Actron Automobile Accessories CP9110 User Manual

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UP  
DOWN  
RIGHT  
LEFT  
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CP9110  
Table of Contents  
Vehicle Service Information ............. 2  
Safety Precautions ............................ 3  
Section 3:  
Help and Troubleshooting  
Tips ....................................19  
3-1 Tool Problems ............................. 19  
Section 1:  
Welcome to The Scan Tool ..  
4
3-2 Car Problems .............................. 20  
1-1 Features ........................................ 4  
1-2 The scan tool ................................. 5  
1-3 What You Get ................................ 6  
1-4 Cartridge and Installation .............. 6  
1-5 Cables and Adapters..................... 7  
3-3 Scan Tool Self-Tests ................... 20  
• Display Test ........................... 21  
• Keyboard Test ........................ 21  
• Memory Test .......................... 21  
Section 4:  
How to Order  
Accessories ......................22  
4-1 Where to Buy?............................. 22  
4-2 Call Actron Direct ........................ 23  
4-3 E-Mail & Internet address ........... 23  
1-6 Operating the scan tool ................. 9  
• Powering-up the scan tool ....... 9  
• Keyboard .................................. 9  
• Display.................................... 10  
• Lists, Menus, & Questions ..... 10  
• Other Functions & Keys ......... 11  
1-7 Scan Tool Setup .......................... 12  
FULL ONE (1) YEAR WARRANTY  
ActronManufacturingCompany, 15825Industrial  
Parkway, Cleveland, Ohio 44135, warrants to the  
user that this unit will be free from defects in  
materials and workmanship for a period of two (2)  
years from the date of original purchase.  
Section 5:  
Appendix ...........................24  
Section 2:  
Computer Vehicle Basics.. 13  
Glossary of Terms ............................. 24  
15825IndustrialParkway  
Cleveland,Ohio44135  
U.S.A.  
Anyunitthatfailswithinthisperiodwillberepaired  
or replaced at Actron’s option and without charge  
whenreturnedtotheFactory. Actronrequeststhat  
a copy of the original, dated sales receipt be  
returned with the unit to determine if the warranty  
period is still in effect.  
2-1 Basics of Computer-  
Controlled Cars ........................ 13  
2-2 About Codes................................ 16  
2-3 When to Read Codes .................. 17  
Toll free U.S.: (800)228-7667  
This warranty does not apply to damages caused  
by accident, alterations, or improper or unreason-  
able use.  
ACTRON MANUFACTURING COMPANY DIS-  
CLAIMS ANY LIABILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR  
CONSEQUENTIALDAMAGESFORBREACHOF  
ANYWRITTENWARRANTYONTHEUNIT.  
©2004ActronManufacturingCo.  
AllRightsReserved.  
0002-002-2186  
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1-2 The Scan Tool  
Section 1: Welcome to the Scan Tool – Basics  
Actron’s scan tool was developed by ex-  
perts in the automotive service industry to  
help you diagnose today’s vehicles and  
assist you in trouble-shooting procedures.  
Computer-controlled vehicles have a net-  
work of sensors that creates a series of  
inputs to the engine computer. The com-  
puter interprets these inputs and sends  
outputs (commands) back to the network  
to control air, fuel, vacuum, spark and  
other critical functions. When a problem  
occurs, the computer will store a record of  
the event, and take corrective action to  
adjust the circuit at fault. If the circuit does  
not respond, or the problem cannot be  
corrected, a trouble code is stored in the  
computer’s memory. In some cases, the  
Check Engine light may also be activated.  
The scan tool will allow you to monitor  
these vehicle events for trouble-shooting  
and diagnosis, and to read codes from  
the computer’s memory to pinpoint prob-  
lem areas.  
Lookup feature allows you to reference  
code descriptions without having to page  
through an instruction manual.  
1-1 Actron Scan Tool Features  
The Actron scan tool has  
many features that you  
would expect in scan tools  
used by the professionals:  
When the scan tool is connected to the  
data connector, a communication link is  
established, allowing the scan tool and  
the vehicle’s on-board computer to ex-  
change information. The way in which this  
information is exchanged is referred to as  
a data stream.  
TM  
• Large 4 line x 20  
character LCD display  
• High-impact plastic case  
• Durable, easy to use  
keyboard  
• Removable vehicle cable  
adapter  
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As you use the scan tool, you will become  
more proficient in trouble-shooting ve-  
hicles using the detailed help messages  
and code description information. Actron  
will also help you become skilled in using  
the scan tool for more than just “scanning”  
the vehicle data list. We will show you  
many other uses that will expand your  
diagnostic limits by using the information  
contained in the application manuals that  
come with your Application Cartridge. No-  
start, driveability, and emission problems  
will be easier to diagnose than ever be-  
fore.  
P
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• Removable power cable  
Scan Tool & Application Cartridge  
Vehicle Manufacturer Application Cartridges  
The manufacturer-specific Application Cartridges offer a universal approach in chang-  
ing software as vehicle technology changes. Actron’s separate cartridge and cable  
system lets you add vehicle applications to meet your needs.  
The scan tool uses state-of-the-art 16 “bit”  
microprocessor technology and has twice  
the computing power of some scan tools  
costing thousands of dollars! The scan  
tool is programmed to interpret the com-  
puter signals and provide you with a “real  
time” readout of vehicle data. More impor-  
tantly, the software programs are written  
to provide you with detailed, full-screen  
readouts of all data. In addition, the Code  
Cartridge Systems:  
GM Cartridge  
Ford Cartridge  
Chrysler Cartridge  
OBD II  
1984-1995  
1984-1995  
1989-1995  
1996-up  
198  
4-1  
GM  
9
95  
995  
ER  
9-1  
S
198  
CHR  
L
Y
Optional Cable Adapters:  
Chrysler CCD / LH – 6 Pin  
Ford/Mazda MECS – 6 Pin  
GM J1962-OBD-II – 16 Pin  
Ford J1962-OBD-II – 16 Pin  
Chrysler J1962-OBD-II – 16 Pin  
Professional-Style Adapter Cables:  
GM ALDL — 12 Pin  
Ford EEC-IV/MCU — 7 Pin  
Chrysler SCI — 6 Pin  
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tridge into the cartridge opening. Align the  
cartridge slots with the “keyway” on the  
main tool bottom opening. Continue to  
gently push the cartridge into the opening  
until you feel the main “edge connector”  
resistance, then push to engage the car-  
tridge to the cartridge stop. The cartridge  
is engaged when the alignment of the  
serial number tag is even with the top  
edge of the Main Tool opening edge and  
flush against the cartridge stop. Refer to  
the example.  
To remove the Application Cartridge simply  
grasp the cartridge end and pull away from  
the main tool. This action will disengage  
the cartridge from the edge connector. Con-  
tinue to pull the cartridge out of the open-  
ing the rest of the way.  
1-3 Actron CP9110 – What You Get  
When you receive your scan tool, take time  
MODEL NO.  
SERIAL NO.  
ACTRON MFG.  
© COPYRIGHT 1995  
PATENT PENDING  
to review all package contents.  
CP9110  
123456789  
The Application Cartridge serial tag is  
locatedonthetopcenterofthecartridge. This  
serial tag will always be visible when the  
cartridge is inserted in the main tool.  
Actron Manufacturing warrants the software programs to  
be accurate to the level of information released by the  
Vehicle manufacturer at the time of release.  
NOTE: You should always have the Ap-  
plicationCartridgeinstalledbeforeyou  
connect your unit to the power supply.  
NEVER UNPLUG THE CARTRIDGE  
WHEN POWER IS APPLIED!  
(800) 228-7667  
1-2325  
Main Tool Model and Serial Tag  
Please take time to review all important  
documents enclosed. Be sure to review  
both boxes for contents.  
Review Box Contents  
Main Tool Box  
©
COPYRIGHT 1995  
PATENT PENDING  
CP9111  
123456789  
1984-1995 GM  
In addition to the scan tool you should  
have received the following items in the  
main tool box:  
• The Scan Tool  
• Carrying Pouch  
Cartridge Model and Serial Tag  
1-5 Power Cables and Vehicle Adapters  
Thescantoolcomeswithamainpowercable  
designed to plug into the vehicle cigarette  
lighter.Theotherendofthecableplugsintothe  
scantoolasshownbelow.  
Your scan tool has been designed to  
operate at the same voltage levels as your  
vehicle’s computer. It requires a minimum  
of 8 volts to power-up. The scan tool is  
circuit protected from voltage variations  
and power surges. Should you have a  
problem with power-up, review Section  
3-1: Tool Problems to verify the nature of  
yourproblem.NOTE:Somevehiclesshutoff  
powertothecigarettelighterreceptaclewhen  
theignitionkeyisintheOFForSTARTposi-  
tions.Checkyourvehicletodeterminewhether  
this is the case.  
• Power Cable  
• Main Tool Operator's manual  
Before You Start  
Take time to review the proper procedure  
for powering-up your scan tool. The fol-  
lowing section, Cartridge and Installation,  
should be read before proceeding! This  
will help you become familiar with all  
operating procedures.  
