®
Ti20
Thermal Imager
Users Manual
January 2006
© 2006 Fluke Corporation, All rights reserved.
All product names are trademarks of their respective companies.
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Table of Contents
Chapter
1
Title
Page
Getting Started .................................................................................... 1-1
Introduction........................................................................................................ 1-1
Contacting Fluke................................................................................................ 1-1
Safety Information ............................................................................................. 1-2
Laser Warning Labels........................................................................................ 1-3
Unpacking the Imager........................................................................................ 1-4
Features and Controls ........................................................................................ 1-6
Operating the Controls....................................................................................... 1-7
Focusing the Imager ...................................................................................... 1-7
Understanding the Trigger............................................................................. 1-8
Using the AC Power Adapter ............................................................................ 1-9
Charging and Replacing the Batteries................................................................ 1-10
Using the Battery Charger............................................................................. 1-10
Installing or Replacing the Batteries ............................................................. 1-11
Attaching the Wrist Strap .................................................................................. 1-12
Inputs and Connections...................................................................................... 1-13
Connecting the USB Cable............................................................................ 1-13
Mounting the Imager on a Tripod.................................................................. 1-14
Cleaning............................................................................................................. 1-14
Cleaning the Case.......................................................................................... 1-14
Cleaning the Lens.......................................................................................... 1-15
2
Basic Operation................................................................................... 2-1
Turning the Imager On and Off ......................................................................... 2-1
Understanding the Home Display...................................................................... 2-2
Aiming and Activating the Laser....................................................................... 2-4
Capturing Images............................................................................................... 2-5
Adjusting the Backlight ..................................................................................... 2-6
Setting the Temperature Scale ........................................................................... 2-7
Setting the Level ................................................................................................ 2-7
Adjusting the Span............................................................................................. 2-9
Manually Activating the Calibration Flag ......................................................... 2-9
Using Distance to Spot Size Ratio (D:S) ........................................................... 2-9
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Users Manual
Environmental Conditions ................................................................................. 2-11
Emissivity .......................................................................................................... 2-12
Reflected Temperature Compensation............................................................... 2-13
3
Data Management and Storage .......................................................................... 3-1
Viewing Stored Images ................................................................................. 3-1
Deleting Images............................................................................................. 3-2
Selecting a Palette.............................................................................................. 3-3
Adjusting Emissivity.......................................................................................... 3-4
Setting Alarm Limits ......................................................................................... 3-7
Adjusting Sleep Mode ....................................................................................... 3-9
Appendices
A Glossary....................................................................................................... A-1
B
C
Basics of Infrared Measurement.................................................................. B-1
Typical Emissivity Values........................................................................... C-1
D Specifications .............................................................................................. D-1
ii
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List of Tables
Table
Title
Page
1-1. Symbols.................................................................................................................. 1-2
1-1. Standard Accessories ............................................................................................. 1-5
1-3. Features and Controls............................................................................................. 1-7
2-1. Contents of the Home Display ............................................................................... 2-3
C-1. Emissivity Values for Metals................................................................................. C-2
C-2. Emissivity Values for Non-Metals......................................................................... C-4
iii
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Ti20
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iv
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List of Figures
Figure
Title
Page
1-1. Laser Warning Labels ............................................................................................ 1-3
1-2. Standard Accessories ............................................................................................. 1-4
1-3. Ti20 Thermal Imager Features and Controls ......................................................... 1-6
1-4. Focusing the Imager............................................................................................... 1-8
1-5. Using the AC Power Adapter................................................................................. 1-9
1-6. Using the Battery Charger...................................................................................... 1-10
1-7. Replacing the Battery Pack .................................................................................... 1-11
1-8. Attaching the Wrist Strap....................................................................................... 1-12
1-9. Connecting Using the USB Cable.......................................................................... 1-13
1-10. Mounting the Imager on a Tripod .......................................................................... 1-14
2-1. Imager Splash Screen............................................................................................. 2-1
2-2. Imager home Display Zones .................................................................................. 2-2
2-4. Correct Field of View............................................................................................. 2-11
2-5. Reflected Temperature Compensation................................................................... 2-14
B-1. Infrared Measurement Region................................................................................ B-2
v
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Ti20
Users Manual
vi
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Chapter 1
Getting Started
Introduction
The Fluke Ti20 Imager (hereafter, “the Imager”) is a state-of-the-art, lightweight, pistol-
grip style thermal imaging unit. Using the Imager, you can obtain instant and accurate
thermal images and radiometric readings from distant targets. The Imager is
ergonomically designed for right-hand or left-hand use, and captures thermal images and
data with a simple trigger press. The Imager can store up to 50 images that can be
downloaded to your personal computer for storage, analysis, and report preparation.
The InsideIR companion software application, lets you display, examine, and analyze
your images and data to determine qualitative and quantitative trends associated with the
target equipment. You can also use InsideIR to define maintenance databases based on
your equipment conditions, monitoring, and asset management needs.
The Imager provides high performance thermal imaging and is designed for industrial
use. The Ti20:
•
•
•
Uses new detection technology to provide a clear thermal image with accurate
temperature measurements up to 350 °C (662 °F).
Is protected against dust and moisture (IP54 rated) for use in harsh industrial
environments.
Provides a minimum of 3 hours of continuous battery life.
Contacting Fluke
To contact Fluke, call:
1-888-993-5853 in USA
1-800-363-5853 in Canada
+31-402-675-200 in Europe
+81-3-3434-0181 in Japan
+65-738-5655 in Singapore
+1-425-446-5500 from anywhere in the world
1-1
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Ti20
Users Manual
Safety Information
Use the Imager only as specified in this manual. See Table 1 for a list of symbols used on
the Imager and in this manual.
A W Warning identifies hazardous conditions and actions that could cause bodily harm
or death.
A W Caution identifies conditions and actions that could damage the Imager or cause
permanent loss of data.
W Warning
•
•
* To avoid eye damage, do not point laser directly at
eye or indirectly off reflective surfaces.
Use of controls or adjustments or performance or
procedures other than those specified herein may result
in hazardous laser radiation exposure.
•
•
To avoid a burn hazard, remember that highly reflective
objects will result in lower than actual temperature
measurements. See Emissivity information later in this
manual for more information.
Do not use in a manner not specified in this manual or
the protection provided by the equipment may be
impaired.
Table 1-1. Symbols
Conforms to requirements of European
*
Warning. Laser.
P
W
Union and European Free Trade
Association
Do not mix with solid waste stream.
Dispose using a qualified recycler or
hazardous material handler.
~
Important information: see manual
1-2
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Getting Started
Laser Warning Labels
1
Laser Warning Labels
Euro/US
Japanese
CAUTION
Chinese
<
1mW/630-670nm
EN 60825/01
CAUTION
CAUTION
Ti20
Ti20
Ti20
THERMAL IMAGER
THERMAL IMAGER
THERMAL IMAGER
dag133f.eps
Figure 1-1. Laser Warning Labels
1-3
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Ti20
Users Manual
Unpacking the Imager
Begin by opening the shipping box. Be sure to save the box and shipping materials in
case you need to ship the Imager. Inside the shipping box, you will find a hard carrying
case containing the standard accessories shown in Figure 1-2 and described in Table 1-2.
