BayRS Version 14.20
Part No. 308614-14.20 Rev 00
January 2001
600 Technology Park Drive
Billerica, MA 01821-4130
Configuring Remote Access
for AN and Passport ARN
Routers
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Contents
Preface
Before You Begin ............................................................................................................. xv
Acronyms ........................................................................................................................xvii
Hard-Copy Technical Manuals .........................................................................................xix
How to Get Help .............................................................................................................. xx
Understanding Tools and Options
Network Configuration and Management Tools ..............................................................1-1
Router Startup Procedure ..............................................................................................1-2
Providing a Tailored Configuration File ...................................................................1-15
Netboot ...................................................................................................................1-16
Directed Netboot ....................................................................................................1-17
Local Boot ..............................................................................................................1-18
Steps for Completing Startup Options ..........................................................................1-18
EZ-Install ................................................................................................................1-19
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Netboot ...................................................................................................................1-20
Directed Netboot ....................................................................................................1-21
Local Boot ..............................................................................................................1-22
Setting Up a UNIX Boot Server
Setting Up a BootP Server .............................................................................................2-2
Configuring BootPD .................................................................................................2-2
Copying BootPD on Sun Workstations ..............................................................2-2
Setting Up a TFTP Server ..............................................................................................2-9
Setting Up Static Routes to Next-Hop Routers ......................................................2-11
Editing the /etc/inetd.conf File .........................................................................2-11
Verifying the Routes .........................................................................................2-12
What to Do Next ...........................................................................................................2-13
Configuring Netboot Services with Site Manager
Preparing an Image .................................................................................................3-5
Adding a Netboot or Directed Netboot Interface .............................................................3-8
Configuring a Netboot or Directed Netboot Interface .....................................................3-9
Setting Up Routing Paths for Netboot ...........................................................................3-10
Enabling Router Interfaces .....................................................................................3-10
Creating BootP Relay Agent Forwarding Tables ...................................................3-12
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Creating the BootP Client Interface Table .....................................................................3-14
Configuring Netboot Client Services
Using the bconfig Command Format .......................................................................4-3
Configuring an ARN Token Ring Interface for Network Booting ...............................4-8
Examples of Using the ifconfig Command ...............................................................4-9
Verifying Your Configuration ..........................................................................................4-10
What to Do Next ...........................................................................................................4-11
Managing ANH Repeater Ports
Enabling and Disabling ANH Repeater Ports .................................................................5-2
Testing and Resetting ANH Repeater Ports ...................................................................5-5
Appendix A
Site Manager Parameters
Netboot and Directed Netboot Parameters .................................................................... A-2
BootP Relay Agent Interface Parameters ...................................................................... A-7
BootP Client Interface Address Parameters .................................................................. A-8
Appendix B
Troubleshooting Network Boot Problems
Router Fails to Get IP Address ................................................................................ B-2
Upstream Router Not Receiving BootP Requests ............................................ B-2
Upstream Router Not Sending BootP Responses ............................................ B-2
Router Fails to Netboot ........................................................................................... B-3
Upstream Router Not Receiving BootP Requests ............................................ B-3
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Router Fails to Perform Directed Netboot ............................................................... B-5
Router Netboots, but Fails to Load Applications ..................................................... B-5
Guidelines for Using Packet Capture ...................................................................... B-9
Debugging the BootP Server ................................................................................ B-12
Displaying the BootP Server IP Routes ................................................................ B-15
Quick Get Instructions .................................................................................... B-16
Technician Interface Instructions .................................................................... B-16
Maintaining the Router Software ................................................................................. B-17
Upgrading the Software Image ............................................................................. B-17
Restoring a Local File System .............................................................................. B-18
Hints and Notes ........................................................................................................... B-19
Implementation Notes ........................................................................................... B-20
Appendix C
Using the Quick-Start Local Boot Procedure
What Is Quick-Start? ..................................................................................................... C-2
Using the Worksheets ................................................................................................... C-2
Router Protocol Worksheets ................................................................................... C-6
Wide Area Protocol Worksheets ............................................................................. C-9
Running the Quick-Start Script .................................................................................... C-13
Index
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Figures
Figure 1-4. Obtaining the Configuration File ............................................................1-10
Figure 1-5. Obtaining the Kernel File .......................................................................1-11
Figure 1-6. Establishing an IP Network Interface .....................................................1-12
Figure 2-1. Sample bootptab File ...............................................................................2-7
Figure 2-1. Sample bootptab File (continued) ............................................................2-8
Figure 3-1. Enabling BootP Relay in a Sample Network ..........................................3-11
Figure 5-1. 8-Port ANH Port Status Window ..............................................................5-3
Figure 5-2. 12-Port ANH Port Status Window ............................................................5-4
Figure C-1. Quick-Start IP Configuration Test .......................................................... C-16
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Tables
Table 4-2.
Table 4-3.
Table 4-4.
Table B-1.
Table C-1.
ifconfig Command Options for a Serial Interface .....................................4-6
ifconfig Command Options for an Ethernet Interface ...............................4-7
ifconfig Command Options for an ARN Token Ring Interface ..................4-8
BootP Messages ................................................................................... B-13
Quick-Start Commands ........................................................................ C-15
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Preface
This guide describes connecting a Nortel Networks™ Access Node (AN®), Access
™
®
™
™
Node Hub (ANH ), or Passport Advanced Remote Node (ARN ) router to a
managed network.
Before You Begin
Before using this guide, you (or the person responsible at the router site) must
install the router hardware, as described in one of the following guides:
•
•
•
•
Installing and Operating AN and ANH Systems
Installing and Operating AN/DC and ANH-8/DC Systems
Installing and Operating Passport ARN Routers
Installing and Operating Passport ARN/DC Routers
Make sure that you are running the latest version of Nortel Networks BayRS™ and
Site Manager software. For information about upgrading BayRS and Site
Manager, see the upgrading guide for your version of BayRS.
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Text Conventions
This guide uses the following text conventions:
angle brackets (< >)
Indicate that you choose the text to enter based on the
description inside the brackets. Do not type the
brackets when entering the command.
Example: If the command syntax is:
ping <ip_address>, you enter:
ping 192.32.10.12
bold text
Indicates command names and options and text that
you need to enter.
Example: Enter show ip {alerts | routes}.
Example: Use the dinfo command.
braces ({})
Indicate required elements in syntax descriptions
where there is more than one option. You must choose
only one of the options. Do not type the braces when
entering the command.
Example: If the command syntax is:
show ip {alerts | routes}, you must enter either:
show ip alerts or show ip routes, but not both.
brackets ([ ])
Indicate optional elements in syntax descriptions. Do
not type the brackets when entering the command.
Example: If the command syntax is:
show ip interfaces [-alerts], you can enter either:
show ip interfaces or show ip interfaces -alerts.
ellipsis points (. . . )
Indicate that you repeat the last element of the
command as needed.
Example: If the command syntax is:
ethernet/2/1 [<parameter> <value>] . . . , you enter
ethernet/2/1 and as many parameter-value pairs as
needed.
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Preface
italic text
Indicates file and directory names, new terms, book
titles, and variables in command syntax descriptions.
Where a variable is two or more words, the words are
connected by an underscore.
Example: If the command syntax is:
show at <valid_route>
valid_route is one variable and you substitute one value
for it.
screen text
separator ( > )
Indicates system output, for example, prompts and
system messages.
Example: Set Trap Monitor Filters
Shows menu paths.
Example: Protocols > IP identifies the IP option on the
Protocols menu.
vertical line ( | )
Separates choices for command keywords and
arguments. Enter only one of the choices. Do not type
the vertical line when entering the command.
Example: If the command syntax is:
show ip {alerts | routes}, you enter either:
show ip alerts or show ip routes, but not both.
Acronyms
This guide uses the following acronyms:
ANSI
ARP
American National Standards Institute
Address Resolution Protocol
Attachment Unit Interface
Breath of Life
AUI
BofL
BootP
BootPD
BRI
Bootstrap Protocol
Bootstrap Protocol Daemon
Basic Rate Interface
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
CCITT
International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative
Committee (now ITU-T)
CHAP
CSMA/CD
DCE
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
carrier sense multiple access/collision detection
data communications equipment
data link connection identifier
DLCI
DLCMI
DSU/CSU
DTE
Data Link Control Management Interface
data service unit/channel service unit
data terminal equipment
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
HDLC
IEEE
high-level data link control
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Internet Protocol
IP
IPX
Internet Packet Exchange
ISDN
ISO
Integrated Services Digital Network
International Organization for Standardization
ITU-T
International Telecommunications
Union–Telecommunications sector (formerly CCITT)
LAN
LMI
local area network
Local Management Interface
Link Quality Reporting
LQR
MAC
MAU
MIB
media access control
media access unit
Management Information Base
nonbroadcast multi-access
Open Systems Interconnection
Open Shortest Path First (protocol)
Password Authentication Protocol
NBMA
OSI
OSPF
PAP
PCMCIA
Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association
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Preface
PPP
Point-to-Point Protocol
PVC
permanent virtual circuit
RARP
RFC
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
Request for Comments
RIP
Routing Information Protocol
remote monitoring
RMON
SAM
SIMM
SMDS
SMIT
SNMP
STP
System Administration Manager
single in-line memory module
switched multimegabit data service
System Management Interface Tool
Simple Network Management Protocol
shielded twisted pair
TCP/IP
Telnet
TFTP
TFTPD
UDP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Telecommunication network
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
Trivial File Transfer Protocol Daemon
User Datagram Protocol
WAN
wide area network
Hard-Copy Technical Manuals
You can print selected technical manuals and release notes free, directly from the
Internet. Go to the support.baynetworks.com/library/tpubs/ URL. Find the product
for which you need documentation. Then locate the specific category and model
or version for your hardware or software product. Use Adobe Acrobat Reader to
open the manuals and release notes, search for the sections you need, and print
them on most standard printers. Go to Adobe Systems at www.adobe.com to
download a free copy of Acrobat Reader.
You can purchase selected documentation sets, CDs, and technical publications
through the Internet at the www1.fatbrain.com/documentation/nortel/ URL.
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
How to Get Help
If you purchased a service contract for your Nortel Networks product from a
distributor or authorized reseller, contact the technical support staff for that
distributor or reseller for assistance.
If you purchased a Nortel Networks service program, contact one of the following
Nortel Networks Technical Solutions Centers:
Technical Solutions Center
Telephone
EMEA
(33) (4) 92-966-968
North America
Asia Pacific
China
(800) 2LANWAN or (800) 252-6926
(61) (2) 9927-8800
(800) 810-5000
An Express Routing Code (ERC) is available for many Nortel Networks products
and services. When you use an ERC, your call is routed to a technical support
person who specializes in supporting that product or service. To locate an ERC for
your product or service, go to the www12.nortelnetworks.com/ URL and click
ERC at the bottom of the page.
