7, 3-16
NRST 1-3, 1-4, 1-35
O
OBS 1-15, 1-33, 1-56, 1-57, 1-75, 1-76, 1-77
Off-Scale 3-6, 3-14
Orientation 1-23, 1-25, 1-48, 1-81
OSGB 1-85
Overlay 1-2, 1-5, 1-33, 1-83
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Index
Overlays Group 1-5, 1-6, 1-81, 1-83
OVLY Setup 1-81, 1-83
P
PAI 1-87, 1-95
PBRG 1-24, 1-85
PDIS 1-24, 1-85
PIREP 2-3, 2-9, 2-10, 2-21, 2-30, 2-55, 2-70
Pop-Up 1-10, 3-4, 3-7, 3-11, 3-13, 3-15
Position Format 1-85
Power Down 1-10
Power-Up 1-8, 1-23, 1-87, 4-2
Present Position 1-11, 1-12, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-24, 1-33, 1-35,
1-37, 1-44, 1-45, 1-55, 1-72, 1-78, 1-79, 1-81, 2-33, 2-34,
2-35, 2-36, 2-38, 2-39, 2-41, 2-42, 2-44, 2-45, 2-47, 2-48,
2-50, 2-51, 2-56
PREV 1-20
Q
QuickTune™ 1-16, 1-50
R
Radial 1-14
Range Rings 1-81
Real-Time Weather 2-1
Relative Terrain and Obstacles 1-20
Relative Terrain Map 1-18, 1-19, 1-20, 1-21
Remarks 1-43, 1-44, 1-47, 2-7, 2-10, 2-67, 2-72
Required Fuel 1-78, 1-79
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Reset Stick 1-18, 1-20, 1-24, 1-60, 1-68, 2-34, 2-36, 2-39, 2-42,
2-45, 2-48, 2-51
Resolution Advisory 1-6, 3-5, 3-6
Restart Demo 1-88
Restore Default 1-12, 1-61
RNG 1-4, 1-23, 1-24, 1-25, 2-32, 2-33, 2-35, 2-36, 2-38, 2-41,
2-42, 2-44, 2-45, 2-47, 2-48, 2-50, 2-53, 2-55, 3-4, 3-13, 4-4
Runway 1-25, 1-36, 1-48, 1-49, 1-81, 2-65
Runway Type 1-36
Runway Visibility 2-8
Runway Visual Range 2-7, 2-65
S
Save & Exit 1-46, 1-50
Sector Altitude 1-15
See Chart 1-29
Select WX Product 2-53, 2-55
Self Test 1-8, 4-2
SIGMET 2-3, 2-10, 2-11, 2-12, 2-19, 2-21, 2-32, 2-35, 2-38, 2-41,
2-42, 2-44, 2-47, 2-50, 2-73, 2-74, 2-75
Signal Strength 1-16, 2-63, 2-64
Significant Meteorological Information 2-11
Significant Weather 2-8, 2-10, 2-69
Sky Condition 2-7, 2-9, 2-67, 2-69
Softkeys 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-20, 1-22, 1-59
Software Version 1-16, 1-89
SPECI 2-3, 2-8, 2-17, 2-21, 2-65
Special Use Airspace 1-29, 1-30, 1-86, 5-3
Standby 1-6, 3-4
Status Icon 1-5, 1-6
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Index
Store Current User Data 1-97
Stored Flight Plan 1-60, 1-62, 1-64, 1-66, 1-69, 1-70
Stormscope® 1-2, 1-5, 1-6, 1-8, 1-83, 2-29, 2-32, 2-35, 2-38, 2-41,
2-44, 2-47, 2-50, 2-53, 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5
Stormscope® Icons 4-1
Strategic Weather Planning 2-4
Strike Mode 4-3, 4-5
SUA Alerting 1-29, 1-31, 1-32, 1-86
Subscription 1-90, 1-100, 2-7, 2-21, 2-22, 2-23, 2-24, 2-25, 2-26, 2-27,
2-30, 2-63, 5-3, 5-4
Subscription Code 2-21, 2-22, 2-24, 2-64
Subscription Service 1-96, 2-7, 2-13, 2-22, 2-25
Surface 1-49, 1-81, 2-10, 2-14, 2-15, 2-72, 2-73, 2-76, 2-78, 2-79
Surface Visibility 2-8
System Test 3-8
T
TAF 2-3, 2-8, 2-9, 2-21, 2-55, 2-68, 2-70
Temperature 2-7, 2-9, 2-14, 2-67, 2-71, 5-3
Test 3-4, 3-8
Text 1-23, 1-39, 1-44, 1-82, 1-83, 2-21, 3-16, 4-2, 4-5, 5-1, 5-3, 5-4