2
1
4
3
5
6
7
10
11
8
9
dag134f.eps
Figure 1-2. Standard Accessories
1-4
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Getting Started
Unpacking the Imager
1
Table 1-2. Standard Accessories
A
C
PN 1671807 USB Cable
B
D
PN 2444076 International AC Adapter
PN 2518704 Hard Case
PN 2507729 External Charger for
Rechargeable Battery Pack
E
G
PN 2455818 Soft Case with Shoulder Strap F PN 2443380 Wrist Strap
PN 2446641 Rechargeable Battery Pack (2) H PN 2455807 AA Battery Tray
PN 2492146 CD-ROM with InsideIR
software and Users Manual and
PN 2492154 Ti20 Training Material
J
PN 2492168 Getting Started Guide
I
K
PN 2492228 Quick Reference Guide
1-5
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Ti20
Users Manual
Features and Controls
Imager features and controls are shown in Figure 1-3 and described in Table 1-3.
1
20
Ti
AGER
AL IM
THERM
2
3
CA
UTION
AVOID EXPOSU
LASER RADIA
RE
TION
FR
OM
TUR
IS EMITTED
THIS APER
E
DO NO
INT
O
T
ST
ARE
BEAM
OUTPUT
<
1mW
WA
VELENGTH:
630
-
670
nm
7
CLASS II
PR
LASER
ODUCT
COMPLIES
CFR 1040.
WITH
10
6
5
Ti
20
THE
RM
AL
I
MA
GE
R
8
9
ER
AG
M
I
10
L
20
Ti
MA
ER
H
T
4
11
dag01f.eps
Figure 1-3. Ti20 Thermal Imager Features and Controls
1-6
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Getting Started
Operating the Controls
1
Table 1-3. Features and Controls
Description
Number
A
B
C
D
E
Focus control
Optical channel
Laser aperture
Wrist strap and attachment clip
Trigger. The trigger is used to freeze a thermal image. Press the trigger one time to freeze
the image for evaluation. You can save the image or press and release the trigger again to
delete the image.
F
G
H
I
USB port
AC adapter terminal
Display
The three soft keys (F, G, and H) are used to navigate the menu structure of the
Imager, access all functions, and select values for the various adjustable parameters. The
Gsoft key is also used to turn the Imager On and Off. Press and hold Gfor two
seconds to turn off the Imager.
J
K
Battery compartment
Threaded tripod mount
Operating the Controls
The following sections describe the purpose and function of the two Imager controls,
focus and trigger.
Focusing the Imager
Proper focus is critically important in radiometric imaging applications. The correct focus
ensures that the infrared energy is being properly directed onto the pixels of the detector.
Without the correct focus, the thermal image appears blurry and the radiometric data will
be inaccurate. Correct focus is necessary to accurately capture a thermal image.
Focus the Imager by turning the focus control in a clockwise or counterclockwise
direction (similar to the operation of a single lens reflex 35 mm photographic camera).
The Imager is designed to focus at a minimum distance of 61 cm (24 in) or less (rotated
fully clockwise as viewed from the rear of the instrument) and to a maximum of infinity
(rotated fully counterclockwise).
As you turn the focus control, you will see a changing, live, thermal image on the display.
When your target comes into focus, it will appear sharper. When the target moves out of
focus, it becomes blurry. One way to verify proper focus is to find what focus adjustment
produces the highest temperature indication on the display (keeping emissivity and
Reflected Temperature Compensation (RTC) values constant, preferably with emissivity
set at 1.0 and RTC disabled). See Figure 1-4 for an illustration of focusing the Imager.
1-7
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Ti20
Users Manual
Focus Ring
Optical Channel
20
Ti
ER
AG
IM
AL
THERM
dag02f.eps
Figure 1-4. Focusing the Imager
Understanding the Trigger
The trigger is located in the standard trigger position for a pistol-grip device. The primary
function of the trigger is to freeze a thermal image for possible storage to memory by the
user. The trigger freezes an image in the following modes:
•
•
•
In automatic temperature level and span adjustment mode
In manual temperature level and span adjustment mode
When scrolling through the menu levels (without entering a menu selection)
1-8
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Ti20
Users Manual
Charging and Replacing the Batteries
With the Ti20, you have the option of using six AA batteries or a rechargeable NiMH
pack. The use of both options is described in the following pages. Battery charger use is
shown is Figure 1-6 and battery placement in Figure 1-7 .
Using the Battery Charger
.
dag008f.eps
Figure 1-6. Using the Battery Charger
1-10
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Getting Started
Charging and Replacing the Batteries
1
Installing or Replacing the Batteries
Replace the batteries with six AA batteries (NEDA 15A or IEC LR6). Install or Replace
the AA battery cartridge as described below and shown in Figure 1-7.
1. Unlock the battery compartment by using a standard screwdriver to turn the
battery door screw one-quarter turn counterclockwise.
2. Slide the battery compartment door off the grip.
3. Uncouple the battery connector and remove the rechargeable battery (or battery
pack).
4. Change the rechargeable battery (or battery pack with fresh batteries).
5. Replace and reconnect the rechargeable battery (or battery pack.
6. Replace the battery door. Secure the door by turning the screw one-quarter turn
clockwise.
1
R
E
A
G
I
M
L
20
A
M
R
Ti
E
TH
2
3
R
E
G
A
M
I
L
20
A
M
R
Ti
E
TH
OR
dag03f.eps
Figure 1-7. Replacing the Battery Pack
1-11
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Ti20
Users Manual
Attaching the Wrist Strap
A wrist strap is included with your Imager. You can attach the wrist strap by clipping the
strap to the attachment clip on the Imager housing.
R
E
G
A
0
M
I
20L
i
A
M
Ti R
E
H
T
R
E
G
A
0
20L
A
M
I
i
Ti RM
E
H
T
dag131f.eps
Figure 1-8. Attaching the Wrist Strap
1-12
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Getting Started
Inputs and Connections
1
Inputs and Connections
Connecting the USB Cable
The included USB cable can be used to either download or upload data from a PC to the
Imager. To connect the USB cable, insert the smaller USB connector into the Imager port
and the larger connector into the PC USB port as shown in Figure 1-9. Communications
begin automatically, and a USB symbol (I) appears in the header area of the Imager
display when communications are established.
20
Ti
ER
G
A
IM
AL
HERM
T
Ti20
THERMAL IMAGER
dag009f.eps
Figure 1-9. Connecting Using the USB Cable
1-13
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Ti20
Users Manual
Mounting the Imager on a Tripod
A tripod mount is provided on the bottom side of the Imager. Rotate or screw the Imager
onto a tripod using the tripod mount as shown in Figure 1-10.
Ti20
THERMAL IMAGER
Threaded Tripod
Mount
dag010f.eps
Figure 1-10. Mounting the Imager on a Tripod
Cleaning
This section describes how to clean the Imager case and lens.
Cleaning the Case
Periodically wipe the case with a damp cloth and mild detergent. Do not use abrasives or
solvents.
1-14
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Getting Started
Cleaning
1
Cleaning the Lens
Although the lens is coated with a durable, erosion resistant coating (according to MIL
standards), cleaning dust, sand, and other particles might scratch the coating and impair
the performance of the lens.
W Caution
To avoid damage, do not use tools or sharp objects when
cleaning the lens.
•
•
In a clean room, use compressed nitrogen to blow off dust and other particles.
In a field environment, use a wet cloth to remove sand, salt, and other
contaminants, do not apply pressure.
•
Wipe the lens using a soft tissue paper or lens tissue.