Application Cartridge Box  
The Application Cartridge box that you pur-  
chasedshouldcontainthefollowingitems:  
• The Application Cartridge  
• Vehicle Cable Adapter  
• Application Manual for that vehicle  
Connecting to Vehicle  
Cigarette Lighter  
E
L
F
T
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G
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H
1-4 Cartridge and Installation  
T
D
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N
Optional  
Battery  
Clip  
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Review the Application Cartridge instal-  
lation procedure before you power-up  
your scan tool. Hold the cartridge, serial  
number tag up, and slowly insert the car-  
M
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by  
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by  
Connecting to Scan Tool  
UP  
UP  
DOWN  
RIGHT  
LEFT  
DOWN  
RIGHT  
LEFT  
Occasionally, you may find it necessary to  
connect directly to the vehicle’s battery. In  
these cases you may obtain an optional  
battery clip adapter from Actron. Actron  
also offers an AC power adapter to power  
the scan tool with standard 110V wall  
power. Both of these accessories may be  
purchased directly from Actron.  
TM  
MODEL NO.  
SERIAL NO.  
ACTRON MFG.  
©
COPYRIGHT 1995  
T PENDING  
1995  
GM  
®
®
by  
UP  
DOWN  
RIGHT  
MODEL NO.  
SERIAL NO.  
ACTRON MFG.  
COPYRIGHT 1995  
PATENT PENDING  
©
LEFT  
AC 110V to 12V  
Power Adapter  
CP9110  
12345678  
1984-1995  
GM  
1984-1995 GM  
Application Cartridge Installed  
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Vehicle Cable Adapters  
1-6 Operating the Scan Tool  
Your scan tool Vehicle Ap-  
plication Cartridge pack  
Keyboard  
Powering-up the scan tool  
will contain the Applica-  
tion Cartridge, application  
manual and vehicle cable  
adapter for one manufac-  
turer (GM, Ford, or  
Chrysler). The vehicle  
cable adapter will be in-  
stalled on the scan tool by  
locating the large connec-  
tor receptacle on the top  
right side of the main tool.  
Insertthevehiclecableinto  
the scan tool receptacle and use the two  
“thumb screws” to secure it to the connec-  
tor as shown in the illustration below. Note  
that you will feel a firm seating of the cable  
as you secure it to the scan tool connector.  
The vehicle cable adapter should always  
be connected to the vehicle before power  
is applied to the scan tool. This will enable  
the scan tool to maintain a proper ground  
between itself and the vehicle. If you have  
connected to the vehicle, powered-up the  
tool, and have difficulty establishing a link  
between the scan tool and the vehicle,  
check the following:  
The scan tool software was designed for a  
“userfriendlyapproachinnavigatingthrough  
operationalmenus.Thismakesthescantool  
easytooperate.Simplyfollowtheinstructions  
thatmatchthekeyboardsymbolsandyouwill  
beusingyourscantoollikeanexpertinnotime.  
Sincethekeyboardissealed,adampclothcan  
be used to gently clean the surface. (Cau-  
tion: DO NOT USE SOLVENTS LIKE  
ALCOHOL! This could remove the  
keyboard paint!)  
The scan tool can be powered-up in three  
ways. The most widely used way is with  
the supplied cigarette lighter adapter. The  
scan tool can also be powered up by using  
the optional Battery Clip Adapter or 110/12V  
AC Power Adapter. If you are powering-  
up the scan tool for vehicle testing, then  
make sure you connect the appropriate  
cable to the data connector before you  
supply power to the scan tool. If you do not  
connect the vehicle data cable now, the  
scantoolwillletyouknowthatyouhavenot  
connected the data cable. If you just want  
to power-up the scan tool to do self-tests,  
then you do not need to attach the cable  
to the data connector.  
Connecting the  
Vehicle Adapter Cable  
When attaching the data cable to the ve-  
hicle, take time to review the specific ap-  
plication manual for the cartridge you are  
using. This will instruct you on correctly  
connecting the cable to the vehicle. Many  
of the vehicle adapters are “keyed” so that  
the adapter will fit only one way. If you find  
that you have a special vehicle situation or  
the adapter does not fit, call 1-800-  
ACTRON-7forassistance. Alwaysdouble  
check the application section to be sure  
that you are following the proper hook-up  
directions. Forfurtherhelpthatisnotavail-  
able in the scan tool help screens, see  
Section 3: Actron Help for solutions to  
your scan tool problems.  
Scan Tool Keyboard and Display  
UP  
DOWN  
RIGHT  
LEFT  
When the scan tool powers-up, a series of  
screens is displayed. The screens start  
with a “Welcome” screen and end with a  
“Key Button Help” screen.  
WelcomeTo  
TheScanTool  
ByActron  
Keyboard Functions  
The scan tool uses 8 keys to navigate  
through the software-user interface:  
PressHELPForKey  
ButtonInformation.  
1. Is the ignition on?  
As you review the CP9110 Features sec-  
tion on page 1-1 and 1-2, you will note  
there is a complete view of accessory  
vehicle adapter cables. They are for spe-  
cial applications that only apply to certain  
vehicles. If your vehicle is one of these,  
you can order cables direct from Actron  
by calling (800) 228-7667.  
ENTER  
Used to enter or answer a  
2. Verify you have connected the vehicle  
data cable to the vehicle’s Data Link  
Connector (DLC).  
software request.  
PressENTERToCont  
HELP  
Used to request help when  
the symbol is in the upper right hand  
corner of the display.  
3. Confirm that proper vehicle information  
was entered into scan tool.  
Welcome & Key Button Help Screens  
The screens in between the “Welcome”  
and the “Key Button Help” screen are for  
a tool self-test and the cartridge software  
version. Refer to this software version if  
you need to contact Actron’s technical  
support line with a problem. If you wish to  
review the key button definitions, then  
push the HELP key; otherwise, press  
ENTER to continue forward.  
FUNCTION Used to return user to  
manufacturer’s function list.  
BACKUP Used to move one screen  
back in scan tool flow.  
ARROWS UP or DOWN are always  
used to move the solid cursor in the  
direction of the arrow or scroll the data  
list in the direction you want to move the  
list  
LEFT orRIGHTarrowsmove  
the cursor in the direction of the arrow  
and allow you to customize a vehicle  
data parameter list.  
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Display  
(NOTE: This is a GM Function List –  
Function Lists for other manufacturers  
may differ slightly.):  
In these screens, brackets will automati-  
cally be next to the default response. If you  
wish to accept the default choice, simply  
press ENTER. If you wish to change the  
answer, use the LEFT or RIGHT arrow key  
to move the brackets next to the other  
response and press ENTER.  
GMFunctionList  
7)BeeperOn-Off  
8)English-Metric  
9)CodeLookup  
The scan tool has a 4 line x 20 character  
liquid crystal display (LCD) for easy view-  
ing.Thismakesthescantooluserfriendly”  
by offering a large viewing area to display  
most Help and Instructional messages.  
This also puts more information on the  
display instead of referring you to printed  
materials. Again the display will support a  
number of helpful characters that will  
prompt you through test routines. These  
characters are shown below:  
GMFunctionList  
1)ReadCodes  
2)Erase Codes  
3)View Data  
Notice now that there is only an arrow  
pointing up in the last column. This indi-  
catesthatyouhavereachedtheendofthis  
list, and that all other choices are on  
previous screens. You can return to those  
screens by pressing the UP arrow key.  
(NOTE: This is a GM Function List – Func-  
tion Lists for other manufacturers may  
differ slightly.).  
Other Functions & Keys  
Note how the cursor is pointing at 1) Read  
Codes. If you wish to read trouble codes,  
press ENTER to select that function. To  
make a different choice, such as viewing  
data, use the DOWN arrow key to move  
the cursor down next to 3) View Data and  
press ENTER. This will select the View  
Data function.  
As you have reviewed moving through  
lists and functions in earlier sections, you  
probably noticed several other symbols  
on the screen. In the upper right-hand  
Question Mark in upper right corner  
means there is help available for this  
screen.  
corner of some screens, there is a large  
.
These up and down arrow characters on  
the screen are used throughout the scan  
tool’s software. The UP and Down arrow  
keys work exactly the same way, even if  
you are just scrolling through text such as  
the On-Line Help screen shown below:  
This question mark indicates that On-Line  
Help is available for that particular screen:  
Bell in lower right corner means the  
sound alert is on or active.  
OperatingError.  
CheckConnections!  
TryAgain?  
Sometimes, a list will be longer than three  
or four items, and will not fit on a single  
screen. In these cases, the down arrow  
symbol ( ) is visible in the last column of  
the display, indicating that there are more  
choices on the next screen:  
Cursor used to select menu choice.  
Down Arrow indicates there is addi-  
tional information on the next screen.  
<Yes> No  
3.TESTCONNECTOR:  
DAMAGED/LOOSEPINS?  
4.TOOLSETUPOK?  
CORRECTVIN’S,ETC?  
Up Arrow indicates there is additional  
information on previous screen(s).  
To enter On-Line Help, press the HELP  
key. For the screen above, the help mes-  
sage would look like this:  
GMFunctionList  
1)ReadCodes  
2)Erase Codes  
3)View Data  
Below is a screen showing how these  
symbols will look on your display (NOTE:  
This is a GM Function List – Function Lists  
forothermanufacturersmaydifferslightly.):  
RECHECKFOLLOWING:  
1.IGNITIONKEYON?  