Textual Weather Products 2-29, 2-32, 2-35, 2-38, 2-41, 2-44, 2-47,
2-50, 2-52, 2-53
Time Zone 1-85
Topological Data 1-95
Track Up 1-23, 1-81
Traffic 1-1, 1-2, 1-5, 1-6, 1-11, 1-83, 3-1, 3-2, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-10, 3-11,
3-13, 3-14, 3-15, 3-16
Traffic Advisory 1-6, 3-5, 3-6, 3-14, 3-15
Traffic Avoidance 1-2, 1-5, 1-83, 3-1, 3-2, 3-5, 3-6, 3-8
Traffic Display 3-1, 3-3, 3-4, 3-7, 3-12, 3-13, 3-15, 3-16
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Traffic Function 3-1, 3-2, 3-6, 3-8, 3-15
Traffic Function Status Icons 3-2
Traffic Information Service 3-1, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-15,
3-16, 3-17, 3-18
TRFC 1-10, 1-11, 3-3, 3-6, 3-12
TRK 1-10, 1-81
Turbulence 2-10, 2-11, 2-14, 2-15, 2-71, 2-72, 2-73, 2-74, 2-75
Turn Anticipation 1-38, 1-39, 1-86
Turn Guidance 1-38, 1-86
Turn To 1-38, 1-39
Type of Report 2-7, 2-9, 2-59, 2-62
U
Use Actual 1-80
Use Stick 1-60, 1-63, 1-68
User Airport 1-47, 1-48
User Airport Edit 1-47, 1-48
User Defined Area Entry 2-57, 2-58, 2-60
User Waypoint 1-41, 1-42, 1-43, 1-44, 1-46, 1-47, 1-52, 1-53, 1-55,
1-56, 1-96, 1-97, 1-98, 1-100, 5-3
User Waypoint Edit 1-41, 1-43, 1-44, 1-47, 1-52
User Waypoint List 1-42, 1-46, 1-52, 1-53
UTM 1-85
V
VDL 1-2, 1-7, 1-90, 1-100, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-7, 2-9, 2-12,
2-13, 2-15, 2-16, 2-20, 2-21, 2-22, 2-31, 2-33, 2-34, 2-37, 2-40,
2-43, 2-46, 2-49, 2-52, 2-63, 2-64, 5-3, 5-4
VDL Datacards 1-100
VDL Database Subscriptions 1-100
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Index
VDL Icon 1-7, 2-5
VDL Subscription 2-3, 2-13, 2-21, 2-24, 2-25, 5-4
Vertical Buffer 1-30
VFR Map 1-6, 1-16, 1-18, 1-19, 1-82, 1-83
VFR Map Display 1-6, 1-9
VOR Receiver 1-56
W
Waypoint Alert 1-9, 1-38, 1-39
Waypoint Entry 1-45, 1-46, 1-55, 1-62, 1-67
Waypoint Position 1-44
Weather Phenomena 2-7, 2-9, 2-12
Wind Shear 2-9, 2-18, 2-73
Wingman Services 2-21, 2-22, 2-23, 2-51, 1-100, 2-25
WPT 1-9, 1-11, 1-38, 1-43, 1-52, 1-53, 1-59, 1-63, 1-66, 1-86, 2-53, 2-56
X
XM 1-2, 1-7, 1-90, 1-100, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-13, 2-15, 2-16,
2-21, 2-26, 2-27, 2-29, 2-30, 2-31, 2-32, 2-33, 2-34, 2-37, 2-40,
2-43, 2-52, 2-63, 5-3, 5-4
XM Icon 1-7, 2-5
XM Subscription 2-3, 2-7, 2-13, 2-21, 2-26, 2-27
XM Subscriptions 1-100, 2-26
XTK 1-11, 1-39
I-13
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Index
Intentionally left blank
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KMD 250 Pilot's Guide
Honeywell Aerospace
Business and General Aviation
Honeywell International Inc.
One Technology Center
23500 West 105th Street
Olathe, KS 66061
Telephone: (913) 712-0400
FAX: (913) 712-1302
www.honeywell.com
006-18281-0000
Rev. 4 08/07
© 2000-2007 Honeywell International Inc.
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