You can also use solvents to remove grease and other contaminants:
•
•
•
Acetone - use to remove grease
Ethanol - use to remove fingerprints and other contaminants
Alcohol - use for final cleaning before use
To clean the lens with a solvent:
1. Wet a tissue paper with acetone, ethanol, or alcohol.
2. Carefully, wipe the lens in an “S” motion so that each area of the lens will not be
wiped more than once.
3. Repeat step 2 until the lens is clean. Use a new tissue each time.
1-15
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Ti20
Users Manual
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Chapter 2
Basic Operation
Turning the Imager On and Off
Use the Gkey to turn the Imager on and off. To turn on the Imager, press and hold the
Gfor approximately 2 seconds until the date and time appear in the upper right-hand
corner of the display. The Imager splash screen appears until the Imager can reliably
show an accurate thermal image. After approximately 5 seconds, the Imager loads the
Home display.
The Imager splash screen is shown in Figure 2-1 and displays the following information:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Date and Time
Fluke and MicroIR logos
Model Number
Serial Number
Firmware Version
Route Name (if uploaded to Imager)
dag102f.eps
Figure 2-1. Imager Splash Screen
2-1
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Ti20
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Understanding the Home Display
The Imager returns to the Home display when you complete a menu operation, escape or
cancel an operation using the Gsoft key, or the by pressing the trigger. Figure 2-2
illustrates the Home display zones.
The Home display is divided into three zones:
•
Header Zone
The header zone displays information such as Imager status, battery charge state,
power source, and connection status.
•
•
Image Zone
The image zone displays live, frozen, and stored thermal images.
Information Zone
The information zone displays Imager settings, status comments, and selection
options.
1
2
3
dag132f.eps
Figure 2-2. Imager Home Display Zones
2-2
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Basic Operation
Understanding the Home Display
2
The contents of the Home display is described in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1. Contents of the Home Display
Displayed
Number
Zone
Information
Description
Auto
Imager is in automatic imaging mode
Imager is in manual imaging mode
Manual
Indicates the Imager is calibrating and is temporarily
incapable of measuring
Calibrating
Trigger is pulled and a thermal image is frozen on the
display
Capture
Review
Imager is in review stored images mode
Delete or Delete Deleting stored images
All
Date is in DD/MM/YY format and time is in 24 hour
format HH:MM.
Date and Time
A
Header
B
C
D
E
Battery charge state. A fully charged battery is
indicated with four bars, and a discharged battery is
indicated by one bar.
Indicates the Imager is connected to an AC power
source.
A
I
K
The Imager has established a USB connection with
the PC.
The live video output symbol indicates that images are
being copied from the Imager to the connected PC.
B
Thermal Image
Displays live, frozen, and stored thermal images.
2-3
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Ti20
Users Manual
Table 2-1. Contents of the Home Display (cont.)
Displayed
Number
Zone
Information
Description
Displays the target temperature, lower alarm limit (blue
upside triangle), high alarm limit (red upside down
triangle), temperature range bar, and temperature
color bar.
Temperature
Scale
Emissivity
Setting
Display setting preceded by a 1 or 0 and followed by
two places after the decimal point.
Reflected temperature compensation setting if RTC is
turned on. No decimal places.
RTC Setting
Displays current memory location and total memory
locations available. For example, if the display shows
Memory Location “Memory 16/32” this indicates that you are at memory
location 16 and there are 32 memory locations with
stored images.
The default description is the number of the current
memory location. You can create a text description
C
Information
Memory Location
using InsideIR and upload that location description
Description
and image into the Imager. Memory location
description is limited to 30 characters.
Notes about the memory location created using
InsideIR. There is no limit to the number of characters
you can enter with the software but the Imager will
Notes
only display the first 30 characters.
This varies by screen and operation, Examples
include:
•
•
•
•
•
Overwrite memory location 25?
Delete image?
Delete ALL images?
ON or OFF for backlight adjustment
°C or °F for temperature scale
Status Comments
or Selection
Options
Aiming and Activating the Laser
The laser is a sighting aid and is not required to take measurements. The laser is not
coaxial with the infrared channel, and the laser dot is offset from the center of the thermal
image (the crosshatch at the center of the display). The laser dot is not visible in the
thermal image.
W Warning
* To avoid eye damage, do not point laser at eye directly or
indirectly off reflective surfaces.
1. Press for G2 seconds to turn on the Imager. The date appears in the upper right-
hand portion of the display.
2. Press Fto turn the laser on and off. The laser warning symbol (J)appears in
the Header zone of the display when the laser is turned on.
2-4
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Basic Operation
Capturing Images
2
Note
The Japanese model of the Ti20 requires you to press and hold Fto turn
on the laser and keep it on. When you release F, the laser turns off.
Capturing Images
Recording images is a simple process but before starting you should note the current
image location number. If you have not stored any images, the location number should be
set at 1 (default) and the location descriptor will be blank. Each captured image is
numbered, so you may refer to images by number. The Imager can store up to 50 images.
1. With the Imager turned on, point the Imager at the target you want to record.
Squeeze the trigger once to capture the image. If the captured image is not
satisfactory, press and release the trigger to discard the frozen image. Use the
cross hairs to align the Imager at a point on the target.
dag106f.bmp
2. The confirmation message Image Captured appears at the bottom of the display.
3. Inspect the image and if the result is satisfactory, press F(STORE) to store the
image. If an image is already stored in the memory location, a prompt will ask
you to confirm saving the image at that location. Press F(YES), G(CANCEL),
or H(COMPARE). A F(YES) returns the Imager to live viewing.
4. Squeeze the trigger or press F(YES) again to return to live viewing.
Comparing Frozen Images to Stored Images
Use the Compare function to confirm that you have capture an image of the target from
the correct position and to do a quick check of any thermal readings between the saved
imaged and the captured image.
1. With the captured image on the display, press H(COMPARE)to compare the
captured image to a stored image.
2. Press F(2) to retrieve the next stored image or G(1) brings up the previous
stored image. Stored images appear on the right side of the display and the
captured image appears on the left side of the display.
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Users Manual
dag108f.bmp
Note
If no image is stored at the current memory location, the right side of the
display is black.
3. Press G(DONE) to save the captured image. This will overwrite the current
image location.
Adjusting the Backlight
Backlight ON is recommended for indoor use set the backlight OFF for outdoor
applications and to save battery life. The default backlight setting is ON.
1. From the Home display, press G(MENU) five times to access the backlight
function.
2. Press F(BACKLIGHT) to toggle the backlight ON and OFF.
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Basic Operation
Setting the Temperature Scale
2
Setting the Temperature Scale
The Imager displays temperatures using either the Celsius or Fahrenheit temperature
scales. The default temperature scale is Celsius.
1. Press G(MENU) five times from the Home display to access the temperature
scale function.
2. Press H(TEMPSCALE) to toggle the temperature scale between Fahrenheit and
Celsius.
Setting the Level
In Manual mode, you can define Level and Span values manually. Manual mode allows
you to bring both MIN and MAX values to the desired cut-off levels and to adjust the
temperature interval to a minimum to maximizing color resolution. Manual mode
provides the best possible image definition as to the specific inspection situation at hand,
both from a thermal resolution and temperature level standpoint.