Note that there are no choices to make  
here, and that there is no cursor to move.  
There are, however, up and down arrows  
in the last column. These arrows indicate  
that there are other screens before and  
after this one. Using the UP and DOWN  
arrow keys, you can scroll through the  
entire message.  
2.HOOKUPTOVEHICLE  
TESTCONNECTOROK?  
GMFunctionList  
4)Record Data  
5)PlaybackData  
6)Field Service  
To go to the next choice, use the DOWN  
arrow key to move the cursor down the list.  
NOTE: Pressing the DOWN arrow key  
moves the function list one line at a time.  
After several DOWN arrow key presses,  
the screen below appears.  
All On-Line Help screens have their text  
typed in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. This is  
another reminder that you are viewing On-  
Line Help screens and not screens asso-  
ciated with a function of the Function List.  
Some On-Line Help messages are longer  
than one screen. If this is the case, the  
Occasionally, you may be asked a ques-  
tion by the scan tool which requires a  
response. These will always be YES or  
NO questions, and are answered in al-  
most the same way you make choices on  
a Function List. Below is an example of a  
YES/NO question:  
Lists, Menus, and Questions  
GMFunctionList  
4)Record Data  
5)PlaybackData  
6) Field Service  
The scan tool is designed to be as intuitive  
as possible. That is, its functions and con-  
trols should be easy to understand and  
use the first time you try it. All scan tool  
menus and screen lists operate the same  
way. By using the UP and DOWN arrow  
keys, you can move the cursor to a menu  
selection of your choice. The ENTER key  
selects that function. Below is an example  
of a Function List with several choices  
arrow symbols (  
) will appear in the last  
column of the display. A means there is  
more On-Line Help information available  
on the next screen. A  
means there is  
Now notice that there are arrows pointing  
up and pointing down in the last column.  
This indicates that you can use the UP  
arrow key to move the cursor to the previ-  
ous screen or press the DOWN arrow key  
several times to move the cursor to the  
third screen, shown below:  
ViewInstructions  
ForCreatingCustom  
DataList?  
more On-Line Help information available  
on the previous screen. Use the UP and  
DOWN arrow keys to page up or down  
through a series of On-Line Help screens.  
Yes <No>  
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The On-Line Help screen shown above  
hasa inthelastcolumn. Toviewthenext  
On-Line Help screen, press the DOWN  
arrow key. That screen is shown below:  
1-7: ScanTool Setup  
Section 2: Vehicle Computer Basics  
Tool Setup is used to change the scan  
tool’s default sound and measurement  
unit settings. To change the scan tool’s  
default settings, select the Tool Setup  
option from the Function List (NOTE: This  
is a GM Function List – Function Lists for  
other manufacturers may differ slightly.):  
2-1 Basics of Computer-Controlled Cars  
3.TESTCONNECTOR:  
DAMAGED/LOOSEPINS?  
4.TOOLSETUPOK?  
This section explains the engine com-  
puter control system, the types of sensors  
and how the computer controls engine  
fuel delivery, idle speed and timing. Addi-  
tional information may be found in techni-  
cal support books at your local library or  
autopartsstore.Themoreyouknowabout  
the computer system, the better you can  
diagnose vehicle computer problems.  
gine. It is still an internal combustion en-  
gine with pistons, spark plugs, valves, and  
camshaft(s). The ignition, charging, start-  
ing, and exhaust systems are very similar  
as well. You test and repair these systems  
just as before. The technical manuals for  
these components show you how to per-  
form the tests. Additionally, compression  
gauges, vacuum pumps, dwell/tach  
meters, engine analyzers, and timing  
lights will continue to be used.  
CORRECTVIN’S,ETC?  
GMFunctionList  
7)BeeperOn-Off  
8)English-Metric  
9)CodeLookup  
Notice now that both arrow symbols (  
)
are visible in the last column of the display.  
This indicates that you can either page up  
to a previous On-Line Help screen, or  
page down to the next On-Line Help  
screen by using the UP and DOWN arrow  
keys. The previous On-Line Help screen  
is always the one you just viewed, just as  
with Function Lists.  
After selecting the Tool Setup option, you  
are given the choice to change either the  
ScanTool’smeasurementunitsorwhether  
Computer controls were originally in-  
stalled on vehicles to meet federal gov-  
ernment regulations for lower emissions  
levels and improved fuel economy. This  
began in the early 1980’s when basic  
mechanical systems were no longer able  
to accurately control key engine param-  
eters. A computer could be programmed  
to control the engine under various oper-  
ating conditions, making the engine more  
reliable. While these early systems were  
very limited in the scope of their control,  
providing only 10-14 trouble codes, they  
did help guide the vehicle repair process.  
the beeper will be On or Off. If the bell (  
)
The Engine Computer Control system  
symbol appears in the lower right hand  
corner of the display, then the beeper is  
turned On.  
Another symbol on the screen you might  
have noticed is the bell ( ) symbol in the  
lower right-hand corner as shown below:  
The vehicle’s on-board computer, or  
Powertrain Control Module (PCM), is the  
“heart” of the system. It is sealed in a metal  
box and connected to the rest of the en-  
gine by a main wiring harness. The PCM  
is located, in most cases, in the passenger  
compartment, behind the dashboard or in  
the “kick panel” position, although some  
manufacturers locate the computer con-  
trol module in the engine compartment  
area. Most PCMs can withstand a lot of  
vibration and are built to live in a rugged  
environment.  
SetupToolFor  
PressHELPForKey  
ButtonInformation.  
1)English/Metric  
2)BeeperOn/Off  
PressENTERToCont  
Depending on whether you select English/  
Metric or Beeper On/Off, the ScanTool will  
display one of the following screens:  
This bell symbol indicates that the sound  
alert is on or active. Each time you press  
akey,youshouldhearabeep.Ifyoudonot  
see this symbol, then the keys should  
remain silent when pressed. Information  
on changing this setting is found in section  
1-7: Scan Tool Setup.  
Today, computercontrolshavemadecars  
and trucks faster, cleaner, and more effi-  
cient than ever before. In fact, without the  
government mandates for fuel efficiency  
and emissions control, cars and trucks  
today would not be nearly as powerful,  
reliable, and comfortable as they are.  
MeasurementUnits  
English(Default)  
Metric  
The PCM is permanently programmed by  
the factory engineers. The program is a  
complex list of look-up tables and instruc-  
tions telling the computer how to control  
the engine based on various driving con-  
ditions. To do its job, the computer uses  
sensors to know what is happening and  
then provide instructions back to a net-  
work of switches and actuators through-  
out the vehicle.  
BeeperSound  
On(Default)  
Off  
What the computer controls:  
The main control areas of the vehicle  
computer are fuel delivery, idle speed,  
spark advance, and emissions controls.  
Some on-board computers may also con-  
trol the transmission, brakes, and suspen-  
sion systems as well.  
When the beeper sound is turned Off, the  
bell ( ) symbol will no longer appear on  
the lower right hand corner of the display.  
Sensors, switches, and actuators give  
the computer information  
NOTE: If you change the Beeper and  
Measurement Units to a setting other than  
the default, then all changes will revert  
back to the default settings the next time  
the scan tool is used.  
What has not changed?  
Sensors are devices which measure op-  
erating conditions and translate them into  
signals the computer can understand.  
A computer-controlled engine is very simi-  
lar to the older, non-computerized en-  
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sary—to give the O2 sensors time to warm  
up to operating temperature.  
Some examples of sensors: thermistors  
(for temperature readings), potentiom-  
eters (like a throttle position sensor), re-  
lays (for voltage and signal readings), and  
signal generators (such as an 02 sensor).  
How the computer controls fuel deliv-  
ery  
position, manifold pressure (vacuum),  
air flow and RPM.  
As long as the engine and O2 and Coolant  
TemperatureSensorsareatoperatingtem-  
perature, the computer can operate in the  
closed loop mode. Closed loop mode in-  
sures that the air/fuel mixture is at the ideal  
14.7:1 air/fuel ratio needed for efficient  
combustion. But in stop and go cycles, the  
O2 sensor may in fact cool down enough  
that the computer will need to rely on a set  
of internal parameters and go into open  
loop mode again. In some cases, this may  
also happen during extended periods of  
idling. Many newer vehicles now use  
heated O2 (HO2S) sensors to prevent this  
condition.  
Engine operation and emissions perfor-  
mance depend upon precise fuel delivery  
and ignition control. Early computer sys-  
tems controlled fuel by electronically ad-  
justing the carburetor metering and jet  
systems. Soon, however, this was re-  
placed by the more precise fuel delivery of  
fuel injection.  
Air intake. Sensors used are: mass air  
flow, manifold absolute pressure, mani-  
fold air temperature and RPM.  
The network of sensors has the job of  
deliveringinformationthecomputerneeds  
to know by converting it into electrical  
signalsthecomputercanunderstand. Sig-  
nals running from sensors to the PCM are  
referred to as “inputs.”  
Air/fuel mixture status. Sensors used  
are: oxygen sensor(s).  