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Chapter 1
Understanding Tools and Options
The AN/ANH and ARN families of routers connect multiprotocol workgroups to
and procedures for configuring and managing router remote access for AN, ANH,
Topic
Page
Network Configuration and Management Tools
Router Startup Procedure
1-1
1-2
Preparing for the Initial Startup
1-13
1-16
1-18
Selecting the Routine Startup Option
Steps for Completing Startup Options
Network Configuration and Management Tools
There are several tools available for configuring and managing the AN/ANH, and
ARN routers:
•
Graphical, SNMP-based network management tools within
Optivity Internetwork™, a component of the Nortel Networks
Optivity Enterprise™ application suite:
-- Site Manager, a router management, configuration, and monitoring
application
-- RouterMan™, a real-time router performance and status reporting
application
-- PathMan™, a diagnostic application for determining the complete data
path between two network devices
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Router configuration and management tools included with BayRS:
•
-- Technician Interface, a command-line interface that operates in router
memory. Technician Interface commands and scripts provide real-time
SNMP-based Management Information Base (MIB) access from an
attached or remote (modem or Telnet) management console.
-- AN Monitor, a command-line interface to the router diagnostic firmware.
You use the AN Monitor to configure AN, ANH, and ARN boot
configurations.
This guide describes how to connect AN/ANH, and ARN routers to a managed
network using Site Manager, and how to set the startup configuration using the
AN Monitor and Technician Interface.
Router Startup Procedure
The following sections describe the software files and configuration options
involved in the startup procedure for AN/ANH, and ARN routers:
•
•
Startup Files
Startup Options
Startup Files
Before it can operate, a router must boot a software image. The software image
contains an operating-system kernel file that supports the router platform, plus a
group of executable files that support the major networking protocols and dial-up
services that the network requires. Booting the router is the process of installing
and using the applicable software image files.
To bridge and route traffic, a router also needs a configuration file that is tailored
to the network. A configuration file is a binary system file that contains hardware
and software configuration data.
1-2
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Understanding Tools and Options
Nortel Networks ships the software image for AN/ANH and ARN routers on a
PCMCIA flash memory card, along with a default configuration file named
config. The ARN software image is named arn.exe. The AN/ANH software image
is named an.exe. Table 1-1 describes the executable startup files contained in the
AN/ANH and ARN software images.
Table 1-1.
Router Startup Files
Startup File Name Description
krnl_arn.exe
krnl_an.exe
ARN operating-system kernel
AN/ANH operating-system kernel
Application files
Executable files needed to perform the functions specified in the
configuration file. All application files have .exe file-name
extensions. (For example, the router needs an ipx.exe executable
file to run IPX.)
String files
Compressed ASCII files needed when you use the Nortel Networks
Technician Interface to display the event log or MIB object names.
Groups of string files remain in compressed format until needed.
Startup Options
A router obtains the software image and configuration files that you want it to use
during startup.
over the network or from the file system stored in local flash memory. Obtaining
startup files from the router file system is called local booting. Obtaining one or
more startup files over the network is called network booting, or netbooting.
local and network booting works.
For initial startup, AN/ANH and ARN routers are configured for a default option,
but you can change the default (see “Preparing for the Initial Startup” on
page 1-13). To select the startup option for routine operation, see “Selecting the
Routine Startup Option” on page 1-16. To review the steps for configuring and
completing a startup option, see “Steps for Completing Startup Options”
page 1-18.
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Table 1-2.
Summary of Startup Options for AN/ANH and ARN Routers
Boot
Image File Configuration
Option
Source
File Source
Description
Requirements
EZ-Install Local
(PCMCIA
Network
The default option for initial
•
Serial connection
configured with the
high-level data link
control (HDLC) or frame
relay protocol
BootP server that
contains the
configuration file
(serialinterface startup. The router boots the
only)
flash
memory
card)
software image files in local flash
memory, then obtains its
configuration file from a remote
workstation on a frame relay
network that is configured as a
Bootstrap Protocol (BootP) server.
The router saves the configuration
file to the flash memory card for
future use.
•
Netboot
Local
or
Network
Local
or
Network
The router obtains at least one
startup file from a remote
workstation that is configured as a
BootP server.
•
•
Management console
BootP server that
contains at least one
startup file
•
Connection over a
frame relay or HDLC
(serial or DSU/CSU),
Ethernet, or token ring
(ARN only) interface
Directed
Netboot
Local
or
Local
or
The router obtains at least one
startup file from a remote
•
•
Management console
TFTP server that
Network
Network
workstation that is configured as a
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
(TFTP) server. You must specify
the IP address of the TFTP server
and the complete path to the
startup file(s) before booting.
contains at least one
startup file
•
Connection over a
frame relay or HDLC
(serial or DSU/CSU),
Ethernet, or token ring
(ARN only) interface
Local Boot Local
Local
The router boots from the software
image and generic startup
configuration files stored in flash
memory. You create a customized
configuration file by running the
Quick-Start script.
•
•
Management console
Installed flash memory
card that contains the
startup files
1-4
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Understanding Tools and Options
The Boot Process
The following sections describe the boot process for the Local Boot and Netboot
startup options:
•
•
Netboot Process (EZ-Install, Netboot, or Directed Netboot)
Local Boot Process
Netboot Process
When booting over the network using EZ-Install, Netboot, or Directed Netboot,
AN/ANH and ARN routers complete the following tasks:
1. Determines its IP address
2. Obtains the operating-system kernel file and/or configuration file by
communicating with a configured BootP server on the IP network
3. Reboots, using the newly transferred kernel file
The following sections describe in more detail the key steps in this process:
•
Obtaining an IP Address Manually (Netboot or Directed Netboot)
or Obtaining an IP Address Automatically (EZ-Install)
Obtaining the Kernel and Configuration Files
Obtaining an IP Address Manually (Netboot or Directed Netboot)
For Netboot and Directed Netboot, you configure the IP address manually.
Chapter 3 describes how to use Site Manager to configure netboot interfaces.
Chapter 4 describes how to configure netboot using the Technician Interface.
Obtaining an IP Address Automatically (EZ-Install)
During the EZ-Install process, AN/ANH and ARN routers obtain its IP address as
follows:
1. When you turn on the router, it runs a set of diagnostic tests.
2. The router sends a BootP request to the upstream router for an IP address and
subnet mask.
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The router sends the BootP request through all serial ports at approximately
the same time, using the following protocols:
•
Nortel Networks Standard Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) using high-level
data link control (HDLC) encapsulation
•
•
•
Frame Relay Annex D
Frame Relay Local Management Interface (LMI)
Frame Relay Annex A
Note: The upstream router must have a circuit running Nortel Networks
Standard PPP using HDLC or a frame relay permanent virtual circuit (PVC).
If the AN/ANH and ARN router does not receive a response to the first BootP
request, it issues a second request.
If the AN/ANH or ARN router does not receive a response in approximately
four minutes, it boots the image and configuration files in its local file system,
as described in “Local Boot Process” on page 1-12.
3. The first interface on the upstream router to receive the BootP request
responds.
4. The upstream router obtains the IP address of the AN/ANH or ARN router’s
whether it calculates or requests the IP address, as follows:
-- A frame relay PVC in direct access mode or a Nortel Networks Standard
PPP interface calculates the IP address by adding 1 to the IP address of
the interface that received the request.
For example, in Figure 1-1, the upstream router’s interface address is
192.32.1.1. This means that the upstream router calculates 192.32.1.2 as
the AN/ANH or ARN router’s IP address.
Note: If the IP address plus 1 equals a broadcast address, the upstream router
calculates the IP address by subtracting 1. For example, if the IP address of the
upstream router’s interface is 7.255.255.254, the IP address of the AN/ANH or
ARN router is 7.255.255.253.
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AN/ANH/ARN router
BOOTP request
BOOTP response with
IP address 192.32.1.2
Upstream router
IP address 192.32.1.1
NPA0001A
Figure 1-1.
Calculating an IP Address
(Direct Access PVC or Standard PPP)
-- A frame relay PVC in group access mode refers to its BootP client
interface table to find an associated IP address for the AN/ANH or ARN
identifier (DLCI) and IP address pair for each PVC. You use Site Manager to
create this table when you follow the instructions for setting up routing paths
in Chapter 3.
For example, in Figure 1-2, the AN/ANH or ARN router sends BootP
requests for its IP address. The upstream router receives the request on
PVC 31. The upstream router determines the DLCI, refers to DLCI 31 in
the BootP client interface table, finds the IP address, and sends a BootP
response containing the IP address back to PVC 31.
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Booting router 2
Booting router 3
AN/ANH/ARN
PVC 32
PVC 31
PVC 33
Frame Relay
Circuit containing PVC 31, 32, 33 (for
virtual connections to the three routers)
BOOTP Client Interface Table:
Key
DLCI 31
DLCI 32
DLCI 33
192.32.1.2
192.32.1.3
192.32.1.4
BOOTP request
BOOTP response
Upstream router
NPA0002A
Figure 1-2.
Requesting an IP Address from the BootP Server (Group Access PVC)
5. The upstream router sends the IP address and subnet mask to the AN/ANH or
ARN router in a BootP response message.
6. The AN/ANH or ARN router assigns the IP address and subnet mask to any
serial interface that receives a BootP response.
7. The AN/ANH or ARN router stores these IP addresses, along with the IP
address of the next-hop router, in RAM.
If more than one serial interface receives a BootP response, the AN/ANH or
ARN router assigns an IP address to each interface.
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Understanding Tools and Options
Obtaining the Kernel and Configuration Files
With a known IP address, an AN/ANH and ARN router can obtain its
operating-system kernel and configuration files over the network. The procedure
is the same for EZ-Install, Netboot, and Directed Netboot.
1. The router sends a BootP request for the path names of the startup files.
The router issues the request simultaneously through all serial (COM),
Ethernet, and token ring (ARN only) interfaces that have IP addresses. The
router issues this request periodically for approximately 3 minutes, regardless
of whether a cable is connected.
2. A BootP server responds to the router’s request with the directory path names
(Figure 1-3).
AN/ANH/ARN
BOOTP
server
Pathnames
Upstream router
Corporate backbone
Key
BOOTP request
BOOTP response
NPA0003A
Figure 1-3.
Obtaining the Path Names of the Kernel and Configuration Files
The first router interface that processes the BootP response acts as the TFTP
client in the remaining steps.
3. The router stops sending BootP requests.
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4. The router sends a TFTP request for the configuration file.
5. The BootP server uses TFTP to transfer the configuration file (Figure 1-4).
AN/ANH/ARN
Configuration file
Corporate backbone
Upstream router
BOOTP server
BOOTP response
Key
TFTP request
TFTP transfer
Figure 1-4.
Obtaining the Configuration File
6. The router sends a TFTP request for the kernel file.
7. The BootP server uses TFTP to transfer the kernel file (Figure 1-5).
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AN/ANH/ARN
Kernel
Corporate backbone
Upstream router
BOOTP server
Key
TFTP request
TFTP transfer
NPA0005A
Figure 1-5.
Obtaining the Kernel File
8. The router boots the kernel.
9. The router uses TFTP to obtain application and string files as it needs them.
configuration file.
The AN/ANH, or ARN router can continue to request files, even after it begins
bridging and routing traffic.
If a failure occurs in steps 1 through 8, the AN/ANH or ARN router attempts to
boot locally.
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Local Boot Process
When the AN/ANH and ARN routers boot locally, they read the kernel,
application, and string files embedded in the an.exe or arn.exe software image file
on the local PCMCIA flash memory card.