Level is the median point of a given temperature scale. For example, if the unit is
currently in Automatic mode, and there is a given thermal scene with MIN and MAX
temperature limits, the moment you switch the unit to Manual mode, the Level value is
set by the Imager according to the following formula:
Max Span
+ Min Span
2
Level =
dag129f.eps
1. Press G(MENU) one time from the Home display to access the set Mode menu.
2. Press F(MANUAL to manually set Level and Span mode or H(AUTO) to have
the Imager automatically set Level and Span.
dag109f.bmp
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Ti20
Users Manual
3. Press F(LEVEL) to access the set Level function.
dag110f.bmp
4. Press F(4) to move the window to the left (lower) or H(5) to move the
window to the right (higher).
5. Press G(DONE) two times to return to the Home display.
dag111f.bmp
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Basic Operation
Adjusting the Span
2
Adjusting the Span
The full temperature span of the Imager is -10 °C to 350 °C (14 °F to 662 °F). The LCD
display shows about 256 shades of color for whatever pallet you select. Adjusting the
temperature span allows you to see more subtle temperature gradients in a captured
image.
For example, if you are viewing an image with a temperature span from 10 °C to 30 °C
and are using the Imager at full temperature span, the image will be concentrated into
only about 15 of the 256 shades that could be shown. Reducing the temperature span to
10 °C to 30 °C allows you to view the display with the full range of about 256 shades.
1. Press G(HOME) one time from the Home display to access the set Mode menu.
2. Press F(MANUAL) to manually set Level and Scan mode or H(AUTO) to
have the Imager automatically set Level and Scan.
3. Press H(SPAN) to access the set Span function.
4. Press F(5 4) to close the range window or H(4 5) to open the range
window. The minimum temperature span setting is 5 °C.
Manually Activating the Calibration Flag
When the Imager is first turned on, the image freezes briefly from time to time and an
hourglass icon appears briefly on the display. This is a normal process that happens when
the unit momentarily shuts down the optical channel to eliminate offset errors. This is a
recalibration sequence that begins immediately after the unit is turned on.
Recalibration intervals occurs at 15, 30, 45, and 60 seconds and continues every
60 seconds unless a change in ambient temperature occurs. A change in the internal
temperature of 0.2 °C (0.4 °F) forces the Imager to recalibrate before the 60 seconds are
up and the new calibration cycle starts at that time.
To manually activate the calibration flag, press H(FLAG) from the Main or Home menu
to start the recalibration sequence.
Using Distance to Spot Size Ratio (D:S)
The Ti20 imager views a portion of the scene that is 15 º high by 20 º wide (the Field-Of-
View (FOV), of the Imager) as shown in Figure 2-3. This scene is displayed on the LCD
on the back of the Imager. The single temperature displayed numerically at the lower
edge of the display, however, corresponds to a measurement of a much smaller part of the
scene. In particular, it corresponds to the average temperatures of the area seen through
the “hole” in the center of the reticle on the LCD display (see Figure 2-3).
The actual diameter of the measurement spot at the object is calculated by dividing the
distance to the object by 75 (the D:S for the Imager). If the Imager is properly focused on
a target 100 inches away, the diameter of the measurement spot on the object will be (100
inches) ÷ 75 = 1.33 inches. If the Imager is focused on a target 24 inches away, the
diameter of the measurement spot on the object will be (24 inches) ÷ 75 = 0.32 inches.
To achieve the smallest measurement spot (D:S = 75:1), the imager must be properly
focused on the object being measured.
2-9
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Basic Operation
Environmental Conditions
2
Best
Incorrect
Good
dag005f.eps
Figure 2-4. Correct Field of View
Environmental Conditions
Watch for environmental conditions in the working area. steam, dust, smoke, etc.,
can prevent accurate measurement by obstructing the path between the target and the
Imager optics. Noise, electromagnetic fields, or vibration are other conditions that can
interfere with temperature measurements, and should be considered before starting
temperature measurements.
Ambient Temperature Derating and Thermal Shock
The Imager’s operating temperature range is 0 °C to 50 °C (32 °F to 122 °F). As ambient
temperature slowly deviates from 25 °C (77 °F) there is a derating or the Imager’s
accuracy specification by ± 0.2 ° C/° C or ± 0.2% / ° C whichever is greater. For
example, if the Imager was operating in an ambient temperature of 35 ° C, the accuracy
specification would be ± [2 + (35 - 25) x 0.2] = ± 4 ° C for temperatures less than 100 ° C
or ± [0.02 + (35 - 25) x 0.002] x T (temperature being measured) for temperatures greater
than 100 ° C.
The Imager will work accurately even when subjected to sudden ambient temperature
change as large as ± 25 ° C (± 45 ° F) of more (going from a room at 25 ° C to a freezer
room at 0 ° C). For the most accurate readings, you should:
•
Wait ~ 2 minutes after a large ambient shock (greater than 10 °C) before making
any readings.
•
•
Turn the Imager on and then wait 3 seconds.
For smaller ambient shocks (10 ° C change or less) no special precautions are
necessary.
2-11
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Emissivity
Emissivity is the measure of an object's ability to emit infrared energy. The hotter an
object, the more infrared energy it will emit. Emissivity can have a value from 0 (shiny
mirror, perfect reflector) to 1.0 (blackbody, perfect emitter). Most organic, painted, or
oxidized surfaces have emissivity values close to 0.95. If you are performing qualitative
inspections with your imager, leave the emissivity set at 1.0. If you need to measure
actual temperature values, set the emissivity value according to the emissivity of the
material the object you are measuring is made of. Again, if you need accuracy, you will
need to find the emissivity value of the material before taking the measurement. See
Appendix C for the emissivity values for the most common materials.
There are two methods that help you to find the emissivity value of materials:
•
Tape method
The tape method requires the usage of the Scotch brand PVC tape (emissivity
value 0.97) or equivalent. Cover the surface you want to measure with tape. Wait
some seconds for the temperature to stabilize. Set the emissivity of the Imager at
0.97 and measure the temperature. Make a note of the temperature value. Then,
remove the tape and measure the new temperature value. Adjust the emissivity
accordingly until the temperature value found previously is displayed on the
Imager. This emissivity value is the one of the material being measured. This
method is good for objects that are at low temperatures (under 100 °C (212 °F)),
not electrically energized, and not in motion.
•
Contact thermometer method
The contact thermometer method uses a contact probe and good quality
temperature meter. Initially, use the contact probe temperature meter to measure
the temperature of the object you want to know the emissivity value, allowing
time for the contact probe to stabilize (this may take up to a minute). Note the
temperature value and adjust the emissivity on the Imager accordingly until the
temperature value found previously with contact probe temperature meter is
displayed on the imager display. This emissivity value is the one of the material
being measured. This method is good for objects that are at moderately high
temperatures (under 250 °C (482 °F)), not electrically energized and not in
motion.
2-12
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Basic Operation
Reflected Temperature Compensation
2
Reflected Temperature Compensation
Targets that have low emissivities will reflect energy from nearby objects. This additional
reflected energy is added to target’s own emitted energy and may result in inaccurate
readings. In some situations objects near the target (machines, furnaces, or other heat
sources) have a temperature much higher than that of the target. In these situations it is
necessary to compensate for the reflected energy from those objects. The concept of
reflected temperature compensation is illustrated in Figure 2-5.
Note
The Reflected Temperature Compensation (RTC) feature is disabled when
the emissivity is set to 1.00.
Reflected Energy
Emitted Energy
dag006f.eps
Figure 2-5. Reflected Temperature Compensation
2-13
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Chapter 3
Advanced Imager Operation
Data Management and Storage
Viewing Stored Images
1. From the Home display, press G(MENU) two times.
2. Press F(REVIEW) for Review mode.
dag114f.bmp
3. Press F(2) to view the next image or F3 (1) to view the previous image.
4. Press G(DONE) to return to the Home display.
3-1
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Deleting Images
Deleting an image deletes the image in the active memory location but retains location
description, any notes, emissivity, and RTC setting.