NOTE: Not all engines use every sensor  
listed above.  
In an electronically carbureted system,  
the computer simply controls fuel flow  
based on how far the throttle is opened by  
the driver. The computer “knows” how  
much air can flow through the carburetor  
at various throttle openings, and adds the  
appropriate amount of fuel to the mixture  
at the carburetor.  
Sensors monitor key things such as:  
• Engine Temperature  
Open and Closed Loop Modes:  
Open or closed loop operation refers to  
the way the computer is deciding how  
much fuel to add to the air entering the  
engine. During cold start and other low  
demand, low temperature situations, the  
computer operates in open loop mode.  
This means that it is relying on a set of  
internal calculations and data tables to  
decide how much fuel to add to the incom-  
ing air. It uses sensors such as the coolant  
temperature sensor (CTS), the throttle  
position sensor (TPS), and the manifold  
absolute pressure sensor (MAP) to deter-  
mine optimum mixtures. The important  
difference here is that it does not check to  
see if the mixtures are correct, leaving the  
computer adjustment loop open.  
• Intake Manifold Vacuum  
• Throttle position  
• RPM  
• Incoming Air Temperature  
• Volume of Incoming air  
• Air Fuel Ratio, in percentage ( % )  
In many vehicles, the computer controls  
other systems related to open and closed  
loop modes, including idle speed, elec-  
tronic spark control, exhaust gas recircula-  
tion, and transmission torque converter  
clutches.Inopenloopmode,someofthese  
systemswillbeadjustedtospeedthewarm-  
ing of the engine and get the computer into  
closed loop mode as quickly as possible.  
Fuel injection is somewhat more sophis-  
ticated in the way it delivers fuel. The  
computerstilladdsanappropriateamount  
of fuel to the entering air, but now it uses  
fuel injectors (either in a throttle body or at  
each intake port). Fuel injectors are far  
more precise than carburetor jets, and  
create a much finer fuel “mist” for better  
combustion and increased efficiency. In  
addition, most fuel injection systems have  
ways of measuring exactly how much air  
is entering the engine, and can calculate  
the proper air/fuel ratio using lookup  
tables. Computers no longer have to “es-  
timate” how much air the engine is using.  
INPUT  
SENRS  
OBD II: The Next Horizon  
ORS  
T
In1994,manymanufacturersbeganequip-  
ping cars with a new class of computer  
technology which puts more processing  
power under your dash than ever before. It  
is called On-Board Diagnostics, Second  
Generation, or OBD-II. It is required on all  
vehicles sold in the US beginning January  
1, 1996 (though most domestic manufac-  
turers introduced it earlier than required),  
and offers increased system monitoring  
and diagnostic information. This new sys-  
tem will store a library of 400 general  
trouble codes and another 400 manufac-  
turer-specific codes. These codes cover  
Body Systems (B-Codes), Chassis Sys-  
tems(C-Codes),andPowerTrainSystems  
TUA  
BRAINS OF THE  
AC  
In closed loop mode, the computer still  
decides how much fuel to add by using the  
sensors listed above, and by looking up  
the appropriate numbers on a data table.  
However, it now checks itself to determine  
whether the fuel mixture is correct. It is  
able to check itself by using the informa-  
tion provided by the oxygen sensor(s)  
(O2S) in the exhaust manifold. The oxy-  
gen sensors will tell the computer if the  
engine is running rich or lean, and the  
computer can take steps to correct the  
situation. Inthisway, thecomputer closes  
the adjustment loop by checking itself and  
making necessary corrections. It should  
be noted that the O2 sensors must be at a  
very high operating temperature (approxi-  
mately 650° F) before they will begin to  
feed information back to the computer.  
This is why open loop mode is neces-  
COMPUTER  
In many modern systems, the computer  
also uses information provided by sen-  
sors to give it an idea of how well it is doing  
itsjob, andhowtodoitbetter. Sensorscan  
tell the computer how warm the engine is,  
how rich or lean the fuel mixture is, and  
whether accessories (like the air condi-  
tioner) are running. This feedback infor-  
mation allows the computer to “fine tune”  
the air/fuel mixture, keeping the engine  
operating at its peak.  
Switches and Actuators are electric de-  
vices energized by the computer to allow  
commands to perform a specific function.  
Switches are often called relays (such as  
the coolant fan switch). Actuators might  
include solenoids (such as fuel injector  
valves) and small motors (such as the Idle  
Speed Control). Not all of the computer’s  
outgoing signals are routed to switches  
and actuators. Sometimes information is  
sent to other system computers like trans-  
mission, brakes, ignition modules, and trip  
computers. Signals running from the PCM  
to other components are called “outputs.”  
What the Computer needs to know:  
Engine operating condition. Sensors  
used are: coolant temperature, throttle  
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(P-Codes). Now, basic terms are standard-  
ized and all generic codes will share a  
common format and terminology that the  
manufacturers and the Society of Auto-  
motive Engineers (SAE) designed. You  
will be glad to know that as your car gets  
smarter, it will be easier for you to keep  
track of what is going on under the hood.  
servicing a particular trouble code take  
into account all the possibilities. If you  
follow these procedures, you should be  
able to find the problem causing the code  
and fix it yourself.  
Trouble Codes and Diagnostics help  
you fix the problem  
To find the cause of the problem yourself,  
you need to perform special test proce-  
dures called “diagnostics.” These proce-  
dures are in the vehicle service manual,  
and your scan tool makes it easy to locate  
and diagnose malfunctioning systems.  
There are many possible causes for any  
problem. For example, suppose you  
turned on a wall switch in your home and  
the ceiling light did not turn on. Is it a bad  
bulb or light socket? Are there problems  
with the wiring or wall switch? Maybe  
there is no power coming into the house!  
As you can see, there are many possible  
causes. The diagnostics are written for  
Actron makes it easy to fix computer-  
controlled vehicles  
Using the Actron scan tool to obtain  
trouble codes is fast and easy. Trouble  
codes give you valuable knowledge -  
whether you go for professional service or  
do it yourself. Now that you know what  
trouble codes are and where they come  
from, you are well on your way to fixing  
today’s computer-controlled vehicles!  
2-2 About Codes  
Where do Trouble Codes come from and what are they for?  
Engine computers can find problems  
Code numbers reveal test results  
The computer systems in today’s vehicles  
do more than control engine operations—  
they can help you find problems, too! Spe-  
cial testing abilities are permanently pro-  
grammed into the computer by factory  
engineers. These tests check the compo-  
nents connected to the computer which  
are used for (typically): fuel delivery, idle  
speed control, spark timing, emission sys-  
tems, and transmission shifting. Mechan-  
ics have used these tests for years. Now  
you can do the same thing by using your  
Actron scan tool!  
The test results are stored by using code  
numbers, usually called “trouble codes”  
ordiagnosticcodes.Forexample,acode  
22 might mean “throttle position sensor  
signal voltage is too low.” Code meanings  
are a part of your scan tool’s software—all  
you have to do is look them up! But since  
code definitions vary with manufacturer,  
model year, and engine, you may also  
want to refer to a vehicle service manual  
for additional information. These manu-  
als are available from the manufacturer,  
other publishers, or your local public li-  
brary. See page 2 for more information on  
ordering service manuals.  
2-3 When to Read Codes  
Many vehicles have a “Malfunction Indicator Lamp” or MIL, which has been referred to  
as a “Check Engine” light in the past. With the advent of OBD-II, all engine trouble lights  
are now called “Malfunction Indicator Lamps” or MIL.  
UsetheMalfunctionIndicatorLamptotellyouwhentroublecodeshavebeen  
stored in memory:  
About the Malfunction Indicator Lamp  
Enginecomputersperformspecialtests  
• “Check Engine”  
The engine computer runs the special  
tests, depending on the manufacturer,  
engine, model year, etc. There is no “uni-  
versaltestthatisthesameforallvehicles.  
The tests examine INPUTS (electrical sig-  
nals going INTO the computer) and OUT-  
PUTS (electrical signals coming OUT of  
the computer), as well as internal calcula-  
tions made by the computer. Input signals  
which have “incorrect” values, or output  
circuits which do not operate properly are  
noted by the test program and the results  
are stored in the computer’s memory.  
These tests are important. The computer  
cannot control the engine properly if it has  
incorrect input information or faulty output  
circuits.  
• “Service Engine Soon”  
• “Service Engine Now”  
Read Trouble Codes with the scan tool  
You can obtain trouble codes from the  
engine computer memory by using the  
scan tool. You can also monitor the opera-  
tion of systems throughout the vehicle,  
helpingtopinpointthesystemwherethere  
may be a problem. Once you have read  
the trouble codes, you can either:  
• marked with a small engine picture or  
diagram  
The Malfunction Indicator Lamp is nor-  
mally OFF when the engine is RUNNING.  
MalfunctionIndicatorLamp:  
normal operation  
NOTE: The Malfunction Indicator Lamp  
will turn on when the ignition key is in ON  
position, but the engine is OFF prior to  
starting the vehicle. This is a normal test of  
all the dashboard message lights.  
• Have your vehicle professionally ser-  
viced.  