When you use Local Boot as the initial boot option, you boot a default (generic)
configuration file. You must then run the Quick-Start installation script to
customize the default configuration file. Running the installation script establishes
an IP network interface between the router and a Site Manager workstation
(Figure 1-6).
IP address = 192.32.10.12
Corporate IP network
Site Manager
workstation
AN/ANH/ARN
ASCII console or PC
Ethernet port
Console port
IP address = 192.32.156.7
Subnet mask = 255.255.255.0
NPA0006A.EPS
Figure 1-6.
Establishing an IP Network Interface
Appendix C briefly describes the procedure for customizing the default
configuration file, provides worksheets for preparing to run the procedure, and
explains how to begin the Quick-Start installation script.
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Understanding Tools and Options
Preparing for the Initial Startup
The first time you turn on an AN/ANH or ARN router, it begins a startup
procedure to obtain the files it needs to operate routinely over the network. For the
procedure to be successful, you must first complete the following tasks:
•
Select the initial startup option (see the next section,“Selecting the Initial
Startup Option”)
•
•
Set up the network to support the startup option (see Chapter 3)
For options other than EZ-Install, configure the router for the startup option
(see Chapter 4)
•
•
Provide a tailored configuration file for the router (see “Providing a Tailored
Configuration File” on page 1-15)
Coordinate the initial startup with a person at the router site
The person at the router site installs the hardware and cables, and then
initiates the appropriate startup option. The router hardware installation guide
explains these tasks in detail.
Note: As an alternative to another person performing the initial startup at the
AN/ANH or ARN router site, you can perform these tasks using a modem
connection.
Selecting the Initial Startup Option
By default, the EZ-Install procedure begins when you turn on an AN/ANH or
ARN routers router. You can change the initial startup option to Local Boot or
Netboot.
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This section reviews the options for initial startup and lists the requirements for
each startup option. “Selecting the Routine Startup Option” on page 1-16 provides
similar information for routine operation. “Steps for Completing Startup Options”
on page 1-18 describes the procedure for configuring a startup option.
Note: Even if you use the default option, EZ-Install, Nortel Networks strongly
recommends that you connect a modem or a console to an AN/ANH or ARN
router for initial startup. With a console connection, you can issue commands
to the router and display messages. This is very useful if you have network
problems after installation.
EZ-Install
EZ-Install is the easiest option for the person at the router site to perform, because
AN/ANH and ARN routers automatically begin the procedure at startup, and the
network automatically supplies the IP address and configuration file.
The EZ-Install procedure requires the following at initial startup:
•
A communications link between the AN/ANH or ARN router and an
upstream router over an HDLC or frame relay interface
•
A BootP server that contains a customized configuration file for the AN/ANH
or ARN router
If EZ-Install fails in an initial startup attempt, one of the following occurs:
•
An AN or ANH router attempts to boot once using the Local Boot option. If
both boot attempts fail, you must troubleshoot the problem and reboot the
router as described in Appendix B.
•
An ARN router first tries to local boot, and then tries to netboot. The ARN
continuously attempts to local boot and netboot until it boots successfully, you
turn off the ARN, or you interrupt the process in one of the following ways:
-- Press the Reset button on the ARN back panel
-- Type the [Control]-c break sequence at the management console
Local Boot
The Local Boot procedure requires the following at initial startup:
•
An installed PCMCIA flash memory card that contains the software image
file and a generic configuration file
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•
A local console or modem connection with the AN/ANH or ARN router
When you use Local Boot as the initial boot option, the Site Manager connection
is not yet in place. AN/ANH and ARN routers boot using the generic
configuration file; then, you must run the Quick-Start installation script to
customize the configuration file and save it locally (see Figure 1-6 on page 1-12).
See the description of the Quick-Start installation procedure in Appendix C.
Netboot
The Netboot procedure requires the following at initial startup:
•
A communications link between the AN/ANH or ARN router and an
upstream router over an Ethernet, HDLC, frame relay, or token ring (ARN
only) interface
•
•
A local console or modem connection with the AN/ANH or ARN router
A BootP server that contains the software image file (arn.exe for the ARN or
an.exe for the AN/ANH) or a network configuration file (config) customized
for the AN/ANH or ARN router
•
An IP address assigned to the AN/ANH or ARN router’s boot interface
Providing a Tailored Configuration File
Since AN/ANH and ARN routers ship with a generic configuration file on the
PCMCIA flash memory card, you must tailor that file to your network before a
router can bridge and route traffic.
You can provide the AN/ANH and ARN routers with a tailored configuration file
during the initial startup in one of the following ways:
•
Place a tailored configuration file on the server for the router to download
during EZ-Install or another netboot procedure.
See “Preparing Configuration and Image Files” in Chapter 3 for information
about creating a tailored configuration file.
•
Allow the router to start using the generic configuration file during a Local
Boot procedure; then, use the Technician Interface Quick-Start installation
script to configure one or more interfaces for IP so that the router can connect
to Site Manager (or another network management tool).
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The Quick-Start procedure initially tailors the default configuration file; use
Site Manager to complete the configuration. See Appendix C for more
information.
Selecting the Routine Startup Option
This section provides information to help you select the boot configuration for
routine startup operations.
Recommendations
Nortel Networks recommends that you do the following:
•
Maintain the complete software image file (an.exe or arn.exe) on the local file
system at all times, in case the network connection to the BootP server goes
down and the router needs to use Local Boot for startup.
•
Set up the network to support Netboot even if you plan to use the Local Boot
option. With the network set up to support Netboot, you can boot the router
over the network for some procedures and boot it locally for others.
Netboot
Netboot takes longer than the other startup options, but has many benefits.
Note: Over a low-speed WAN, or after configuring AN/ANH and ARN
routers to run several protocols, netbooting can take up to 15 minutes. It takes
less time to netboot only the kernel file or configuration file.
Using Netboot for routine startups allows you to:
•
Manage software image and configuration files from a remote location by
storing them on the BootP server
This option greatly simplifies the management of remote routers by allowing
you to keep the startup files up-to-date in a single location -- the BootP server.
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Minimize the need to maintain the router’s local file system
•
•
•
When the an AN/ANH or ARN router obtains files from a BootP server, it
stores them in memory, not in its file system, reducing the need for frequent
file-system compactions. (See Using Technician Interface Software or
Configuring and Managing Routers Using Site Manager to learn about
compacting a file system.)
Restore a corrupted file system
The router’s file system resides on an installed flash memory card. With
Netboot enabled, the AN/ANH or ARN router can still boot over the network
if the local files become corrupted. (When the router reboots due to a reset or
power loss, it automatically boots the configuration and image files over the
network if it cannot find intact files locally.)
Obtain application and string files from the BootP server as the router needs
them
Obtaining these files individually, rather than obtaining the entire an.exe or
arn.exe file, reduces line costs and the use of flash memory space.
The Netboot procedure requires the following at initial startup:
•
A communications link between the AN/ANH or ARN router and an
upstream router over an Ethernet, HDLC, frame relay, or token ring (ARN
only) interface
•
•
A local console or modem connection with the AN/ANH or ARN router
A BootP server that contains the operating-system kernel (krnl_arn.exe for the
ARN or krnl_an.exe for the AN/ANH) or a network configuration file
customized for the AN/ANH or ARN router
•
An IP address assigned to the AN/ANH or ARN router boot interface
Directed Netboot
The Directed Netboot procedure requires the following at initial startup:
•
A communications link between the AN/ANH or ARN router and an
upstream router over an Ethernet, HDLC, frame relay, or token ring (ARN
only) interface
•
A local console or modem connection with the AN/ANH or ARN router
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A TFTP server that contains the kernel file (krnl_arn.exe for the ARN or
•
krnl_an.exe for the AN/ANH) or a network configuration file customized for
the AN/ANH or ARN router
Compared with Netboot, Directed Netboot offers the following advantages:
•
•
Creates less network traffic
Is generally faster
Directed Netboot is usually reserved for starting AN/ANH and ARN routers after
the initial startup because you need to know the exact location of the startup files.
During Directed Netboot, AN/ANH and ARN routers transfer files from a TFTP
server directly, bypassing negotiation with a BootP server for the IP address and
path names of the startup files.
Local Boot
Local-booting the startup files for routine startups allows you to:
•
Minimize the time it takes the router to boot
In most configurations, however, the difference between the two options is
only a few seconds. Typically, local-booting takes two to three minutes.
•
Minimize line usage
Obtaining files locally prevents an increase in network traffic during the
startup process.
When you choose the Local Boot option for routine startups, AN/ANH and ARN
routers read the IP addresses from the local configuration file and assign them to
the appropriate interfaces.
Steps for Completing Startup Options
This section summarizes the steps for completing these startup options:
EZ-Install
Netboot
•
•
•
•
Directed Netboot
Local Boot
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Understanding Tools and Options
You can use Netboot for some procedures and Local Boot for others, provided you
have set up the network to support Netboot.
Note: To boot an AN/ANH or ARN router over the network, all routers in the
path to the BootP server must be running BayRS Version 7.60 or later.
EZ-Install
Complete the following steps for the EZ-Install option:
1. Use the Configuration Manager in local mode to create a complete
Managing Routers with Site Manager.)
2. Set up a UNIX workstation on the network to support BootP. (See Chapter 2.)
3. Create a BootP client on the upstream router to support automated addressing,
and configure all routers between the BootP server and the AN/ANH or ARN
router as BootP relay agents. (See Chapter 3.)
4. Ensure that there is a network connection from a synchronous interface on the
AN/ANH or ARN router to the upstream router.
Note: If the AN/ANH or ARN router will connect to the upstream router over
a frame relay circuit, ensure that the upstream router is running BayRS Version
7.80 or later.
5. A person at the AN/ANH or ARN router site installs and turns on the router.
(See the model-specific hardware installation guide.)
The AN/ANH or ARN router obtains a software image from its local file
system, an IP address from the upstream router, and the customized
configuration file from the BootP server. (“The Boot Process” on page 1-5
describes this process; no action is required.)
If the configuration file meets your network requirements, the AN/ANH or
ARN router starts bridging and routing traffic.
6. Use the Site Manager Statistics Manager and Events Manager tools to verify
that the AN/ANH or ARN router is routing traffic as specified in the
configuration file. (See Configuring and Managing Routers with Site
Manager.)
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Netboot
Complete the following steps for the Netboot option:
configuration file for the AN/ANH or ARN router. (See Chapter 3 and
Configuring and Managing Routers with Site Manager.)
2. Set up a UNIX workstation on the network to support BootP. (See Chapter 2.)
3. Use Site Manager to enable BootP on each router interface between the router
and the BootP server. (See Chapter 3.)
4. Ensure that there is a network connection from a synchronous, Ethernet, or
token ring (ARN only) interface on the AN/ANH or ARN router to the
upstream router.
a frame relay circuit, ensure that the upstream router is running BayRS Version
7.71 or later.
5. Install the kernel and application files in the BootP server’s file system, and
make sure that they reside in the same directory. (See Chapter 2.)
Interface session, or you establish a session using a modem. (See the hardware
installation guide.)
7. The person at the AN/ANH or ARN router console uses the bconfig and
ifconfig commands to configure a synchronous, Ethernet, or token ring (ARN
only) interface. (See Chapter 4 and the hardware installation guide.)