W Caution
The delete all selection completely erases the Imager flash
memory including all images, notes, emissivity values, and RTC
settings. Flash memory returns to the factory default state.
1. From the Home display, press G(MENU) two times.
2. Press F(MEMORY) to access the Delete function.
dag114f.bmp
3. Press Hfor the Delete mode display.
4. Press F(YES) to delete the image you are viewing or H(DELETE ALL) to
delete all stored images. Fdeletes the displayed images but retains the memory
location and information (location description, notes, emissivity, and RTC). You
can also press G(CANCEL) to return to the Review mode display.
3-2
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Advanced Imager Operation
Selecting a Palette
3
5. The Delete ALL Images display show you a representation of the stored images.
Press F(YES) to delete all the stored images or G(CANCEL) to return to the
Home display.
dag117f.bmp
6. After deleting all images you will return to the Home display.
Selecting a Palette
Palettes are used to change the color of live thermal images or the palette of the
temperature color bar. Palette options are:
•
•
•
•
Gray
Rainbow (default palette)
Ironbow
Reverse Grayscale
1. From the Home display, press G(MENU) two times to navigate to the Palette
Selection display.
2. Press H(PALETTE) to choose a palette.
3-3
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3. Press F(4) to move the selection to the left or H(5) to move the selection to
the right.
dag118f.eps
4. Press G(DONE) to make your selection and return to the Home display.
Adjusting Emissivity
The amount of infrared energy radiated by an object depends on emissivity and
temperature. The emissivity depends on the material and its surface characteristics. For
more accurate readings adjust the emissivity value for the type of material you are
measuring. See Appendix C for typical emissivity values of various metallic and
non-metallic sources.
As emissivity changes, the live thermal image will also change as the displayed
temperature changes. The default emissivity setting is 0.95 and the adjustmentment range
is from 0.01 to 1.00.
1. From the Home display, press G(MENU) three times to navigate to the Adjust
Emissivity and RTC display.
3-4
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Advanced Imager Operation
Adjusting Emissivity
3
2. Press F(N)to access the Adjust Emissivity display.
dag119f.bmp
3. Press F(2) to increase the emissivity value or H(1) to decrease the
emissivity value.
dag120f.bmp
4. Press G(DONE) to return to the Home display.
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Adjusting Reflected Temperature Compensation Values
As the RTC value changes, the live thermal image will also change as the displayed
temperature changes. The default RTC setting is 100 °C (212 °F)and the adjustment
range is from -50 °C to 600 °C (-58 °F to 1112 °F). RTC is OFF in the factory default
state.
1. From the Home Display, press G(MENU) three times to navigate to the Adjust
Emissivity and RTC display.
2. Press F(RTC) to access the Adjust RTC display.
3. Press F(RTC) to toggle RTC OFF/ON or press H(ADJUST) to access the
Adjust RTC display.
dag121f.bmp
3-6
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Advanced Imager Operation
Setting Alarm Limits
3
4. In the Adjust RTC function, Press F(2) to increase the RTC value or H(1)
to decrease the RTC value.
dag122f.bmp
5. Press G(DONE) to return to the Home display.
Setting Alarm Limits
When you adjust alarm limits, the lower alarm limit appears in blue text in the
information zone and upper alarm limit appears in red text in the information zone. The
low alarm indicator ( ) and high alarm indicator ( ) also move on the temperature
scale.
When you scan a target that registers a temperature exceeding one of the alarm limits:
•
•
A blinking alarm indicator appears on the Imager display
If the center pixel target temperature exceeds the alarm limit, the center image
will blink and alarm value turns bold blue or bold red depending on which limit
has been exceeded.
The default low alarm limit is -10 °C (14 °F) and the default high alarm limit is
350 °C (662 °F).
1. From the Home display, press G(MENU) four times to navigate to the Adjust
Alarm and Sleep Mode display.
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2. Press F(ALARM) to access the Adjust Alarms display.
3. Press F(LOW) to adjust the low alarm limit or H(HIGH) to adjust the high
alarm limit.
dag124f.bmp
4. Press F(2) to increase the alarm limit or H(1) to decrease the alarm limit.
dag125f.bmp
dag126f.bmp
5. Press G(DONE) two times to return to the Home display.
3-8
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Advanced Imager Operation
Adjusting Sleep Mode
3
Adjusting Sleep Mode
Sleep mode is used to conserve battery life if the Imager is turned on but not being used.
If you turn Sleep mode OFF, the Imager will run until the battery is depleted. If Sleep
mode is enabled, the Imager will automatically power down after the specified time
period.The default Sleep mode time period is 15 minutes.
1. From the Home display, press G(MENU) four times to navigate to the Adjust
Alarm and Sleep Mode display.
2. Press H(SLEEP) to access the Sleep Mode Adjust display
3. Press F(4) to move the choice box left or H(5) to move the choice box
right. Options are 5, 15, 30, 60 minutes or OFF.
dag127f.bmp
4. Press G(DONE) to return to the Home display.
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Appendices
Appendix
Contents
Page
Basics of Infrared Measurement.....................................................................B-1
Typical Emissivity Values ...............................................................................C-1
Specifications...................................................................................................D-1
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Appendix A
Glossary
Absolute Zero
The temperature (0 degrees Kelvin) of an object defined by the theoretical condition
where the object has zero energy.
Accuracy
Maximum deviation, expressed in temperature units, or as a percentage of the
temperature reading, or as a percentage of the full scale temperature value, or as a
percentage of the target temperature, indicating the difference between a temperature
reading given by an instrument under ideal operating conditions, and the temperature of a
calibration source (per the ASTM standard test method E 1256-88).
Ambient Derating
Refer to Temperature Coefficient.
Ambient Operating Range
Range of the ambient temperature conditions over which the thermometer is designed to
operate.
Ambient Temperature
Ambient temperature is the room temperature or temperature surrounding the instrument.
Ambient Temperature Compensation (TAMB)
Refer to Reflected Temperature Compensation.
ASTM
ASTM is an abbreviation for American Society for Testing and Materials.
Atmospheric Windows
The Atmospheric Windows is the infrared spectral bands in which the atmosphere best
transmits radiant energy. Two predominant windows are located at 2 to 5 µm and at
8 to 14 µm.
Background Temperature
Temperature behind and surrounding the target, as viewed from the instrument.
A-1
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Blackbody
A perfect emitter; an object that absorbs all the radiant energy incident on it at all
wavelengths and reflects and transmits none. A surface with emissivity of unity (1.00).
Calibration
A methodical measurement procedure to determine all the parameters significantly
affecting an instrument’s performance.
Calibration Source
A source (blackbody, hot plate, etc.) of known and traceable temperature and emissivity.
Usually NIST traceable in the USA, with other recognized standards available for
international customers.
Colored Body
See Non-Gray Body.
D:S
Distance to spot size ratio. See Optical Resolution.
Detector
A transducer which produces a voltage or current proportional to the IR energy incident
upon it. See also thermopile, pyroelectric, and Si detectors.
DIN
Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) is the German standard for many instrumentation
products.
Display Resolution
The level of precision to which a temperature value can be displayed, usually expressed
in degrees or tenths of degrees.
Drift
The change in instrument indication over a long period of time, not caused by external
influences on the device (per the ASTM standard test method E 1256-88).