The engine computer turns the Malfunction  
Indicator Lamp on and off as needed. This  
dashboard message is either amber or  
red and labeled:  
Or,  
• Repair the vehicle yourself using the  
trouble codes to locate the source of the  
problem.  
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MalfunctionIndicatorLamp:  
problem spotted  
Poorly running engine, no Malfunction  
Indicator Lamp  
Section 3: Actron Help  
If the Malfunction Indicator Lamp does not  
come on, you may have an electrical prob-  
lem which needs repair. Refer to the “Di-  
agnostic Circuit Check” steps in the “Basic  
Diagnostic Procedures” section of your  
vehicle service manual.  
Most likely, this condition is not due to  
computer system failures, but reading  
codes can still be useful as part of a basic  
trouble-shooting procedure. Check wir-  
ing and bulb for “Check Engine” light  
failures. Refer to vehicle service manual  
for additional diagnostic information.  
3-1 Tool Problems  
There may be times when your scan tool  
does not seem to be communicating with  
the vehicle. It is possible that the vehicle’s  
computer will stop communicating, but for  
the most part, if you loose the “link,” you  
should check the vehicle power adapter  
and the cigarette lighter circuit first. Since  
the scan tool has built-in diagnostics, it is  
easytoisolateaproblemwiththeScanTool  
itself. There will be two basic types of  
problems that you will deal with: vehicle  
problems and tool problems. Both might  
affect your test. Remember, the scan tool  
always goes through a SELF CHECK  
each time you power the unit up, before  
testing. Use the trouble-shooting tips be-  
low to help diagnose scan tool problems  
before calling Actron’s Technical Support  
line:  
thevehiclecigarettelighterreceptacle.  
2. ToolwillnotLinktothevehiclecom-  
puter:  
A. Unplug the vehicle Data Link Connec-  
tor (DLC) adapter and plug it back in to  
verify that it is properly plugged into the  
vehicle DLC.  
MalfunctionIndicatorLamp:  
intermittent problem  
IMPORTANT: Some vehicles may not be  
equipped with Malfunction Indicator  
Lamps.Somemid-80’sFords,forexample,  
did not use a Malfunction Indicator Lamp  
to warn of problems. On vehicles without  
Malfunction Indicator Lamps, it is more  
difficult to recognize problems. Some  
symptoms of a computer- or sensor-  
related problem might be:  
When the light remains ON after the en-  
gine is RUNNING:  
B. Review the vehicle VIN information and  
verify that you have properly entered  
the correct vehicle VIN information in  
the scan tool setup. Also review the  
Actron supported vehicle list (found in  
scan tool Application Cartridge  
manual).  
• The computer sees a problem that does  
not go away (known as a “current” fail-  
ure).  
• The light will stay on as long as the  
problem is present.  
• A trouble code is stored in computer  
memory (a “history” or “memory” code).  
C.In some GM cars, if there is a Trouble  
Code set that refers to the internal  
MEMCAL-PROM, you may not get a  
vehicle data stream.  
• Hard starting  
• Poor idle quality  
• Use the scan tool at the earliest conve-  
nient time to obtain codes.  
• Poor fuel mileage  
• Misfiring or hesitation  
• Black or dark gray smoke from tailpipe  
• Failure of emissions tests  
When the light comes ON, then goes OFF  
while the engine is running:  
1. The scan tool will not power-up:  
3. Your scan tool will not record data:  
• The computer saw a problem, but the  
problem went away (known as an “in-  
termittent” failure).  
A. Check the cartridge – Is it properly  
seated?  
A. Take time to review the vehicle applica-  
tion manual for the vehicle that you are  
working on. Refer to the data recording  
section, following the instructions and  
try again.  
In vehicles without a Malfunction Indicator  
Lamp, it is important to be alert to any  
warningsignsofcomputersystemtrouble.  
This is why the scan tool is so valuable.  
With it, you can diagnose any vehicle’s  
electronic systems, regardless of whether  
the vehicle is equipped with a Malfunction  
Indicator Lamp. It is also important to note  
that vehicles without Malfunction Indica-  
tor Lamps DO store trouble codes just like  
any other computer-controlled vehicle.  
Reading codes is still a very important part  
of diagnosing problems on these vehicles.  
B. Check the cigarette lighter for power.  
Take the cigarette lighter element and  
plug it in to verify that it is heating up. If  
not, check lighter fuse.  
• A trouble code is stored in computer  
memory (a “history” or “memory” code).  
• The light went out because the problem  
went away, but the code stays in  
memory.  
B. Verify that the scan tool memory buffer  
is not already full.  
C.UN-plug and plug back in to verify the  
cigarettelighterendisproperlyseatingin  
C.Use the scan tool self-test and verify  
that the on-board RAM memory is okay.  
• Use the scan tool at the earliest conve-  
nient time to obtain codes.  
NOTE: The computer will automatically  
erase these codes after several restarts if  
the problem does not return.  
4. YourKeyboarddoesnotfunctionprop-  
erly:  
NOTE:OnvehiclesequippedwithOBD-II,  
the Malfunction Indicator Lamp also sig-  
nals an emissions-control related failure.  
The vehicle may not run any differently,  
but the OBD-II system is designed to note  
very small changes in the engine’s opera-  
tion which could lead to emissions dam-  
age or failure.  
A. Perform the Keyboard Test by entering  
the Self-Test and select the Keyboard  
Test function. This will test out all but-  
tons along with the sound alert.  
B. If the keyboard test shows nothing  
and you still experience the problem,  
thencallActron’s technical supportper-  
sonnel at 1-800-ACTRON-7.  
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The screen below is how the Tool Self-  
Tests option appears on the Function List  
(NOTE: This is a GM Function List. Func-  
tion Lists for other manufacturers may  
differ slightly):  
done. If you selected Tool Self-Test from  
the Function List, then press the FUNC-  
TIONkeytoreturntothefunctionlistatany  
time.  
3-2 Car Problems  
tion PROM matches the vehicle setup.  
Some GM vehicles have had replace-  
ment PROMs installed from newer ve-  
hicles to correct driveability problems.  
Check the scan tool Application Car-  
tridge manual for applicable models  
and years.  
If your scan tool is having difficulty “link-  
ing” with the vehicle computer, be sure  
that you have double checked all scan  
tool interfaces, including the power con-  
nectors and the DLC connection. When  
you are sure that the scan tool is not  
malfunctioning (run scan tool Self-Tests),  
then the problem may be with the vehicle’s  
electrical system or with the vehicle com-  
puter itself. Check the following:  
GMFunctionList  
7)Tool Setup  
8)ToolSelf-Test  
9)CodeLookup  
• Make sure the vehicle’s on-board com-  
puter has a good ground. If your  
vehicle’s on-board computer has a  
ground going directly to the computer’s  
case, then clean up this connection  
and apply a conductive grease to the  
mating surfaces.  
NOTE: The beeper is disabled while the  
Display Test Screen is visible. Therefore  
any key press will not register a beep.  
ToselectToolSelf-Testsoneitherscreen,  
use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to  
move the cursor so it is pointing to the Tool  
Self-Tests option, then push the ENTER  
key to select this option.  
• If you are using the cigarette lighter  
power adapter, verify that the vehicle’s  
cigarette lighter and fuse are OK.  
Keyboard Test  
The Keyboard Test is used to check the  
functionality of the scan tool’s keyboard.  
After you select Keyboard Test from the  
Tool Self-Test Menu, the Keyboard Test  
screen with instructions is displayed.  
• If the cigarette lighter adapter is used to  
power-up the scan tool, then make sure  
the vehicle’s battery has a minimum 8  
volt charge. The scan tool requires a  
minimum of 8 volts to power-up.  
After selecting the Tool Self-Tests option,  
you will be given a menu of scan tool self-  
tests to choose from:  
• On some carbureted engines, the igni-  
tion key must be ON and the engine  
OFF in order to establish communica-  
tion between the scan tool and the  
vehicle’s on-board computer. If the en-  
gine was running when the Operating  
Error occurred, then turn the ignition  
key OFF and then ON, but do not start  
the engine.  
Tool Self-Test  
1)DisplayTest  
2)KeyboardTest  
3)Memory Test  
PushButtonToTest  
KeyAndDisplay  
NameKey:  
• Verify the ignition key is ON and not in  
the accessories (ACC.) position.  
BACKUPWhenDone.  
• Check the vehicle’s on-board computer  
for a blown PCM fuse. The PCM fuse is  
located on the fuse block in the passen-  
ger compartment. If the PCM fuse is  
blown, the vehicle’s on-board computer  
cannot transmit data.  
From the above menu, use the UP and  
DOWN arrow keys to move the cursor so  
it is pointing to the Self-Test option of your  
choice, thenpushtheENTERkeytoselect  
this option.  
Eachtimeyoupressakey,checkscantool  
display. The key name should appear and  
the scan tool should beep. For example,  
if you press the UP arrow, the screen will  
display “Key: UP ARROW.” If the button  
name is not displayed, the key is not  
working.TheonlyexceptionistheBACKUP  
key. When the BACKUP key is pressed,  
the scan tool returns to the Tool Self-Test  
Menu. If you are not returned to the Tool  
Self-Test Menu, then the BACKUP key is  
not working. NOTE: The FUNCTION key  
will not return you to the Function List  
while you are keyboard testing.  