8. The person at the AN/ANH or ARN router site boots the router. (See the
hardware installation guide.)
After the AN/ANH or ARN router boots, it obtains at least one startup file
from the BootP server. If the configuration file meets your network
requirements, the router starts bridging and routing traffic.
9. Use the Site Manager Statistics Manager and Events Manager tools to verify
that the AN/ANH or ARN router is routing traffic as specified in the
configuration file. (See Configuring and Managing Routers with Site
Manager.)
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Directed Netboot
Complete the following steps for the Directed Netboot option:
configuration file for the AN/ANH or ARN router. (See Chapter 3 and
Configuring and Managing Routers with Site Manager.)
2. Set up a network server to support TFTP. (See Chapter 2.)
3. Install the router image and/or configuration files in the TFTP server’s file
system. (See Chapter 2.)
4. Ensure that there is a network connection from a synchronous, Ethernet, or
token ring (ARN only) interface on the AN/ANH or ARN router to the
upstream router.
Note: If the AN/ANH or ARN router will connect to the upstream router over
a frame relay circuit, ensure that the upstream router is running BayRS Version
8.00 or later.
Interface session, or you establish a session using a modem. (See the hardware
installation guide.)
6. The person at the AN/ANH or ARN router console uses the bconfig and
ifconfig commands to configure a synchronous, Ethernet, or token ring (ARN
only) interface. (See Chapter 4 and the hardware installation guide.)
7. The person at the AN/ANH or ARN router site boots the router. (See the
hardware installation guide.)
The AN/ANH or ARN router obtains one or more startup files from the TFTP
server. If the configuration file meets your network requirements, the router
starts bridging and routing traffic.
8. Use the Site Manager Statistics Manager and Events Manager tools to verify
that the AN/ANH or ARN router is routing traffic as specified in the
configuration file. (See Configuring and Managing Routers with Site
Manager.)
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Local Boot
Complete the following steps for the Local Boot option:
1. Complete the Quick-Start configuration worksheets. (See Appendix C.)
Interface session, or you establish a session using a modem. (See the hardware
installation guide.)
information in the configuration worksheets. The hardware installation guide
contains duplicate worksheets. (See Appendix C.)
AN/ANH and inst_arn.bat for the ARN), using the information provided in
the worksheets you completed in step 1. (See Appendix C and your hardware
installation guide.)
4. The installation script records the responses in a configuration file.
(See Appendix C and your hardware installation guide.)
If the configuration file meets your network requirements, the router starts
bridging and routing traffic.
5. Use the Site Manager Statistics Manager and Events Manager tools to verify
that the AN/ANH or ARN router is routing traffic as specified in the
configuration file. (See Configuring and Managing Routers with Site
Manager.)
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Chapter 2
Setting Up a UNIX Boot Server
To support network booting, you need to set up a UNIX workstation on the
UNIX workstation to prepare AN/ANH and ARN routers for booting over the
network.
Topic
Page
Setting Up a BootP Server
Setting Up a TFTP Server
What to Do Next
2-2
2-9
2-13
When AN/ANH and ARN routers boot over the network, they obtain one or more
of its startup files from a UNIX server. When AN/ANH and ARN routers use
EZ-Install or Netboot, the server supplies startup file path names using BootP. The
routers then retrieve the files using TFTP. When AN/ANH and ARN routers use
Directed Netboot, they already know the path names of the files they need and
retrieve the files directly from the server using TFTP.
configuring:
To Configure This Startup Option
Complete These Sections
EZ-Install
•
•
Setting Up a BootP Server
Setting Up a TFTP Server
Netboot
•
•
Setting Up a BootP Server
Setting Up a TFTP Server
Directed Netboot
•
Setting Up a TFTP Server
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Setting Up a BootP Server
To support EZ-Install or Netboot, AN/ANH and ARN routers need a network
connection to a BootP server. You configure a UNIX workstation as a BootP
server by:
•
•
Setting up BootP sockets
Configuring the BootP Daemon (BootPD)
Setting Up BootP Sockets
A socket is a UNIX mechanism for creating virtual connections between
operating-system and network processes. For each socket, the /etc/services file
must include a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) descriptor that provides
process-to-process addressing information.
To set up the send and receive sockets for BootP:
1. Log in to the UNIX workstation as root.
2. Use a text editor to insert the following two lines in the /etc/services file:
bootps
bootpc
67/udp
68/udp
# bootp server
# bootp client
Configuring BootPD
A daemon is an unattended process (that is, one that runs in the background). An
application typically calls a daemon to perform a standard routine or service (in
this case, BootP).
Complete the following tasks to configure BootPD on a UNIX workstation:
•
•
•
On Sun workstations, copy the BootPD program to the /etc directory.
Set up BootPD to run.
Set up BootPD to respond to AN/ANH and ARN routers.
Copying BootPD on Sun Workstations
Depending on the operating system you use, Nortel Networks may or may not
ship BootPD with the Site Manager package.
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Setting Up a UNIX Boot Server
The AIX and HP-UX operating systems include BootPD. SunOS and Solaris do
not include BootPD, so Site Manager automatically installs BootPD on Sun
workstations running these operating systems.
Copy the bootpd file to the /etc directory as follows:
1. Log in to the UNIX workstation as root.
2. Enter the following command:
cp /usr/wf/bin/bootpd /etc
Setting Up BootPD to Run
To configure your workstation to run BootPD when it receives a BootP request
packet:
1. As root, use a text editor to open the /etc/inetd.conf file.
2. Make sure that no other line in the file begins with bootps.
If there is such a line, your workstation is already configured as a BootP
server. Comment out this line by typing a pound sign (#) at the beginning of
the line so that the server will use the BootPD program that you specify in the
next step.
3. Insert the following line anywhere in the file to configure your
workstation as a BootP server:
bootps dgram udp wait root /etc/bootpd bootpd
4. Save and exit the file.
Setting Up BootPD to Respond to AN/ANH and ARN Routers
When the operating system receives a BootP request packet, it starts BootPD.
BootPD matches the source IP address of the packet to an IP address in its BootP
table (bootptab file) to determine the path names of the requested startup files.
Note: The bootptab file can include the same path name for all booting
routers, or a different path name for each IP address.
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Entries in bootptab also include optional parameter tags. Nortel Networks
supplies a sample bootptab file that Site Manager installs automatically in the /
usr/wf/config directory. Use a copy of this sample file if you do not already have a
bootptab file.
To set up BootPD to respond to booting routers:
1. As root, view the contents of the /etc directory to determine if it already
contains a bootptab file.
If it does contain a bootptab file, skip steps 2 and 3 and proceed to step 4 to
edit this file.
2. Enter the following command to copy the bootptab file to the /etc
directory:
cp /usr/wf/config/bootptab /etc
3. Use a text editor to open the bootptab file in the /etc directory.
4. In the bootptab file, type the information that pertains to the AN/ANH
and ARN routers in your network.
The section that follows explains how to format your entries. Use Tables 2-1
and 2-2 to determine which tags and values you need. Figure 2-1 shows the
sample bootptab file included with the Site Manager software. The comments
in this file explain the sample definitions.
5. Save the bootptab file changes.
Note: The bootptab file must reside in the /etc directory. BootPD fails if it
cannot find the bootptab file in /etc.
Editing the bootptab File
Specify a hostname definition in the bootptab file for each AN/ANH or ARN
router in your network. The format of each definition in the bootptab file is as
follows:
<hostname>:\
:<tg>=<value>:\
:<tg>=<value>:\
:<tg>=<value>:
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•
•
hostname is a name you assign to a BootP client (each AN/ANH or ARN
router is a client). Each hostname definition must:
-- Contain a maximum of 79 characters
-- Contain alphanumeric characters, and an alphabetic first character
-- Not contain an underscore (_)
You can use a dot (.) to separate characters, but the character immediately
following the dot must be alphabetic.
•
•
•
•
tg is a BootP parameter name (tag).
Follow each tag with an equals sign (=) and a value.
A pound sign (#) at the beginning of a line indicates a comment.
A backslash (\) at the end of a line indicates continuation of the line.
Note: Make sure you type a backslash (\), not a slash (/), at the end of each
line that does not conclude a definition.
Table 2-1 lists the BootPD tags for router host names. Table 2-2 lists the BootPD
tags for kernel file names.
Table 2-1.
BootPD Tags for a Router Host Name
Required or
Optional
Tag
Value
Example
ip
Required
Optional
Required
IP address -- the host IP address ip=192.32.5.2
of the router
sm
Subnet mask -- the host subnet
mask of the router
sm=255.255.255.0
T129
Path name of the router
configuration file. The maximum
length is 49 characters.
T129="/usr/cfg/
an_Bost.cfg"
T130
Required
Size of the router configuration file T130=0x0004
in 512-byte blocks. This tag
determines how much memory the
router allocates for the file. Set this
tag to 0x0004.
(continued)
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Table 2-1. BootPD Tags for a Router Host Name (continued)
Required or
Tag
Optional
Value
Example
tc
Optional
Table continuation -- a pointer to
another location in the same file
for additional information. This tag
points to information that is
common to all routers that use
BootPD. If the information
tc=general
contradicts information in a
specific host-name definition,
BootPD uses the information in
that definition.
Table 2-2.
BootPD Tags for a Kernel File Name
Required
or Optional
Tag
Value
Example
hd
Required
Home directory -- the directory on hd=/$HOME/.builder_dir/
the workstation containing the
kernel files. By default, the Image
Builder writes its files to the
rel120/an
directory specified in the example.
The rel<number> directory
contains the current BayRS
release. If you change the default
or move the files to another
directory, specify that directory.
bf
Required
Required
Boot file -- the name of the kernel bf=krnl_an.exe
file.
bs
Boot size -- the size of the kernel bs=auto
file in 512-byte blocks. If you
specify auto as the size, the BootP
server calculates the size of the
file for each BootP request.
(continued)
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Setting Up a UNIX Boot Server
BootPD Tags for a Kernel File Name (continued)
Required
Table 2-2.
Tag
or Optional
Value
Example
vm
Required
Vendor magic cookie selector --
the BootP server should always
reply in a manner compliant with
RFC 1048. You must specify
rfc1048 for this tag in order for the
router to understand the BootP
responses it receives.
vm=rfc1048
The sample bootptab file shown in Figure 2-1 enables two ANs (named
AN.Boston and AN.Chicago) to boot over the network. Use the basic format
shown in Figure 2-1 to set up your own bootptab file.
Verifying Consistent BootP Service
You may want to configure a second workstation as a BootP server for backup
purposes. If you do so, make sure that the two bootptab files are identical. Also,
make sure that the kernel, application, and string files are from the same BayRS
version.
# This file contains the default specification for the boot
# image file to be used by all ANs.
# "general" contains information that is common to all ANs
# that need to boot via BOOTP. You can use any word in place
# of "general."
general:\
# "hd" specifies that /$HOME/.builder_dir/rel900/an is the
# directory on the workstation where the boot files are
# located. By default, the Image Builder writes its files to
# this directory. If you are using a router software version
# later than 8.00, add the associated three digits to the end
# of the "rel" directory name. If you moved the files to
# another directory, specify that directory.
:hd=/$HOME/.builder_dir/rel812/an:\
# "bf" specifies that the name of the boot image kernel file
# is krnl_an.exe.
:bf=krnl_an.exe:\ (continued)
Figure 2-1.