EMC
Electro-Magnetic Compatibility is the resistance to electrical signal disturbances within
IR thermometers.
Emissivity
Emissivity is the ratio of infrared energy radiated by an object at a given temperature and
spectral band to the energy emitted by a perfect radiator (blackbody) at the same
temperature and spectral band. The emissivity of a perfect blackbody is unity (1.00).
EMI/RFI Noise
Electro-Magnetic Interference/Radio Frequency Interference (EMI and RFI) may cause
disturbances to electrical signals within IR thermometers. EMI and RFI noise is most
commonly caused by devices by switching motors (air conditioners, power tools,
refrigeration systems, etc.).
Far Field
A measured distance substantially greater than the focus distance of the instrument;
typically greater than 10 times the focus distance.
A-2
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Appendices
Glossary
A
Field of View (FOV)
The region, at the target, measured by the IR thermometer. Typically presented by giving
the spot diameter as a function of distance from the instrument. Also presented as the
angular size of the spot at the focus point.
See Optical Resolution.
Focus Point (or Distance)
The distance from the instrument where the optical resolution is greatest.
Full Scale
The maximum of the temperature range or output signal.
Full Scale Accuracy
A convention for expressing the accuracy as percentage of an instrument’s (highest) full-
scale temperature.
Gray Body
A radiating object whose emissivity is in constant ratio (not unity) at all wavelengths to
that of a blackbody at the same temperature, and does not transmit infrared energy.
HAL
High Alarm. Units with this feature can sound an alarm when they sense that a user-
defined high temperature has been reached.
Hertz (Hz)
Units in which frequency is expressed. Synonymous with cycles per second.
Infrared (IR)
The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from the far red visible at
approximately 0.75 µm, out to 1000 µm. However, because of instrument design
considerations and the atmospheric windows, most infrared measurements are made
between 0.75 µm and 20 µm.
Infrared Thermometer
An instrument that converts incoming IR radiation from a spot on a target surface to a
measurement value that can be related to the temperature of that spot.
LAL
Low Alarm. Units with this feature can sound an alarm when they sense that a user-
defined low temperature has been reached.
Laser
Single or dual lasers are used in some units for aiming and/or locating the optimum
temperature measurement point.
A-3
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Level
Level is the median point of a given temperature scale. For example, if the unit is
currently in Automatic mode, and there is a given thermal scene with MIN and MAX
temperature limits, the moment you switch the unit to Manual mode, the Level value is
set by the unit according to the following formula:
Max Span
+ Min Span
2
Level =
dag129f.eps
Micron (or µm)
10-6 meters (m), or 0.000001 m.
Minimum spot size
The smallest spot an instrument can accurately measure.
NETD
Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference. Peak to peak system electrical noise normally
measured at the output (display or analog) expressed in °F or °C.
NIST Traceability
Calibration in accordance with and against standards traceable to NIST (National
Institute of Standards and Technology, USA). Traceability to NIST is a means of
ensuring that reference standards remain valid and their calibration remains current.
Non-Gray Body
A radiating object that is partly transparent to infrared (transmits infrared energy at
certain wavelengths); also called Colored Bodies. Glass and plastic films are examples of
non-gray bodies.
Optical Pyrometer
A system that, by comparing a source whose temperature is to be measured to a
standardized source of illumination (usually com-pared to the human eye), determines the
temperature of the former source.
Optical Resolution
The distance to size ratio (D:S) of the IR measurement spot, where the distance is usually
defined at the focus distance, and the size is defined by the diameter of the IR energy spot
at the focus (typically at the 90% IR energy spot diameter). Optical resolution may also
be specified for the far field by using values of far field distance and spot size.
Pyroelectric Detector
Infrared detector that behaves as a current source with an output proportional to the rate
of change of the incident IR energy.
Radiation Thermometer
A device that calculates an object’s temperature (given a known emissivity) from
measurement of either visible or infrared radiation from that object.
Reflectance
The ratio of the radiant energy reflected off a surface to that incident on the surface; for a
gray body this is equal to unity minus emittance; for a perfect mirror this approaches
unity; and for a blackbody the reflectance is zero.
A-4
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Appendices
Glossary
A
Reflected Temperature Compensation
Correction feature used to achieve greater accuracy when, due to a high uniform
background temperature, infrared energy is reflected off the target into the instrument. If
the background temperature is known the instrument reading can be corrected by using
this feature. Targets that have low emissivities will reflect energy from nearby objects,
which may result is inaccurate readings. Sometimes objects near the target (machines,
furnaces, or other heat sources) have a temperature much higher than that of the target. In
these situations it is necessary to compensate for the reflected energy from those objects.
(RTC has no effect if the emissivity is 1.0.)
Relative Humidity
The ratio, expressed as a percent, of the amount of water vapor actually present in a
sample of air to the greatest amount of water vapor possible at the same temperature.
Repeatability
The degree to which a single instrument gives the same reading on the same object over
successive measures under the same ambient and target conditions (per the ASTM
standard test method E 1256-88).
Resolution
See Temperature Resolution or Optical Resolution.
Response Time
A measure of an instrument’s change of out-put corresponding to an instantaneous
change in target temperature, generally expressed in milli-seconds, for 95 percent of full
scale temperature indication (per the ASTM standard test method E 1256-88). The
specification for Fluke instruments also includes the average time required for software
computations.
Scatter (Size of Source Effect)
An undesirable increase in temperature reading caused by IR energy outside the spot
reaching the detector. The effect is most pronounced when the target is much larger than
the field of view.
Span
The full temperature span of the Imager is -10 °C to 350 °C (14 °F to 662 °F). The LCD
display shows about 256 shades of color for whatever pallet you select. Adjusting the
temperature span allows you to see more subtle temperature gradients in a captured
image.
Spectral Response
The wavelength region in which the IR Thermometer is sensitive.
Spot
The diameter of the area on the target where the temperature determination is made. The
spot is defined by the circular aperture at the target that allows typically 90% of the IR
energy to be collected by the instrument, as compared with the 100% spot diameter
which is defined by the IR energy collected from a very large target. The actual size and
distance to the target for the 100% spot diameter is specified in the calibration procedure
for each instrument.
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Stare
A saturation effect caused by aiming a sensor at a hot target for an extended period of
time and then quickly aiming at a target at a lower temperature. The increase in time
(beyond the normal system response) for the sensor to return to within 5 % of the lower
temperature is defined as the stare time.
Storage Temperature Range
Ambient temperature range that the thermometer can safely withstand in a non-operating
mode, and subsequently, operate with-in published performance specifications.
Target
The object upon which the temperature determination is being made.
Temperature
A degree of hotness or coldness of an object measurable by a specific scale; where heat is
defined as thermal energy in transit, and flows from objects of higher temperature to
objects of lower temperature.
Temperature Coefficient (or Ambient Derating)
An indication of the instruments ability to maintain accuracy when the ambient
conditions are subject to a slow change or drift. The temperature coefficient is usually
expressed as the percent change in accuracy per degree change in ambient temperature.
For a rapid change in ambient conditions refer to Thermal Shock.
Temperature Resolution
The minimum simulated or actual change in target temperature that gives a usable change
in output and/or indication (per the ASTM standard test method E 1256-88).
Thermal Shock
A short-term error in accuracy caused by a transient ambient temperature change. The
instrument recovers from its accuracy error when it comes back into equilibrium with the
new ambient conditions.