• As a last resort, the vehicle’s on-board  
computer or calibration PROM may be  
defective.Checkvehicleservicemanual  
to determine correct computer tests for  
your particular vehicle.  
• Check to be sure your vehicle’s calibra-  
Display Test  
After you have selected Display Test as  
your choice, a screen detailing the test is  
displayed. The Display Test will fill every  
pixel of the ScanTool’s LCD display with  
a solid black character. Press ENTER to  
display solid black characters.  
3-3 Scan Tool Self-Tests  
sible during scan tool power-up. If a key-  
board problem happens while you are  
Viewing Data, it is easier to run a Key-  
board Self-Test from the Function List  
than to remove and then re-apply power  
to the scan tool.  
Scan tool Self-Tests are used to test the  
operation of the scan tool’s display, key-  
board, and internal memory. The Tool  
Self-Tests menu can be accessed when  
the scan tool is initially powered-up, and  
from the Function List. Convenience is the  
reason the Tool Self-Tests menu is acces-  
sible in two ways. If the scan tool has a  
display problem on power-up, you do not  
want to enter vehicle set-up information  
just to get to the Function List to run the  
Display Self-Test. It is far more convenient  
to have the Tool Self-Tests menu acces-  
ENTERToTest.Look  
ForMissingSpots  
InDisplay.Press  
Memory Test  
The scan tool has already run a Memory  
Self-Test during power-up. It is assumed  
thatthescantoolpassedtheMemorySelf-  
Test on power-up, because you should  
not have proceeded any farther if it failed.  
Once you have reached the Function List,  
the scan tool may have trouble playing  
After the ENTER key is pressed, the dis-  
play on power-up looks like this:  
BACKUPWhenDone  
The Display Test Screen is shown below.  
Look for pixels that are not black. In other  
words, look for missing spots in the solid  
black characters. Press the BACKUP key  
to return to the Tool Self Test Menu when  
SelectFunction  
1)NewVehicle  
2)ToolSelf-Test  
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back recorded data, displaying trouble  
code definitions, or doing any other func-  
tion that uses the scan tool’s internal  
memory. If this happens, it is a good idea  
to run the Memory Test again. From the  
Tool Self-Test Menu, select the Memory  
Test option. A “working please wait” mes-  
sage is displayed while the scan tool tests  
its internal memory:  
played. Press the ENTER key to return to  
the Tool Self-Test Menu.  
4-2 Call Actron  
4-3 E- Mail &  
Internet Address  
Actron is also available electronically for  
comments and ordering information.  
Actron’s E-Mail address is:  
In addition to your local dealer, all Actron  
equipment and replacement parts are  
available directly from the Actron factory.  
Product catalogs, pricing information, and  
replacement components can be ordered  
by contacting Actron directly.  
MemoryTestFailed  
PressENTERToCont  
MemoryTestPassed  
PressENTERToCont  
And while you’re on-line, be sure to check  
out Actron’s Website, where you’ll find  
equipmentinformation, newproducts, and  
technical tips to help you make the most of  
your new Actron ScanTool.  
By US mail:  
Actron Manufacturing Company  
15825 Industrial Parkway  
Cleveland, OH 44135, USA  
Working  
**PleaseWait**  
By phone:  
1-800-228-7667  
On the World Wide Web:  
NOTE: If you selected Tool Self-Test from  
theFunctionList,thenpresstheFUNCTION  
key to return to the function list at any time.  
When the Memory Test is completed,  
either a “Memory Test Failed!” or a  
“Memory Test Passed!” message is dis-  
By fax:  
(216) 651-2388  
For Technical Support call:  
1-800-ACTRON-7  
Section 4: Accessories and How to Order  
4-1 Where to Buy  
Actron offers a complete line of high qual-  
ity automotive diagnostic and repair  
equipment. Additional cartridges, cables,  
connectors, and adapters for the scan  
tool are available from the local retail  
store where you originally purchased  
your scan tool. The table below lists the  
scan tool accessories.  
Actron  
Actron  
Kits:  
Model Number Replacement Parts:  
Part Number  
GM OBD II cable kit  
CP9115  
CP9116  
CP9120  
CP9117  
CP9118  
CP9119  
Cigarette power cable  
Carrying Case  
Main Tool operators manual  
GM cartridge manual  
Ford cartridge manual  
Chrysler cartridge manual  
38-1908  
400-2080  
2-218601  
2-218301  
2-218401  
2-218501  
Ford Probe MECS cable kit  
Chrysler L-H engine cable kit  
Chrysler OBD II cable kit  
Battery Clip Adapters  
AC power converter 110/12V  
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vehicles. This information is used to design and  
build aftermarket diagnostic equipment.  
then the duty cycle is 25%. A duty cycle of 0%  
means the signal is always at a “low” value and  
not changing. A duty cycle of 100% means the  
signal is always at a “high” value and not chang-  
ing. The PCM uses duty cycle type signals when  
it wants more than just “on-off” control of an  
actuator. This is how it works: A 50% duty cycle  
signal going to a vacuum switching solenoid  
means the solenoid will be “on” (passing full  
vacuum) half the time, and “off” (passing no  
vacuum) half the time. The average amount of  
vacuum passing through the solenoid will be one  
half the full value because the solenoid is only  
“on” for half the time. This signal changes at a  
rapid rate, as often as ten times per second. Thus  
the PCM can get a vacuum controlled actuator to  
move halfway between “no vacuum” and “full  
vacuum.” Other positions can be achieved by  
changing the duty cycle of the control signal  
which in turn changes the average amount of  
control vacuum.  
Section 5: Glossary of Terms  
Detonation: Uncontrolled ignition of the air/fuel  
mixtureinthecylinder.Alsoreferredtoasknock,”  
detonation indicates extreme cylinder pressures  
or “hotspots” which are causing the air/fuel mix-  
ture to detonate early. High cylinder pressures  
may be caused by excessive load (trailer towing,  
A/C operation, etc.) or by too much spark ad-  
vance. High octane fuel has a higher resistance  
to uncontrolled ignition, and may be used to  
control detonation when the PCM is unable to  
retard timing sufficiently to prevent it from occur-  
ring. NOTE: High octane fuel is not a cure for the  
problem, only the symptom. If your vehicle expe-  
riences long-term detonation, check for other  
causes.  
Actuator: Devices that are powered by the PCM  
ClosedLoop(C/L):Thisiswhenacontrolsystem  
performs an action (expecting a certain result),  
then checks the results and corrects its actions  
(ifnecessary)untilthedesiredresultsareachieved.  
Example: Fuel delivery. The PCM operates a fuel  
injector in a way that should deliver an optimum  
air/fuel mixture, as long as everything in the fuel  
system is operating as expected. In closed loop  
operation, the PCM uses the oxygen sensor to  
check the results (fuel delivery may be different  
than expected because of variations in fuel  
pressure or injector operation). If the oxygen  
sensor indicates a “rich” condition, the PCM will  
compensate by reducing fuel delivery until the  
oxygen sensor signals an optimum air/fuel mix-  
ture. Likewise, the PCM will compensate for a  
“lean” condition by adding fuel until the oxygen  
sensor once again signals an optimum air/fuel  
mixture.  
to control things. Actuator types include relays,  
solenoids, and motors. Actuators allow the PCM  
to control engine operation.  
A/F: Air/Fuel ratio. This refers to the proportion of  
air and fuel delivered to the cylinder for combus-  
tion. For example, if you have 14 times more air  
than fuel (by weight) then the A/F ratio is 14:1  
(read as “fourteen to one”). The ideal operating  
A/F ratio in an automotive application is 14.7:1.  
Check Engine Light (CEL): The “Check Engine”  
light (CEL) will illuminate when the PCM detects  
a circuit malfunction in any of the engine feed-  
back circuits. When the malfunction occurs, the  
CEL will remain lit as long as the PCM detects the  
circuit problem. This will automatically set and  
store a trouble code in the PCM’s memory. Some  
manufacturersalsorefertotheCELasaMalfunc-  
tion Indicator Light (MIL), or the Emissions Main-  
tenance Lamp (EMR) on some Chrysler trucks.  
Diagnostic Trouble Codes: Diagnostic Trouble  
Codes (DTC) indicate a malfunction flagged by  
the PCM. The PCM will display a corresponding  
numerical code number based on a look-up table  
in the program of the on-board computer. De-  
pending on the manufacturer, the number of  
DTCs vary by vehicle and supported systems.  
Most systems have the ability to store codes in  
memory, which are commonly referred to as  
“history codes” or “soft codes.” Malfunctioning  
circuits will generate continuous Check Engine  
lamp illumination, called “current codes” or “hard  
codes.” History codes, based on the  
manufacturer’sdiagnosticstrategy,willbecleared  
from the PCM’s memory after several ignition  
circuitstartcyclesifthecircuitdoesnotreflectthe  
failure again. This capability does allow the  
technician to access some information on which  
circuits were malfunctioning at a previous point.  
OBD-II systems will transmit many more DTCs  
than the past systems, and therefore will allow a  
technician the ability to better pin-point failures  
and past events. They only way to clear codes on  
OBD-II systems will be with a scan tool that has  
the proper programming to perform the function.  