Sample bootptab File
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# "bs" indicates the size of the boot file. If you specify
# "auto" as the size, the BOOTP server calculates the size of
# the file for each BOOTP request.
:bs=auto:\
# "vm" indicates that the BOOTP server should always reply in
# a manner compliant with RFC 1048. You must enter rfc1048
# for this tag so that the AN can understand the BOOTP
# responses it receives.
:vm=rfc1048:
# This line marks the beginning of the active definition for
# the AN we are naming "AN.Boston."
AN.Boston:\
# "ip" indicates the IP address of the AN.
:ip=192.32.5.2:\
# "T130" indicates the size of the AN’s configuration file in
# 512-byte blocks. Always use 0x0004.
:T130=0x0004:\
# "T129" indicates the pathname of the configuration file
# for the AN.
:T129="/usr1/cfg/AN_Bost.cfg":\
# "tc" indicates that the "general" definition contains more
# information that applies to BOOTP transmissions to
# "AN.Boston."
:tc=general:
# This is the active definition for the AN we are naming
# "AN.Chicago."
AN.Chicago:\
:ip=10.0.0.4:\
:T130=0x0004:\
:T129="/rte3/cfg/AN_Chic.cfg":\
:tc=general:
Figure 2-1.
Sample bootptab File (continued)
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Setting Up a UNIX Boot Server
Setting Up a TFTP Server
AN/ANH and ARN routers need a network connection to a TFTP server to
complete EZ-Install, Netboot, or Directed Netboot. You configure a UNIX
workstation as a TFTP server by:
•
•
•
Setting up the TFTP daemon (TFTPD) to provide TFTP access
Setting up static routes to AN/ANH and ARN routers (optional)
Loading the changes into memory
Setting Up TFTPD
When you set up the TFTPD server on a UNIX workstation, you can allow TFTP
access to the root directory and any subdirectory, or restrict TFTP access to a
specified directory or path name.
Allowing TFTP access to all directories is the simpler procedure. Specifying a
directory provides security, but requires either keeping the startup files in the
specified directory or creating a link to each path name.
Providing TFTP Access to All Directories
To provide TFTP access to files in the root (/) directory and all subdirectories,
insert the appropriate line for your operating system in the /etc/inetd.conf file.
Find the sample line for your operating system in Table 2-3.
Table 2-3.
Providing TFTP Access to All Directories
Operating
System
Sample Line to Insert in /etc/inetd.conf File, or Other Instruction
SunOS
Solaris
HP-UX
AIX
tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/etc/in.tftpd in.tftpd -s /
tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/in.tftpd in.tftpd -s /
tftp dgram udp wait root /etc/tftp tftp
Use the System Management Interface Tool (SMIT) to configure TFTP. For
instructions, see the IBM guides on TCP/IP daemons and TFTP.
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Restricting TFTP Access to Specified Directories
To restrict TFTP access to a specific directory:
1. Log in to your UNIX workstation as root.
2. Insert the appropriate line in the /etc/inetd.conf file.
The examples in Table 2-4 restrict access to the /tftpboot directory. You can
substitute any directory you want.
Table 2-4.
Restricting TFTP Access to Specified Directories
Operating
System
Sample Line to Insert in /etc/inetd.conf File, or Other Instruction
SunOS
tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/etc/in.tftpd in.tftpd -s
/tftpboot
Solaris
tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/in.tftpd in.tftpd
-s /tftpboot
HP-UX
AIX
tftp dgram udp wait root /etc/tftp tftp -s /tftpboot
Use the System Management Interface Tool (SMIT) to configure TFTP.
For instructions, see the IBM guides on TCP/IP daemons and TFTP.
3. Create a symbolic link in the specified directory for every startup file
path name.
For example, to set up symbolic links in the /tftpboot directory:
a. Enter the following command to move to the /tftpboot directory:
cd tftpboot
Note: Do not insert a slash (/) in the cd tftpboot command. A symbolic link
cannot contain references to directories above the directory specified in the
tftpd command line.
b. Enter the following commands to create symbolic links:
ln -s . usr
ln -s . tftpboot
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Setting Up a UNIX Boot Server
Adding a TFTP User for an HP 9000 Workstation
Follow the instructions in this section only if you are running Site Manager on an
HP 9000 workstation.
To add a TFTP user for the HP 9000, insert the following line in your /etc/passwd
file. Nortel Networks recommends that you use root (/) as the TFTP home
directory.
tftp::<user_id>:<group_no.>::/:/bin/false
For example:
tftp::510:20::/:/bin/false
Note: Nortel Networks recommends that you not use the System
Administration Manager (SAM) utility to add a TFTP user.
Setting Up Static Routes to Next-Hop Routers
If your workstation requires static routes, read this section to learn how to specify
a path to the network by:
•
•
•
Editing the /etc/inetd.conf file
Verifying the routes
Loading the changes into memory
You must set up a static route for each path between the AN/ANH or ARN router
and the BootP server’s next-hop router.
Note: You may want to specify a static route in a multihop environment or in
an environment using routing protocols such as RIP, where minor routing
update delays may extend the time it takes to Netboot.
Editing the /etc/inetd.conf File
Insert the following line in the /etc/inetd.conf file to set up a static route:
route add <destination> <gateway> <hops>
destination is the IP address of the router or its network.
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gateway is the IP address of the network destination to which packets will be
addressed.
hops is the number of hops to the network destination.
Verifying the Routes
After adding a static route for each path to an AN/ANH or ARN router, enter the
following command to display the routing table and verify the routes you added:
netstat -r
Loading the Changes into Memory
Once you modify the /etc/inetd.conf file, you must force the operating system to
reread it by rebooting the workstation or by issuing a hang-up signal.
In most cases, reboot the workstation. Issue a hang-up signal if the workstation is
performing a task that you do not want to interrupt.
Rebooting Your Workstation
To reboot your workstation:
1. Log in as root.
2. Enter the following command (the -r flag reboots the workstation):
/etc/shutdown now -r
Issuing a Hang-Up Signal
To issue a hang-up signal:
1. Log in as root.
2. Enter the following command to hang up on the inetd process:
ps -aux | grep inetd
The system displays a line similar to this one:
root 148 0.0 0.0 48
0 ? IW Sept 14 0:07 inetd
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Setting Up a UNIX Boot Server
3. Enter the following command, using the first number in the line after the
word root(in this case, 148):
kill -1 148
What to Do Next
Before you can netboot the AN/ANH or ARN router, complete the steps in
Chapter 3.
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Chapter 3
Configuring Netboot Services with Site Manager
This chapter describes how to use Site Manager to configure netboot services for
Topic
Page
Preparing Configuration and Image Files
Enabling Netboot or Directed Netboot
3-2
3-6
Adding a Netboot or Directed Netboot Interface
Configuring a Netboot or Directed Netboot Interface
Setting Up Routing Paths for Netboot
3-8
3-9
3-10
3-14
Creating the BootP Client Interface Table
Complete the appropriate sections of this chapter for the startup option you are
configuring:
To Configure This Startup
Option
Complete These Sections
EZ-Install (default)
•
EZ-Install over Frame Relay
PVC in group-access mode
•
•
Netboot
•
•
•
•
Enabling Netboot or Directed Netboot
Adding a Netboot or Directed Netboot Interface
Configuring a Netboot or Directed Netboot Interface
Setting Up Routing Paths for Netboot
Directed Netboot
•
•
•
Enabling Netboot or Directed Netboot
Adding a Netboot or Directed Netboot Interface
Configuring a Netboot or Directed Netboot Interface
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Preparing Configuration and Image Files
AN/ANH and ARN routers ship with a flash memory card that contains a default
(generic) configuration file and the an.exe or arn.exe router software image. For
the AN/ANH and ARN routers in your network, you must create:
•
•
A unique configuration file for each netbooting router
A uniform software image for all netbooting routers
Creating Configuration Files
To prepare network configuration files:
1. Use the Configuration Manager in local mode to create a configuration
file for each router.
For instructions, see Configuring and Managing Routers with Site Manager.
Also, see the following:
•
Table 3-1 for the Site Manager module name to use when creating a
configuration file for AN routers
•
Tables 3-2 through 3-4 for the module names to use when creating a
configuration file for ARN routers.
Note: For ARN routers, you choose base, expansion, and adapter modules
separately.
Site Manager identifies AN and ANH routers with module names that use
mnemonic abbreviations for each of the router’s connectors. For example, the
module name E/T/2S identifies an AN with one Ethernet, one token ring, and two
serial interfaces. The module name 8ptEHub/3S/N11 DCM identifies an 8-port
ANH with a third serial interface and an RMON data collection module (DCM)
installed.
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Configuring Netboot Services with Site Manager
Table 3-1 lists the mnemonics used in AN and ANH module names.
Table 3-1. Configuration Manager Module Names for AN and ANH
Module Name Mnemonic
Connector Type
E
Ethernet
T
Token ring
2S
Two serial
3S
Three serial
BRI-S
BRI-U
BRI-S+
BRI-U
N11 DCM
CSU_DSU
FT1
ISDN BRI with S/T interface
ISDN BRI with U interface
ISDN BRI S/T interface, floating B-channel
ISDN BRI U interface, floating B-channel
RMON data collection module
56/64K DSU/CSU
T1/Fractional T1
FE1
E1/Fractional E1
8pt EHub
12pt EHub
8-port Ethernet hub
12-port Ethernet hub
For ARN routers, you choose base, expansion, and adapter modules separately.
Table 3-2 lists the base module (system board) options for ARN routers. An ARN
can have only one base module.
Table 3-2.
ARN Base Module Configurations
Base Module
Site Manager Module Name
Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet with DCM
Token Ring
Ethernet/DCM
Token Ring
100 Base-T Ethernet
10/100BASE-TX Ethernet
100BASE-FX Ethernet
100 Base-FX Ethernet
(fiber)
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Table 3-3 lists the optional expansion modules available for an ARN. An
expansion module is a parallel daughterboard installed on the base module. The
ARN base module supports only one expansion module.
Table 3-3.
ARN Expansion Module Configurations
Expansion Module
Site Manager Module Name
Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet with DCM
Token Ring
Ethernet/DCM
Token Ring
Tri-Serial
TRI Serial
Ethernet/Tri-Serial
Ethernet/Tri-Serial with DCM
Token Ring/Tri-Serial
Ethernet/TRI Serial
Ethernet/TRI Serial/DCM
Token Ring/TRI Serial
Table 3-4 lists the optional adapter modules for an ARN. An adapter module is a
serial daughterboard installed in the front-panel card cage. The ARN base module
supports one or two adapter modules.
Table 3-4.
ARN Adapter Module Configurations
Site Manager Module Name
Adapter Module
Serial
Serial
ISDN BRI S/T
ISDN BRI U
ISDN ‘S/T’
ISDN ‘U’
56/64K DSU/CSU*
V.34 Modem
56/64K DSU/CSU
V34 Modem
X25 PAD
X.25 PAD
FT1/T1 DSU/CSU
FE1/E1 G703
Fractional T1
Fractional E1
* The ARN supports network booting over DSU/CSU interfaces only for the default
configuration, 56 Kb/s DDS lines. You cannot netboot over a 64 Kb/s DSU/CSU
interface.