Time Constant
The time it takes for a sensing element to respond to 63.2% of a step change at the target.
Transfer Standard
A precision radiometric measurement instrument with NIST traceable calibration in the
USA (with other recognized standards available for international customers) used to
calibrate radiation reference sources.
Transmittance
The ratio of IR radiant energy transmitted through an object to the total IR energy
received by the object for any given spectral range; the sum of emittance, reflectance, and
transmittance is unity.
A-6
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Appendix B
Basics of Infrared Measurement
Q. Why use non-contact infrared thermometers?
Non-contact infrared (IR) thermometers use infrared technology to quickly and
conveniently measure the surface temperature of objects. They provide fast temperature
readings without physically touching the object. The temperature is shown on the LCD
display.
Lightweight, compact, and easy-to-use, IR thermometers and thermal imagers can safely
measure hot, hazardous, or hard-to-reach surfaces without contaminating or damaging the
object. Also, infrared thermometers can provide several readings per second, as compared
to contact methods where each measurement can take several minutes.
Q. How does IR work?
A. IR thermometers capture the invisible infrared energy naturally emitted from all
objects. Infrared radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes radio
waves, microwaves, visible light, ultraviolet, gamma, and X-rays.
Infrared falls between the visible light of the spectrum and radio waves. Infrared
wavelengths are usually expressed in microns with the infrared spectrum extending from
0.7 microns to 1000 microns. In practice, the 0.7 to 14 micron band is used for IR
temperature measurement. Figure B-1 illustrates the infrared measurement region.
B-1
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Visible
Radio
Gamma
Rays
X-Rays Ultraviolet Infrared
EHF SHF UHF VHF HF MF LF VLF
0.1 A
1 A
1 UA 100 A
0.1 µ
1 µ
10 µ 100 µ
0.1 cm 1 cm 10 cm 1 m
10 m 100 m 1 km 10 km 100 km
Wavelength
Infrared Measurement Region
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.5
2
3
4
6
8
10
15
20
30
Wavelength µm
dag011f.eps
Figure B-1. Infrared Measurement Region
Q. How to assure accurate temperature measurement?
A. A solid understanding of infrared technology and its principles lies behind accurate
temperature measurement. When the temperature is measured by a non-contact device the
IR energy emitted from the measured object passes through the optical system of the
thermometer or thermal imager and is converted to an electrical signal at the detector.
This signal is then displayed as a temperature reading and/ or thermal image. There are
several important factors that determine accurate measurement. The most important
factors are emissivity, distance to spot ratio, and field- of-view.
Q. What is emissivity?
A. All objects reflect, transmit and emit energy. Only the emitted energy indicates the
temperature of the object. When IR thermometers or thermal imagers measure the surface
temperature they sense all three kinds of energy, therefore all thermometers have to be
adjusted to read emitted energy only. Measuring errors are often caused by IR energy
being reflected by light sources.
Some IR thermometers and thermal imagers allow you to change the emissivity in the
unit. The value of emissivity for various materials can be looked up in published
emissivity tables.
Other units have a fixed, pre-set emissivity of 0.95, which is the emissivity value for most
organic materials and painted or oxidized surfaces. If you are using a thermometer or
thermal imager with a fixed emissivity to measure the surface temperature of a shiny
object you can compensate by covering the surface to be measured with masking tape or
flat black paint. Allow time for the tape or paint to reach the same temperature as the
material underneath. Measure the temperature of the taped or painted surface. That is the
true temperature.
B-2
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Appendices
Basics of Infrared Measurement
B
Q. What is the distance to spot ratio?
A. The optical system of an infrared thermometer collects the infrared energy from a
circular measurement spot and focuses it on the detector. Optical resolution is defined by
the ratio of the distance from instrument to the object compared to the size of the spot
being measured (D:S ratio). The larger the ratio number the better the instrument’s
resolution, and the smaller the spot size that can be measured. The laser sighting included
in some instruments only helps to aim at the measured spot.
A recent innovation in infrared optics is the addition of a Close Focus feature, which
provides accurate measurement of small target areas without including unwanted
background temperatures.
Make sure that the target is larger than the spot size the unit is measuring. The smaller the
target, the closer you should be to it. When accuracy is critical make sure that the target is
at least twice as large as the spot size.
Q. How to take temperature measurement?
A. To take a temperature measurement, just point the unit at the object you wish to
measure. Be sure to consider distance-to-spot size ratio and field of view. There are
important things to keep in mind while using infrared thermometers:
•
Measure surface temperature only. The IR thermometer cannot measure internal
temperatures.
•
Do not take temperature measurement through glass. Glass has very distinctive
reflection and transmission properties that do not allow accurate infrared
temperature reading. Infrared thermometers are not recommended for use in
measuring shiny or polished metal surfaces (stainless steel, aluminum, etc.). (See
Emissivity.)
•
•
Watch for environmental conditions. Steam, dust, smoke, etc., can prevent
accurate measurement by obstructing the unit’s optics.
Watch for ambient temperatures. If the thermometer is exposed to abrupt ambient
temperature differences of 10 degrees or more, allow it to adjust to the new
ambient temperature for at least twenty minutes.
Q. What are some uses for non-contact thermometers?.
A. The most popular uses include:
•
Predictive and Preventive Industrial Maintenance: check transformers, electrical
panels, connectors, switchgear, rotating equipment, furnaces and much more.
•
•
Automotive: Diagnose cylinder heads and heating/cooling systems.
HVAC/R: Monitor air stratification, supply/return registers and furnace
performance.
•
•
Food Service & Safety: Scan holding, serving, and storage temperatures.
Process Control & Monitoring: check process temperature of steel, glass, plastics,
cement, paper, food & beverage
For additional information on applications for non-contact IR thermometers visit our
B-3
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Appendix C
Typical Emissivity Values
The following tables provide references for estimating emissivity and can be used when
the user does not have the means or the time to determine the emissivity value
experimentally. Emissivity values shown in the tables are only approximate. Any or all of
the following parameters can affect the emissivity of an object:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Temperature
Angle of measurement
Geometry (plane, concave, convex, etc.)
Thickness
Surface quality (polished, rough, oxidized, sandblasted)
Spectral region of measurement
Transmissivity (i.e., thin film plastics)
Note
These following tables are to be used as a guide only, as emissivity changes
with temperature, viewing angle, wavelength, target geometry and surface
finish.
C-1
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Table C-1. Emissivity Values for Metals
Emissivity
Material
1.0 µm
1.6 µm
8 to 14 µm
Aluminum
Unoxidized
0.1-0.2
0.4
0.02-0.2
0.4
n.r.
Oxidized
0.2-0.4
Alloy A3003,
Oxidized
n.r.
0.4
0.3
0.1-0.3
n.r.
Roughened
Polished
0.2-0.8
0.1-0.2
0.2-0.6
0.02-0.1
Brass
Polished
Burnished
Oxidized
0.8-0.95
n.r.
0.01-0.05
n.r.
n.r.
0.3
0.5
n.r.
0.6
0.6
Chromium
Copper
0.4
0.4
Polished
n.r.
n.r.
0.03
0.05-0.2
.2-0.9
n.r.
n.r
Roughened
Oxidized
0.2-0.8
n.r.
0.4-0.8
0.6
Electrical Terminal Blocks
n.r.
Gold
0.3
0.01-0.1
0.6-0.9
n.r.