DVM: Digital Volt Meter. An instrument using a  
numeric readout to display measured voltage  
values as opposed to a moving needle on a  
gauge face. Usually the instrument has other  
measuring capabilities, such as resistance and  
current, and may be called a Digital Multi-Meter  
(DMM). Most DVMs have 10 Megaohm input  
impedance. This means the circuit under test will  
not be electronically disturbed when the DVM is  
connected for a measurement.  
Thus, closed loop operation means the PCM can  
“fine tune” control of a system to achieve an exact  
result providing the PCM has a means to check  
results (like an oxygen sensor).  
C3 or CCC: Computer Command Control. The  
name of the General Motors electronic engine  
control system used on most vehicles built since  
1982.,  
Data Link Connector (DLC): The Data Link  
Connector (DLC) is a universal term for the  
interface port between the vehicle’s on-board  
computer and the ScanTool. It is sometimes  
referred to as the Assembly Line Diagnostic Link  
(ALDL), Vehicle Interface Port (VIP), or Serial  
Communication Interface (SCI). The DLC is able  
to transmit PCM data to the ScanTool as it is  
processed. The DLC may be located in the  
engine compartment or in the passenger com-  
partment, depending on manufacturer. DLC de-  
sign also varies from manufacturer to manufac-  
turer, ranging from a 6-pin to a 17-pin connector  
interface. All vehicles with OBD-II use a 16-pin  
connector located in the passenger compart-  
ment. The ScanTool requires manufacturer-spe-  
cificadaptercablestolinkwithnon-OBD-IIDLCs.  
ChryslerSerialCommunicationInterface(SCI):  
This is Chrysler’s vehicle adapter (or Data Link  
Connector) used to link scan tools with the PCM.  
EarlyChryslerOBDsystems(1981-83)broadcast  
trouble codes, but gave no operating parameter  
data. In 1983, the second phase of Chrysler  
OBD, called the Serial Communication Interface  
(SCI), was introduced with expanded serial data  
and many test modes for the technician to access  
with a scan tool. SCI provides the following  
modes to access vehicle data: Diagnostic Test  
Mode, CircuitActuationTestMode(ATM), Switch  
Test Mode, Sensor Test Mode, and Engine  
Running Test Mode. Each of these modes allow  
for different procedures of diagnostic tests and  
test routines. These routines are programmed  
into the Chrysler Logic Module (LM) which then  
passes the information on to the power module  
or Single Board Engine Controller (SBEC). The  
vehicle diagnostic adapter is located in the en-  
gine compartment on the right-hand side, next to  
the SBEC unit with a dust cap marked “Diagnos-  
tic.”  
ECM: Electronic Control Module. The “brains” of  
the engine control system. It is a computer  
housed in a metal box with a number of sensors  
and actuators connected with a wiring harness.  
Its job is to control fuel delivery, idle speed, spark  
advancetiming, andemissionsystems. ThePCM  
receives information from sensors, then ener-  
gizesvariousactuatorstocontroltheengine. The  
ECM is frequently called the PCM (Powertrain  
ControlModule)invehicleshavingothercomputers.  
These other computers are used for climate  
control, entertainment systems, transmissions,  
etc.  
DIS: Distributorless Ignition System or Direct  
Ignition System. A system that produces the  
ignition spark without the use of a distributor.  
Data Stream:Thisistheactualdatacommunica-  
tions broadcast from the vehicle’s PCM to the  
diagnostic connector. The individual manufac-  
turers determine the number of “data bytes” a  
specific engine will broadcast. The size of the  
data stream is usually dependent on the com-  
plexity of the engine, transmission, ABS, and  
other systems supported by the PCM. All manu-  
facturers supply program documents for each  
year, engine, and option combination that a  
particular PCM supports in all the manufacturer’s  
EFI: Electronic Fuel Injection. A term applied to  
any system where a computer controls fuel deliv-  
ery to the engine by using fuel injectors.  
Duty Cycle: A term applied to frequency signals  
— those which are constantly switching between  
a small voltage value (close to zero) and a larger  
value (usually 5 volts or more). Duty cycle is the  
percentage of time the signal has a large voltage  
value. For example, if the signal is “high” (large  
voltage) half of the time, the duty cycle is 50%.  
If the signal is “high” only one fourth of the time,  
Engine Parameters: This is the translated infor-  
mation that is displayed on the scan tool screen.  
Parameters will include the information inputs  
and the output signals from the PCM.  
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ESC: Electronic Spark Control. This is an ignition  
system function that works on vehicles having a  
knock sensor mounted on the engine block. The  
knock sensor is wired to circuitry in a separate  
module (early version) or inside the PCM (later  
versions). If the sensor detects engine knock, the  
ESC function alerts the PCM which will immedi-  
ately retard the spark to eliminate the knocking  
condition.  
Functional Tests: These are tests of PCM-  
controlled systems, such as the fuel pump, the  
“Check Engine” light, and other switches and  
actuators. Functional Tests are generally depen-  
dent on the vehicle manufacturer’s OBD strategy  
and the PCM diagnostic architecture. Functional  
tests require that the scan tool have the ability to  
perform bi-directional communications with the  
vehicle’s PCM. This means that the scan tool  
must “talk” to the vehicle’s PCM, instead of just  
“listening” to the incoming vehicle data stream.  
Examples of functional tests are: Chrysler’s ac-  
tuator/switch tests that allow you to review the  
operation of a switch as you turn it on or off from  
the driver’s seat, and turning the fuel pump on  
and off. On a GM vehicle, a functional test is  
placing the vehicle in Ground Mode to check the  
PCM’s self-test diagnostics and the “Check En-  
gine” lamp operation.  
makes the element sensitive only to engine  
vibrations associated with detonation (“knock-  
ing”).  
On-Board Diagnostics, Phase II (OBD-II): With  
the passing of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amend-  
ment, the EPA imposed more stringent require-  
ments which include the addition of multiple  
oxygen sensors, one before the catalytic con-  
verter and one after to provide the PCM with  
information on catalyst efficiency and condition.  
There are also computer-controlled EGR, fuel  
pressure regulators, and smart ignition systems.  
Inaddition, OBD-IIrequiresacommondiagnostic  
connector and location, as well as an industry-  
standard data message, both defined by an  
industry committee made up of engineers from  
most major manufacturers and the SAE. Vehicle  
manufacturers are required by law to provide at  
least a minimum amount of data for emissions  
programs to access the critical emissions data  
available through OBD-II. OBD-II began to ap-  
pear in vehicles in late 1994, and is required  
equipment on all cars sold in the US after January  
1, 1996.  
MFI: Multi-Port Fuel Injection. See “MPFI” defini-  
tion.  
MIL: Malfunction Indicator Lamp. Also known as  
a Check Engine Light or CEL.  
Mode:Atypeofoperatingcondition, suchasidle  
mode” or “cruise mode.”  
EST:ElectronicSparkTiming. Anignitionsystem  
where the PCM controls the spark advance  
timing. A signal called EST goes from the PCM to  
the ignition module which fires the spark coil. The  
PCM determines optimum spark timing from sen-  
sor information – engine speed, throttle position,  
coolant temperature, engine load, vehicle speed,  
Park/Neutral switch position, and knock sensor  
condition.  
MPFI: Multi-Port Fuel Injection. A fuel injection  
system using one (or more) injector(s) for each  
cylinder. The injectors are mounted in the intake  
manifold, and fired in groups rather than individu-  
ally.  
M/T: Manual transmission or manual transaxle.  
NOx: Oxides of Nitrogen. A pollutant. The EGR  
system injects exhaust gases into the intake  
manifold to reduce these gases at the tailpipe.  
FBC: Feedback Carburetor. This is used on early  
versions of computer-controlled engines. It is a  
carburetor which can have its fuel delivery modi-  
fied by an electronic signal from the PCM. The  
signal controls a mixture control solenoid (MCS)  
attached to the carburetor body.  
Ground: The return path for current to flow back  
to its source (Usually the negative battery termi-  
nal). It is also the reference point from which  
voltage measurements are made (the connec-  
tion place for the negative (-) test lead from a  
voltmeter).  
Open (Circuit): A break in the continuity of a  
circuit such that no current may flow through it.  
On-BoardDiagnostics(OBD):Asvehiclemanu-  
facturers developed on-board diagnostics for  
their service procedures and to meet EPA regu-  
lations, the first phase of this computerization  
was referred to as OBD. This technology started  
in the late 1970’s and carried through to the early  
1980’s. Most of these early systems were very  
crude, especially when compared to today’s  
OBD. Manyrequiredamanufacturer-specifictool  
to read trouble codes and other computer infor-  
mation. This technology used a feedback loop  
system to monitor exhaust emissions and pro-  
vided computer control of the vehicle’s fuel  
system.  
OpenLoop(O/L):Thisiswhenthecontrolsystem  
performs an action (expecting a certain result),  
but has no way of verifying if the desired results  
were achieved. Example: The PCM operates a  
fuel injector expecting a certain amount of fuel to  
bedelivered(ThePCMassumeseverythinginthe  
fuel system is performing properly). In open loop  
operation, the PCM has no way of checking the  
actual amount of fuel delivered. Thus, a faulty  
fuel injector or incorrect fuel pressure can change  
the amount of fuel delivered and the PCM would  
not know it.  