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Configuring Netboot Services with Site Manager
2. Record the name of each configuration file and corresponding router for
later reference when configuring network boot options.
When you name configuration files, keep the following restrictions in mind:
•
Nortel Networks recommends that the operational configuration file for
each router be named config. If a router experiences a power failure, it
boots from the file named config when power returns. However, the
configuration files that you save on a BootP server for Directed Netboot
do not have to be named config because you specify the configuration file
path name (see the description of the Site Manager parameter Boot
Config Pathname on page A-3.)
•
•
Configuration file names must begin with an alphabetic character. The
remaining characters must be alphanumeric and can include an
underscore (_). You cannot use spaces.
Configuration file names can consist of 1 to 15 characters, including a
dot (.). Nortel Networks recommends that you limit file names to 8
characters to ensure that all supported operating systems can recognize
the names.
•
•
Configuration file-name extensions are optional and must follow a file
name and a dot. Nortel Networks recommends that you limit file-name
extensions to three characters.
BootP allows a maximum of 49 characters in a path name, including
slashes, file name, optional dot, and file-name extension.
3. If the BootP server and Site Manager do not reside on the same
workstation, transfer the configuration files to the BootP server.
Preparing an Image
If you want the router to automatically boot a network-based image when starting
up (using Netboot or Directed Netboot), use the Site Manager Image Builder tool.
To create the kernel, application, and string files for storage on the BootP/TFTP
server:
1. On the Site Manager workstation, open the software image file using the
Image Builder tool.
For instructions on how to use the Image Builder, see Configuring and
Managing Routers with Site Manager.
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After you open the image file, the Image Builder automatically extracts the
kernel image file, application files, and string files.
Keep the following in mind:
•
•
Be sure to choose the correct image (an.exe for an AN/ANH, or arn.exe
for an ARN). If you choose an image for another router type, you cannot
generate the correct files.
The kernel file and all of the application (.exe) files and string (.str) files
must be from the same software image file. If these files are from different
software versions, the router may fail to boot or may not operate properly.
2. If you use a different workstation as a BootP server, transfer to that
workstation all of the files in the directory that contains the kernel file.
The router cannot netboot until the kernel file is available on the BootP server.
Enabling Netboot or Directed Netboot
By default, the router obtains the software image files from its local file system
and its configuration file from a BootP server. You can use Site Manager to
display and change these settings as follows:
Site Manager Procedure
You do this
System responds
1. In the Configuration Manager window,
The Protocols menu opens.
choose Protocols.
2. Choose Global Protocols.
3. Choose Net Boot.
4. Choose Global.
The Global Protocols menu opens.
The Net Boot menu opens.
The Edit Netboot Global Parameters
window opens.
(continued)
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Configuring Netboot Services with Site Manager
Site Manager Procedure (continued)
You do this
System responds
5. Set the following parameters:
Site Manager enables Netboot if you
enable one or both of the first two
parameters.
•
•
•
•
•
Boot Image From Network
Boot Config From Network
Boot Server Address
Boot Image Pathname*
Boot Config Pathname
Site Manager enables Directed Netboot if
you enable one or both of the first two
parameters, and then specify values for
the remaining parameters.
Click on Help or refer to the parameter
descriptions beginning on page A-2.
6. Click on OK.
You return to the Configuration Manager
window.
* When you netboot a router, the value of Boot Image Pathname is the full path name of the active
image on the remote server. When you boot a router locally, the name of the active image
(wfHwEntry.wfHwActiveImageName) appears in the form <volume>:<image name>.
Note: Instead of enabling the Boot Image From Network parameter, you can
use the Router Files Manager tool to transfer an upgraded image file to the
router. To do this, delete the old image file, compact the file system, and copy
the upgraded image file to the router. To verify that the file transfer was
successful, use the Router Files Manager to confirm that the new image file on
information about the Router Files Manager, see Configuring and Managing
Routers with Site Manager.
You can also use Technician Interface commands to configure network booting, as
described in Chapter 4.
Note: Before the router can obtain files over the network, you must set up a
UNIX BootP server on the network, as described in Chapter 2.
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Adding a Netboot or Directed Netboot Interface
When you enable Netboot or Directed Netboot, you must add (and configure) at
least one AN/ANH or ARN router circuit as a Netboot interface. If you are using
EZ-Install, you do not need to configure Netboot interfaces. You can use Site
Manager to add a Netboot interface.
Site Manager Procedure
You do this
System responds
1. In the Configuration Manager window,
The Protocols menu opens.
choose Protocols.
2. Choose Global Protocols.
3. Choose Net Boot.
4. Choose Interfaces.
5. Click on Add.
The Global Protocols menu opens.
The Net Boot menu opens.
The Netboot Interfaces window opens.
The Netboot Interface window opens.
6. Set the Connector parameter.
Click on Help or refer to the parameter
description on page A-4.
7. Click on OK.
You return to the Netboot Interfaces
window, which shows the interface you
just added.
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Configuring Netboot Services with Site Manager
Configuring a Netboot or Directed Netboot Interface
You can use Site Manager to configure a Netboot or Directed Netboot interface.
Site Manager Procedure
You do this
System responds
1. In the Configuration Manager window,
The Protocols menu opens.
choose Protocols.
2. Choose Global Protocols.
3. Choose Net Boot.
The Global Protocols menu opens.
The Net Boot menu opens.
4. Choose Interfaces.
The Netboot Interfaces window opens.
5. In the scroll box, choose the interface you The window shows the parameter values
want to configure.
for that interface.
6. Set the following parameters:
•
•
•
•
•
Connector IP Address
Connector Subnet Mask
Connector Next Hop
Connector Protocol Mask
Connector State
Click on Help or refer to the parameter
descriptions beginning on page A-4.
7. Click on Apply, then click on Done.
You return to the Configuration Manager
window.
Note: If you configure more than one interface to Netboot, the first interface to
receive a reply from the BootP server will complete the Netboot process.
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Setting Up Routing Paths for Netboot
You set up the routing paths between the BootP server and the AN/ANH or ARN
router by:
•
•
•
Enabling each router interface in the paths to the routers
Creating a BootP relay agent forwarding table for each router in a path
Creating a BootP client interface table for the upstream router when the router
is on a Frame Relay PVC in group access mode
You must enable BootP relay (also called BootP pass-through or gateway) on all
interfaces in the paths between AN/ANH or ARN routers and the BootP server.
For example, you would enable BootP relay on the interfaces indicated in
Figure 3-1.
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You can use Site Manager to enable BootP relay on an interface.
Site Manager Procedure
You do this
System responds
1. In the Configuration Manager window,
click on the connector on which you want
to enable BootP relay.
The Edit Connector window opens.
2. Choose Edit Circuit.
3. Choose Protocols.
4. Choose Add.
The Circuit Definition window opens.
The Protocols menu opens.
The Select Protocols window opens.
The BOOTP menu opens.
5. Choose BOOTP.
6. Choose File.
The File menu opens.
7. Choose Exit.
You return to the Configuration Manager
window.
Creating BootP Relay Agent Forwarding Tables
You must create a BootP relay agent forwarding table for every router that passes
BootP traffic between the AN/ANH or ARN router and the BootP server.
The BootP relay agent forwarding table allows you to specify the IP interface that
receives the incoming BootP request packets, and the associated IP interface that
forwards them. You can add multiple pairs of incoming and outgoing interfaces to
support connections to multiple routers in your network.
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Configuring Netboot Services with Site Manager
You can use Site Manager to create the BootP relay agent forwarding table.
Site Manager Procedure
You do this
System responds
1. In the Configuration Manager window,
The Protocols menu opens.
choose Protocols.
2. Choose IP.
The IP menu opens.
3. Choose BOOTP.
The BOOTP menu opens.
4. Choose Relay Agent Interface Table.
The BOOTP Relay Agent Interface Table
window opens.*
5. Click on Forward I/F (interface).
The BOOTP Relay Agent Forwarding
Table window opens.
6. Click on Add.
The BOOTP Addresses window opens.
7. Set the following parameters:
•
•
Input IP Address
Output IP Address
Click on Help or refer to the parameter
descriptions beginning on page A-7.
8. Click on OK.
The BOOTP Relay Agent Forwarding
Table window lists the connector and
input IP address on the left, and the
connector and output IP address on the
right.
If you specify an IP address of an
interface that is not configured, ???
appears instead of the connector (for
example, ??? 192.32.23.3). If you
configure the IP address, Site Manager
displays the appropriate connector.
9. Click on Done.
You return to the BOOTP Relay Agent
Interface Table window.
* Click on Help or see Configuring SNMP, BootP, and DHCP Services for a description of the
parameters in the BOOTP Relay Agent Interface Table window. Make sure that the Timeout Secs.
parameter is set to the default, 0.
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Creating the BootP Client Interface Table
The upstream router is the booting router’s next-hop router. By default, the
booting router’s synchronous interfaces automatically try to obtain IP addresses
from the upstream router. This is the EZ-Install process.
If the AN/ANH or ARN router using EZ-Install obtains its address from the
upstream router, and the upstream router’s interface to the AN/ANH or ARN
router is a Frame Relay PVC in group access mode, you must use Site Manager to
connect to the upstream router and create a BootP client interface table (in
addition to a BootP relay agent forwarding table).
Note: You do not need to create a BootP client interface table if the Frame
Relay PVC is configured to operate in direct access mode, or if the circuit is
configured to operate with Nortel Networks Standard PPP (HDLC
encapsulation).
The BootP client interface table allows you to specify and pair the IP address of
the AN/ANH or ARN router with the DLCI of the Frame Relay group access
PVC.
Note: If you are using EZ-Install over Frame Relay, you can have up to 20
PVCs for a single Frame Relay interface on the upstream router. If you have
more than 20 PVCs on the Frame Relay interface, the EZ-Install process may
fail. To ensure that the process does not fail, configure a maximum of 20 PVCs
for a Frame Relay interface.
For more information about the DLCI and Frame Relay, see Configuring Frame
Relay Services.
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Configuring Netboot Services with Site Manager
You can use Site Manager to create the BootP client interface table.
Site Manager Procedure
You do this
System responds
1. In the Configuration Manager window,
The Protocols menu opens.
choose Protocols.
2. Choose IP.
The IP menu opens.
3. Choose BOOTP.
The BOOTP menu opens.
4. Choose Relay Agent Interface Table.
The BOOTP Relay Agent Interface Table
window opens.*
5. Click on Client I/F (interface).
6. Click on Add.
The BOOTP Client Interface Table
window opens.
The BOOTP Client Interface Address
window opens.
7. Set the following parameters:
•
•
IP Address
DLCI Number
Click on Help or refer to the parameter
descriptions beginning on page A-8.
8. Click on OK.
The BOOTP Client Interface Table
window lists the client IP interface and the
DLCI number you added.
9. Click on Done.
You return to the BOOTP Relay Agent
Interface Table window.