Haynes Alloy
Inconel
0.5-0.9
0.3-0.8
Oxidized
0.4-0.9
0.3-0.4
0.2-0.5
0.6-0.9
0.3-0.6
0.25
0.7-0.95
0.3-0.6
0.15
Sandblasted
Electropolished
Iron
Oxidized
Unoxidized
Rusted
0.4-0.8
0.35
n.r.
0.5-0.9
0.1-0.3
0.6-0.9
0.4-0.6
0.5-0.9
n.r.
0.5-0.7
n.r.
Molten
0.35
C-2
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Appendices
Typical Emissivity Values
C
Table C-1. Emissivity Values for Metals (cont)
Emissivity
1.6 µm
Material
1.0 µm
8 to14 µm
Iron, Cast
Oxidized
0.7-0.9
0.35
0.7-0.9
0.3
0.6-0.95
0.2
Unoxidized
Molten
0.35
0.3-0.4
0.2-0.3
Iron, Wrought
Dull
0.9
0.9
0.9
Lead
Polished
Rough
0.35
0.65
n.r.
0.05-0.2
0.6
n.r.
0.4
Oxidized
0.3-0.7
0.05-0.3
0.05-0.15
0.2-0.6
n.r.
Magnesium
Mercury
0.3-0.8
n.r.
n.r.
Molybdenum
Oxidized
Unoxidized
Monel (Ni-Cu)
Nickel
0.5-0.9
0.25-0.35
0.3
0.4-0.9
0.1-0.35
0.2-0.6
0.2-0.6
0.1
0.1-0.14
Oxidized
0.8-0.9
0.2-0.4
0.4-0.7
0.1-0.3
0.2-0.5
n.r.
Electrolytic
Platinum
Black
n.r.
n.r.
0.95
0.02
0.9
n.r.
Silver
Steel
Cold-Rolled
Ground Sheet
Polished Sheet
Molten
0.8-0.9
n.r.
0.8-0.9
n.r.
0.7-0.9
0.4-0.6
0.1
0.35
0.25
0.35
0.25-0.4
0.8-0.9
0.2-0.9
n.r.
Oxidized
0.8-0.9
0.35
0.7-0.9
0.1-0.8
Stainless
C-3
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Table C-1. Emissivity Values for Metals (cont)
Emissivity
1.6 µm
Material
1.0 µm
8 to14 µm
Tin (Unoxidized)
Titanium
Polished
Oxidized
Tungsten
0.25
0.1-0.3
n.r.
0.5-0.75
n.r.
0.3-0.5
0.6-0.8
0.1-0.6
0.1-0.3
n.r.
0.5-0.6
n.r.
n.r.
Polished
0.35-0.4
n.r.
Zinc
Oxidized
Polished
0.6
0.5
0.15
0.05
0.1
n.r.
Table C-2. Emissivity Values for Non-Metals
Emissivity
Material
1.0 µm
0.9
1.6 µm
0.9
8 to 14 µm
0.95
Asbestos
Asphalt
Basalt
n.r.
0.95
0.7
0.95
n.r.
0.7
Carbon
Unoxidized
Graphite
Carborundum
0.8-0.95
0.8-0.9
n.r.
0.8-0.9
0.7-0.9
0.9
0.8-0.9
0.7-0.8
0.9
Ceramic
Clay
0.4
0.85-0.95
0.85-0.95
0.9
0.95
n.r.
0.95
Concrete
Cloth
0.65
n.r.
0.95
0.95
0.95
Glass
Plate
“Gob”
n.r.
n.r.
n.r.
n.r.
n.r.
0.98
0.9
0.85
n.r.
Gravel
Gypsum
Ice
0.95
0.95
0.4-0.97
—
0.8-0.95
0.98
C-4
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Appendices
Typical Emissivity Values
C
Table C-2. Emissivity Values for Non-Metals (cont)
Emissivity
Material
1.0 µm
n.r.
—
1.6 µm
0.4-0.98
0.9-0.95
0.95
8 to 14 µm
Limestone
Paint (non-Al.)
0.9-0.95
0.95
Paper (any color)
n.r.
n.r.
n.r.
n.r.
n.r.
n.r.
n.r.
n.r.
Plastic (opaque, over 20 mils)
0.95
0.95
Rubber
Sand
0.9
0.95
0.9
0.9
Snow
—
0.9
Soil
—
0.9-0.98
0.93
Water
—
Wood, Natural
0.9-0.95
To optimize surface temperature measurement accuracy consider the following:
•
Determine the object emissivity for the spectral range of the instrument to be
used for the measurement.
•
•
Avoid reflections by shielding object from surrounding high temperature sources.
For higher temperature objects use shorter wavelength instruments, whenever
possible.
•
•
For semi-transparent materials such as plastic film and glass, assure that the
background is uniform and lower in temperature than the object.
Hold instrument perpendicular to surface whenever emissivity is less than 0.9. In
all cases, do not exceed angles more than 30 degrees from incidence.
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Appendix D
Specifications
Thermal
Temperature Range............................................ -10 to 350 °C (14 to 662 °F)
Detector Type ..................................................... 80 x 60 thermal element focal plane array (FPA)
Accuracy............................................................. ± 2 °C or 2 % (whichever is greater)
Repeatability....................................................... ± 1 % or ± 1 °C (± 2 °F) whichever is greater
NETD (Thermal Sensitivity) ................................ 200 mK
Temperature Indication....................................... 0.1 °C or 0.2 °F
Optical
Field of View (FOV)............................................. Rectangular. 20° Horizontal x 15° Vertical
Minimum Diameter.............................................. 8.1 mm (0.32 in) at 61 cm (24 in)
Optical Resolution (D:S) ..................................... 75:1 or better
Spectral Range................................................... 7.5 to 14 microns
Target Sighting.................................................... Single Laser (IEC 825/93 Class II, FDA LFR 1040.10 Class II
Instantaneous Field of View................................ 4.4 mrad
Controls
Focus .................................................................. 61 cm (24 in) to infinity
Temperature Scale ............................................. °C or °F selectable
Palettes............................................................... Original, Gray, Rainbow (default), Ironbow, Gray Reverse
Measurement Modes .......................................... Automatic or Manual
LCD Backlight..................................................... Bright/Dim selectable
Operational
Adjustable Emissivity.......................................... .10 to 1.00 by 0.01
Liquid Crystal Display ......................................... 70.5 mm (2.78 in) x 53.5 mm (2.1 in)
Reflected Background Temperature................... -50 to 905 °C (-58 to 1661 °F)
Ambient Operating Temperature ........................ 0 to 50 °C (32 to 122 °F)
Relative Humidity................................................ 10 to 90 % noncondensing
Storage Temperature.......................................... -25 to 70 °C (-13 to 158 °F) without batteries
Storage Capacity ................................................ 50 images
Electrical
Power.................................................................. Rechargeable battery pack (included)
Battery Life.......................................................... Minimum 3 hours continuous use
Battery Charge Time........................................... 2 hours in the Imager, 1 hour in the external charger (or until the green
LED turns on)
Data Transfer...................................................... USB interface, transfer time 25 sec for 50 images
Storage Device ................................................... Flash Memory
D-1
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Other
Weight................................................................. 1.2 kg (2.65 lb)
Shock.................................................................. Half-sine, 11 ms, 30 g peak per MIL-PRF-28800F
Vibration.............................................................. Random
6 G
Sinusoidal
MIL-PRF-28800, paragraph 4.5.5.3.1, Class 2
EMC.................................................................... EN 61326-1
D-2
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