Ford Electronic Engine Control IV (EEC-IV):  
This is the name of Ford’s Powertrain Control  
Module (PCM) used in all Ford cars and trucks  
since the mid-1980’s. It is designed to be read by  
aftermarket scan tools. Earlier versions of this  
PCM were referred to as EEC-I, EEC-II, or EEC-  
III, and were only accessible by the dealer via a  
specific diagnostic tool. On carbureted vehicles,  
Ford used a system called the Microprocessor  
ControlledUnit(MCU),whichisaccessiblethrough  
an adapter similar to the EEC-IV’s. Other varia-  
tions of the EEC-IV vehicle adapter are used on  
Ford’shybridvehicles,suchastheProbeandsome  
Escort/Tracer models, which use Mazda PCMs  
and have different protocols and codes. Informa-  
tion on these vehicles is widely available, and  
most scan tools support these vehicles as well as  
the standard Ford EEC-IV systems. Ford’s diag-  
nostic strategy offers several avenues to access  
codes and test procedures.  
Inputs: Electrical signals running into the PCM.  
These signals come from sensors, switches or  
other electronic modules. They give the PCM  
information about vehicle operation.  
KOEO: Key On, Engine Off. A test mode where  
the PCM is active and feeding data parameters,  
but the engine is not running. Because the  
engine is not running, some data parameters  
may not be accurate or available in this mode. On  
Ford vehicles, KOEO testing is the only way to  
read memory codes stored in the PCM.  
On-Board Diagnostics, Phase I (OBD-I): By  
1985, theCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(CARB)  
had called for more uniform diagnostic systems  
to be used on vehicles sold in California. Com-  
bined with federal exhaust emission regulations  
enacted in the early 1990’s, CARB required that  
all vehicles sold in California have an integrated  
PCM structure that monitored all critical emis-  
sions components. Manufacturers found that it  
wassimplertoincorporatethissystemintoalltheir  
vehicles built in the USA. In fact, by the end of  
1986, most diagnostic procedures were uniform  
within each manufacturer, providing an opportu-  
nity for generic scan tools to come to market for  
the home mechanic.  
In general, a control system operates in open  
loop mode only when there is no practical way to  
monitor the results of an action. Example: Fuel  
delivery during cold engine warm-up. The com-  
puter runs in open loop mode because the  
oxygen sensor is not hot enough to send a signal.  
Without the sensor signal, the computer cannot  
check the actual amount of fuel delivered.  
KOER: Key On, Engine Running. A test mode  
wherethePCMis activeandfeedingdataparam-  
eters, and the engine is running. Since the  
engine is running, most data parameters should  
be available and accurate.  
Knock: See “Detonation.”  
Knock Sensor: This sensor is used to detect  
engine detonation (or “knock”). When spark  
knock occurs, the sensor emits a pulsing signal.  
Depending on the vehicle, this signal either goes  
to the PCM or a separate ESC (Electronic Spark  
Control) module. Then the spark advance is  
retarded until detonation stops. The sensor  
contains a piezoelectric element and is threaded  
into the engine block. Vibrating the element  
generates the signal pulse. Special construction  
O2S: Oxygen Sensor. The oxygen sensor is  
threaded into the exhaust manifold, directly in the  
stream of exhaust gases. The PCM uses the  
sensor to “fine tune” fuel delivery. The sensor  
generates a voltage of 0.6 to 1.1 volts when the  
exhaust gas is rich (low oxygen content). The  
voltage changes to 0.4 volts or less when the  
exhaust gas is lean (high oxygen content). The  
sensor only operates after it reaches a tempera-  
ture of approximately 349°C (660°F).  
Fuel Injector: An electronically controlled flow  
valve.Fuelinjectorsareconnectedtoapressurized  
fuelsupply(fuelpressureiscreatedbyafuelpump).  
Noflowoccurswhentheinjectorisoff(notenergized).  
Whentheinjectorisenergized,itopensfully,allowing  
fueltoflow.ThePCMcontrolsfueldeliverybyvarying  
theamountoftimetheinjectorsolenoidsareturnedon.  
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Outputs: Electrical signals sent from the PCM.  
These signals may activate relays or other actua-  
tors for control purposes throughout the vehicle.  
The signals can also send information from the  
PCM to other electronic modules, such as the  
ignition or trip computer.  
Solenoid: Adevicetoconvertanelectricalsignal  
to mechanical movement. It consists of a coil with  
a wire with a moveable metal rod in the center.  
When the power is applied to the coil, the  
resulting electromagnetism moves the rod and  
performs some mechanical action. The PCM  
often uses solenoids to switch vacuum lines on  
and off. This allows the PCM to control vacuum  
operated devices such as the EGR valve. Fuel  
injectors are operated by another type of sole-  
noid.  
VIN: Vehicle Identification Number. This is the  
factory-assignedvehicleserialnumber.Thisnum-  
ber is stamped on a number of locations through-  
out the vehicle, but the most prominent location  
is on top of the dashboard on the driver’s side,  
visible from outside the car. The VIN includes  
information about the car, including where it was  
built, body and engine codes, options, colors,  
and a sequential build number. The VIN can also  
tell you what adapters you may need to use the  
ScanTool with your particular vehicle.  
PCM: Powertrain Control Module. The “brains” of  
the engine control system. It is a computer  
housed in a metal box with a number of sensors  
and actuators connected with a wiring harness.  
Its job is to control fuel delivery, idle speed, spark  
advancetiming, andemissionsystems. ThePCM  
receives information from sensors, then ener-  
gizes various actuators tocontroltheengine. The  
PCMisfrequentlycalledtheECM(EngineControl  
Module) in vehicles having other computers.  
These other computers are used for climate  
control, entertainment systems, transmissions,  
etc.  
TBI: Throttle Body Injection. A fuel injection  
system having one or more injectors mounted in  
a centrally-located throttle body, as opposed to  
positioning the injectors close to an intake valve  
port. Also called Central Fuel Injection (CFI) in  
some vehicles.  
WOT:Wide-OpenThrottle. Thevehicleoperating  
condition brought about when the throttle is  
completely (or nearly so) open. The PCM will  
typically deliver extra fuel to the engine and de-  
energize the A/C compressor at this time for  
acceleration purposes. The PCM uses a switch  
or the Throttle Position Sensor to identify the  
WOT condition.  
Thermistor:Aresistorwhoseresistancechanges  
with temperature. Thermistors are used as sen-  
sorsforvehiclecoolantandmanifoldairtempera-  
ture. The resistance decreases as temperature  
goes up, sending a voltage signal to the PCM  
where it is converted to a temperature measure-  
ment.  
PROM: Programmable Read-Only Memory. A  
small, replaceable electrical component hidden  
behind an access door on the PCM. The PROM  
contains permanent programming information  
the PCM needs to operate a specific vehicle  
model. Included are vehicle weight, engine and  
transmission type, axle ratio, and other specifics.  
ThrottleBody:Adevicewhichperformsthesame  
functionasacarburetorinafuelinjectionsystem.  
On a throttle body injection (TBI) system, the  
throttle body is both the air door and the location  
ofthefuelinjectors. Onportfuelinjectionsystems  
(PFI, MPFI, SFI, etc.) the throttle body is simply  
an air door. Fuel is not added until the injectors  
at each intake port are activated. In each case,  
the throttle body is attached to the accelerator  
pedal.  
Relay: A mechanical device for switching high  
current circuits on and off. It is electronically  
controlled by a low current circuit. Relays allow a  
low power PCM signal to control a high power  
device such as an electric cooling fan.  
ROM: Read-Only Memory. Permanent program-  
ming information stored inside the PCM, contain-  
ing the information the PCM needs to operate a  
specific vehicle model.  
Vehicle Adapter: Like General Motors and the  
ALDL connector, Ford and Chrysler use Vehicle  
Adapter as the name of their diagnostic link. Ford  
uses a 7-pin adapter called the EEC-IV self test  
adapter. This is generally located in the engine  
compartment of Ford vehicles, though specific  
location varies (generally it is close to the PCM).  
Sensor: Device which gives the PCM informa-  
tion. The PCM can only work with electrical  
signals. The job of the sensor is to take some-  
thing the PCM needs to know, such as engine  
temperature, and convert it to an electrical signal  
that the PCM can understand. The PCM uses  
sensors to measure such things as throttle posi-  
tion, coolant temperature, engine speed, incom-  
ing air mass and temperature, etc.  
Chrysler has a similar adapter for access to the  
Serial Communications Interface (SCI) diagnos-  
tic program on those vehicles that support SCI.  
This adapter is located on the right-hand side of  
the engine compartment, and is a 6-pin configu-  
ration. This adapter is usually near the Logic  
Controller on the SCI computer.  
SFI or SEFI: Sequential Fuel Injection or Se-  
quential Electronic Fuel Injection. A fuel injection  
system that uses one or more injectors for each  
cylinder. The injectors are mounted in the intake  
manifold, and are fired individually in the same  
sequence as the spark plug firing order.  
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