* Click on Help or see Configuring SNMP, BootP, and DHCP Services for a description of the
parameters in the BOOTP Relay Agent Interface Table window. Make sure that the Timeout Secs.
parameter is set to the default, 0.
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Chapter 4
Configuring Netboot Client Services
This chapter describes how to enable AN/ANH or ARN routers for netboot startup
Topic
Page
Using Netboot Configuration Commands
Setting the Boot Configuration
Setting the Netboot Interface Configuration
Verifying Your Configuration
4-2
4-3
4-5
4-10
4-11
What to Do Next
First, read “Using Netboot Configuration Commands” on page 4-2 for
site or accessing a router command line. Then, complete the appropriate sections
For This Startup Configuration
Complete These Sections
Netboot or Directed Netboot over a
serial interface
•
•
Setting the Boot Configuration
Configuring a Serial Interface for Network
Booting
Netboot or Directed Netboot over an
Ethernet interface
•
•
Setting the Boot Configuration
Configuring an Ethernet Interface for Network
Booting
Netboot or Directed Netboot of an
ARN over a token ring interface
•
•
Setting the Boot Configuration
Configuring an ARN Token Ring Interface for
Network Booting
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Using Netboot Configuration Commands
This chapter provides instructions for using the ifconfig, bconfig, and getcfg
commands to configure Netboot and Directed Netboot.
If you are not configuring the router yourself, you can determine the appropriate
syntax for these commands and provide the person at the router site with the exact
command lines to use.
To access a router command line, you need a management console connection to
the router. With a terminal or modem console connection, you can view router
diagnostic messages and use the ifconfig and bconfig commands to configure
Netboot and Directed Netboot. You use getcfg to verify a configuration.
To display a command-line login prompt, you can do one of the following:
•
•
Wait for the router to local-boot (that is, wait for EZ-Install to fail).
Interrupt the startup process by issuing a break sequence. This automatically
starts the AN Monitor, a firmware diagnostics monitor for routers.
Note: Be sure to issue the break sequence before EZ-Install completes.
The break sequence depends on the management console you are using. Some
terminals have specific break keys; others require a specific key sequence to
issue a break (for example, [Control]-c or ~ #). See the documentation for
your terminal or PC terminal emulator for the correct break sequence.
To log in to either the AN Monitor or the Technician Interface, enter Manager at
the login prompt.
The Technician Interface or AN Monitor command-line prompt appears. Proceed
to the appropriate section:
•
•
Setting the Boot Configuration
Setting the Netboot Interface Configuration
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Configuring Netboot Client Services
Setting the Boot Configuration
This section describes how to use the bconfig command to configure a netboot
option at the Technician Interface or AN Monitor command-line prompt.
•
For Netboot, you use bconfig to specify the network location of a
configuration file or boot image (software image or kernel file) for the
AN/ANH or ARN router to use at startup.
•
For Directed Netboot, you use bconfig to specify the IP address of the TFTP
server and the full path name of the boot image and configuration files.
Using the bconfig Command Format
To configure an interface for Netboot, use the following bconfig command
format:
bconfig -d [image | config]
To configure an interface for Directed Netboot, use the following bconfig
command format:
bconfig [image | config] [local | network [<TFTP_host> <TFTP_pathname>]]
You must issue the bconfig command twice: once to specify the location of the
boot image, and again to specify the location of the configuration file.
See Table 4-1 for a description of the bconfig command options.
Table 4-1.
bconfig Command Options
Description
Option
image
Specifies the router’s boot image. The boot image can be the
complete software image file (an.exe or arn.exe) or the kernel file
(krnl_an.exe or krnl_arn.exe)
config
local
Specifies the router’s configuration file
Indicates that the specified file (<image> or <config>) resides in the
router’s local file system
network
Indicates that the specified file (<image> or <config>) resides on a
remote file system
(continued)
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Table 4-1.
bconfig Command Options (continued)
Option
Description
<TFTP_host>
Specifies the IP address of the TFTP server. If both the <image> and
<config> files are on the network, both files must reside on the same
host
<TFTP_
pathname>
Specifies the complete path name of <image> or <config> on the
remote server
-d
Reverts to the default values for <image> or <config> and nullifies
any previously specified IP address and path name for the file, thus
disabling Directed Netboot
Examples of Using the bconfig Command
1. Configure the default Netboot procedure. Boot from the software image file in
local flash memory and use BootP to get the configuration file from the
network.
bconfig -d image (or bconfig image local)
bconfig -d config (or bconfig config network)
2. Use Netboot for both the boot image file and the configuration file.
bconfig image network
bconfig config network
3. Use a local configuration file and Directed Netboot to boot the kernel file.
bconfig image network 21.3.5.62 /usr/mykernel.exe
bconfig config local
4. Boot from the local software image file and use Directed Netboot to get the
configuration file from the network.
bconfig image local
bconfig config network 21.3.5.62 /usr/anstartup/config
5. Use Directed Netboot for both the boot image file and the configuration file.
bconfig image network 21.3.5.62 /usr/mykernel.exe
bconfig config network 21.3.5.62 /usr/anstartup/config
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Configuring Netboot Client Services
Setting the Netboot Interface Configuration
This section describes how to use the ifconfig command to configure an AN/ANH
or ARN router interface to support netboot options.
An AN/ANH or ARN router netboots over one of its serial, Ethernet, or token ring
communicate in an IP network, the netboot interface must have a valid IP address.
You have two options for assigning an IP address to an interface:
•
Configure the upstream router to support automated addressing for EZ-Install.
Chapter 3 describes how to configure the upstream router to support
EZ-Install by creating the BootP client interface table. “The Boot Process” on
page 1-5 describes how the router automatically obtains an IP address during
the EZ-Install process.
•
Use the ifconfig command to configure a serial, Ethernet, or token ring
interface for Netboot or Directed Netboot.
The following sections describe the ifconfig command formats.
Configuring a Serial Interface for Network Booting
To configure a serial interface for network booting, enter the following command
at the Technician Interface or AN Monitor prompt:
Note: The serial interface must be configured with IP to support netboot
options.
ifconfig [<serial_options>] <interface> [<IP_address> <subnet_mask>
[<next_hop_address>]]
Insert a space to separate each command option from the next.
The serial_options variable represents some combination of the following options:
[-d | -fr [-annexd | -lmi | -annexa] | -int_clk]
Table 4-2 describes the ifconfig command options for configuring the router’s
serial interface.
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Table 4-2.
ifconfig Command Options for a Serial Interface
Option
-d
Description
Resets the router’s IP interface options to the default values. This
option tries four WAN configurations in the following order, until it finds
the correct type for the router’s connection to the network:
1. Nortel Networks HDLC encapsulation (also called
Nortel Networks Standard PPP) with external clocking
2. Frame Relay Annex D
3. Frame Relay LMI
4. Frame Relay Annex A
-fr
Configures the router’s serial port as a frame relay connection. With
this option, use one of the following options to specify a DLCMI
option: -annexd, -annexa, or -lmi.
-annexd
-annexa
-lmi
When one of these options is used with the -fr option, it specifies a
DLCMI option. Use the same option as the network to which the
router’s Frame Relay interface is connected. The default option for
Frame Relay is -annexd.
-int_clk
Sets the serial port to internal clocking at 1.25 MB/s. If you do not
specify this option, the router defaults to external clocking.
Specifies the IP connector you are configuring. Use the format
com<port_no.>.
<interface>
<IP_address>
<subnet_mask>
Specifies the IP address of the interface you set with <interface>.
Provide this address in dotted-decimal notation.
Specifies the IP subnet mask of the interface you set with <interface>.
Provide this address in dotted-decimal notation.
<next_hop_
address>
Specifies the IP address of the next-hop router. Provide this address
in dotted-decimal notation. Specify this address only if there are
intermediate routers between the AN/ANH or ARN router and the
BootP server.
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Configuring Netboot Client Services
Configuring an Ethernet Interface for Network Booting
To configure an Ethernet interface for network booting, enter the following
command at the Technician Interface or AN Monitor prompt:
options.
ifconfig [-d] <interface> [<IP_address> <subnet_mask> [<next_hop_address>]]
Table 4-3 describes the ifconfig command options for configuring the Ethernet
interface on an AN/ANH or ARN router.
Table 4-3.
ifconfig Command Options for an Ethernet Interface
Description
Option
-d
Resets the router’s IP interface options to the default values. Resetting
an Ethernet interface makes it inactive in the network booting process.
(The output of the getcfg command shows the default as None.)
<interface>
Specifies the IP connector you are configuring. Use the format
xcvr<port_no.>.
<IP_address>
Specifies the IP address of the interface you set with <interface>.
Provide this address in dotted-decimal notation.
<subnet_mask> Specifies the IP subnet mask of the interface you set with <interface>.
Provide this address in dotted-decimal notation.
<next_hop_
address>
Specifies the IP address of the next-hop router. Provide this address in
dotted-decimal notation. Specify this address only if there are
intermediate routers between the AN/ANH or ARN router and the
BootP server.
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Configuring an ARN Token Ring Interface for Network Booting
To configure an ARN token ring interface for network booting, enter the following
command at the Technician Interface or AN Monitor prompt:
Note: The token ring interface must be configured with IP to support netboot
options.
ifconfig [-d] [ -r<speed>] <interface> [<IP_address> <subnet_mask>
[<next_hop_address>]]
Table 4-4 describes the ifconfig command options for configuring the ARN’s
token ring interface.
Table 4-4.
ifconfig Command Options for an ARN Token Ring Interface
Description
Option
-d
Resets the ARN’s IP interface options to the default values. Resetting
a token ring interface makes it inactive in the network booting process.
(The output of the getcfg command shows the default as None.)
-r<speed>
Specifies the speed of the token ring interface. Specify either 16 or 4
(Mb/s). The default is 16 Mb/s.
<interface>
<IP_address>
Specifies the IP connector you are configuring. Use the format
mau<port_no.>.
Specifies the IP address of the interface you set with <interface>.
Provide this address in dotted-decimal notation.
<subnet_mask> Specifies the IP subnet mask of the interface you set with <interface>.
Provide this address in dotted-decimal notation.
<next_hop_
address>
Specifies the IP address of the next-hop router. Provide this address in
dotted-decimal notation. Specify this address only if there are
intermediate routers between the ARN and the BootP server.
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Configuring Netboot Client Services
Enabling and Disabling Interfaces with the ifconfig Command
To enable or disable an AN/ANH or ARN router interface for network booting,
enter the appropriate command at the Technician Interface or AN Monitor prompt:
ifconfig -disable <interface>
ifconfig -enable <interface>
The <interface> variable specifies the IP connector you are enabling or disabling
for network booting. Use one of the following formats:
•
•
•
xcvr<port_no.>
com<port_no.>
mau<port_no.>
Examples of Using the ifconfig Command
1. Configure the current interface for the default Netboot procedure.
ifconfig -d
2. Specify the IP address and subnet mask of the first Ethernet Netboot interface.
ifconfig xcvr1 21.3.5.62 255.255.255.0
3. Specify the IP address and subnet mask of the second Ethernet Netboot
interface.
ifconfig xcvr2 21.3.5.61 255.255.255.0
4. Configure the IP address and frame relay DLCMI of the third serial Netboot
interface.
ifconfig com3 21.3.5.62 -fr -annexa
5. Specify the IP address and subnet mask of the first token ring interface on an
ARN.
ifconfig mau1 21.3.4.77 255.255.255.0
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Verifying Your Configuration
You can use the getcfg command to verify the following:
•
•
Whether the router is set to boot using a local or remote boot image
Whether the router is set to configure using a local or remote configuration
file
•
The configuration of the serial, Ethernet, and token ring (ARN only)
interfaces
To display the configured startup options for an AN/ANH or ARN router, enter
the following command at the Technician Interface or AN Monitor prompt:
getcfg
The following sample output shows the default configuration for an AN/ANH
with one Ethernet interface and two serial interfaces:
Boot Options
boot image=local
boot config=network
Netboot Parameters:
XCVR1..None
COM1...EZ-Install
COM2...EZ-Install
The following sample output shows the configuration for an ARN with one
Ethernet interface, one token ring interface, and five serial interfaces:
Boot Options
boot image=local
boot config=network
Netboot Parameters:
MAU1...None
XCVR2..None
COM1...EZ-Install
COM2...EZ-Install
COM3...EZ-Install
COM4...EZ-Install
COM5...EZ-Install
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Configuring Netboot Client Services
What to Do Next
you have done the following:
•
Configured a UNIX workstation to support network booting, as described in
Chapter 2
•
Prepared configuration and boot image files and placed them in the
appropriate locations for your boot configuration, as described in Chapter 3
Whenever you boot the router, it should start routing traffic as specified in the
configuration file it obtains from the BootP server.
To determine whether the AN/ANH or ARN router is routing traffic, use the Site
Manager Statistics Manager tool to view traffic statistics and the Events Manager
tool to view the event log. For instructions on using these tools, see Configuring
and Managing Routers with Site Manager.
If the AN/ANH or ARN router does not start routing traffic after booting, see
Appendix B, “Troubleshooting Network Boot Problems.”
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Enabling and Disabling ANH Repeater Ports
You can use Site Manager to enable or disable the ANH repeater ports.
Site Manager Procedure
You do this
System responds
1. In the Site Manager main window, choose The Tools menu opens.
Tools.
2. Choose Configuration Manager.
The Configuration Manager menu opens.
3. Choose Dynamic.
The Configuration Manager window
opens, displaying the real-time router
hardware and software configuration.
4. Choose Platform.
5. Choose Setup Repeater.
6. Choose Port Status.
The Setup Repeater menu opens.
The Port Status window opens, allowing
you to enable or disable the ports on the
router.
Figure 5-1 shows the Port Status window
for the 8-port ANH. Figure 5-2 shows the
Port Status window for the 12-port ANH.
7. To change the status of a port, click on
Enabled or Disabled to the right of the
port number.
8. Click on OK.
Site Manager closes the Port Status
window and saves your changes.
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Figure 5-2.
12-Port ANH Port Status Window
Note: Port 13 is the Ethernet connection from the ANH baseboard to the
repeater. To disable the Ethernet circuit, click on Disabled for port 13.
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Managing ANH Repeater Ports
Testing and Resetting ANH Repeater Ports
You can use Site Manager to test and reset ANH repeater ports.
Site Manager Procedure
You do this
System responds
1. In the Site Manager main window, choose The Tools menu opens.
Tools.
2. Choose Configuration Manager.
The Configuration Manager menu opens.
3. Choose Dynamic.
The Configuration Manager window
opens, displaying the real-time router
hardware and software configuration.
4. Choose Platform.
The Platform menu opens.
5. Choose Setup Repeater.
6. Choose Group Parameters.
7. Set the following parameters:
The Setup Repeater menu opens.
The Group Parameters window opens.
The Configuration Manager tests each
repeater port and indicates in a log file
whether the ports pass the diagnostics.
•
•
Reset
Selftest
Click on Help or refer to the parameter
descriptions beginning on page A-9.
8. Click on OK.
Site Manager executes the action(s)
specified in the Group Parameters
window and then closes the window.
Note: The repeater port self-test does not disrupt traffic flow. Resetting a
repeater port does disrupt traffic flow; however, it does not affect the
management counters defined in the RFC 1516 MIB specification.
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Appendix A
Site Manager Parameters
This appendix contains reference information for the Site Manager remote access
parameters.
Topic
Page
Netboot and Directed Netboot Parameters
Netboot Interface Parameters
A-2
A-4
A-7
A-8
A-9
BootP Relay Agent Interface Parameters
BootP Client Interface Address Parameters
Repeater Port Group Parameters
For each parameter, this appendix provides the following information:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Parameter name
Configuration Manager menu path
Default setting
Valid parameter options
Parameter function
Instructions for setting the parameter
MIB object ID
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Netboot and Directed Netboot Parameters
Parameter: Boot Image From Network
Path: Configuration Manager > Protocols > Global Protocols > Net Boot > Global
Default: Disable
Options: Enable | Disable
Function: Enables or disables retrieval of the boot image from the BootP server the next
time the router starts up.
Instructions: Set to Disable if you want to boot using the image in the router’s local file
system. This setting reduces the time it takes to boot the router and eliminates
using network resources to obtain the image.
Set to Enable if:
• You want the router to obtain the image from a BootP server and you have
already set up the network to support BootP.
• You are upgrading the image on several routers. The routers can then boot
using a single image on the BootP server. Make sure that the directory name
in the bootptab file matches the location of the upgraded image before you
boot the routers.
MIB Object ID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.18.3.3.2.10.1.1
Parameter: Boot Config From Network
Path: Configuration Manager > Protocols > Global Protocols > Net Boot > Global
Default: Enable
Options: Enable | Disable
Function: Enables or disables retrieval of the configuration file from the BootP server the
next time the router starts up.
Instructions: Set to Disable if you have already saved the configuration file to the router’s
flash memory file system, and you want to boot using this configuration file.
This setting reduces the time it takes to boot the router and eliminates using
network resources to obtain the configuration file.
Set to Enable if you want the router to obtain the configuration file from a BootP
server and you have already set up the network to support BootP.
MIB Object ID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.18.3.3.2.10.1.2
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Site Manager Parameters
Parameter: Boot Server Address
Path: Configuration Manager > Protocols > Global Protocols > Net Boot > Global
Default: None
Options: A valid IP address of a TFTP server
Function: When the Boot Image From Network parameter and/or the Boot Config From
Network parameter are set to Enable, this parameter specifies the TFTP server
from which the router will obtain the boot image and configuration files.
Instructions: Use this parameter only when configuring Directed Netboot. Specify the valid
IP address of the TFTP server, in dotted-decimal notation.
MIB Object ID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.18.3.3.2.10.1.3
Parameter: Boot Image Pathname
Path: Configuration Manager > Protocols > Global Protocols > Net Boot > Global
Default: None
Options: A valid path name for the boot image file
Function: When the parameter Boot Image From Network is set to Enable, this parameter
specifies the full path name of the boot image file on the TFTP server.
Instructions: Use this parameter only when configuring Directed Netboot. Make sure that the
file you specify is the valid boot image file on the TFTP server.
MIB Object ID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.18.3.3.2.10.1.4
Parameter: Boot Config Pathname
Path: Configuration Manager > Protocols > Global Protocols > Net Boot > Global
Default: None
Options: A valid path name for the configuration file
Function: When the parameter Boot Config From Network is set to Enable, this parameter
specifies the full path name of the boot configuration file on the TFTP server.
Instructions: Use this parameter only when configuring Directed Netboot. Make sure that the
file you specify is the valid configuration file on the TFTP server.
MIB Object ID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.18.3.3.2.10.1.5
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Netboot Interface Parameters
Parameter: Slot
Path: Configuration Manager > Protocols > Global Protocols > Net Boot >
Interfaces > Add
Default: None
Options: 1
Function: Specifies the physical slot in which the hardware module is installed.
Instructions: Specify 1 as the slot. AN/ANH and ARN routers have only one slot.
Parameter: Connector
Path: Configuration Manager > Protocols > Global Protocols > Net Boot >
Interfaces > Add
Default: None
Options: COM1 | COM2 | COM3 | COM4 | COM5 | XCVR1 | XCVR2 | TOKEN1 |
TOKEN2
Function: Specifies the name of the connector configured for the Netboot interface.
Instructions: Specify COM1, COM2, COM3, COM4, or COM5 to configure Netboot over a
synchronous interface.
Specify XCVR1 or XCVR2 to configure Netboot over an Ethernet interface.
Specify TOKEN1 or TOKEN2 to configure Netboot over a token ring interface
(ARN only).
Note that the interfaces that are available depend on the interface options you
purchased with your router.
Parameter: Connector IP Address
Path: Configuration Manager > Protocols > Global Protocols > Net Boot >
Interfaces
Default: None
Options: Any valid IP address
Function: Specifies the IP address of this interface.
Instructions: Specify the IP address of this interface in dotted-decimal notation.
MIB Object ID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.18.3.3.2.10.3.1.4
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Site Manager Parameters
Parameter: Connector Subnet Mask
Path: Configuration Manager > Protocols > Global Protocols > Net Boot > Interfaces
Default: None
Options: Any valid IP subnet mask
Function: Specifies the network and subnetwork portion of the 32-bit IP address of this
interface. The Configuration Manager automatically calculates an appropriate
subnet mask, depending on the class of the network to which the interface
connects. However, you can change the subnet mask using this parameter.
Instructions: Accept the assigned subnet mask, or specify one in dotted-decimal notation.
MIB Object ID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.18.3.3.2.10.3.1.5
Parameter: Connector Next Hop
Path: Configuration Manager > Protocols > Global Protocols > Net Boot > Interfaces
Default: None
Options: Any valid IP address
Function: Specifies the IP address of the next-hop router connected to this interface. When
the router starts up, the next-hop router passes the BootP requests and responses
that initiate the transfer of the image and/or configuration file between the router
and the BootP server. If the router and BootP server are on the same IP subnet,
you do not have to set this parameter.
Instructions: Specify the IP address of the next-hop router connected to this interface in
dotted-decimal notation.
MIB Object ID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.18.3.3.2.10.3.1.6
Parameter: Connector Protocol Mask
Path: Configuration Manager > Protocols > Global Protocols > Net Boot > Interfaces
Default: Point to Point
Options: Point to Point | Point to Point Internal Clock | Fr Relay Annexd |
Fr Relay Annexa | Fr Relay LMI
Function: During the boot process, the router configures the synchronous interface for the
specified protocol.
Instructions: Specify the desired protocol option.
MIB Object ID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.18.3.3.2.10.3.1.7
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Parameter: Connector State
Path: Configuration Manager > Protocols > Global Protocols > Net Boot > Interfaces
Default: Enable
Options: Enable | Disable
Function: Enables or disables Netboot on this interface. When set to Enable, any settings
specified for the other four parameters in the Netboot Interfaces window appear.
When set to Disable, Site Manager disregards the other parameters and the
router cannot Netboot.
Instructions: If you do not want Site Manager to use the other parameters on the Netboot
Interfaces window, set this parameter to Disable. If you want Site Manager to
use any of the other parameter settings in the Netboot Interfaces window, set
this parameter to Enable.
MIB Object ID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.18.3.3.2.10.3.1.1
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Site Manager Parameters
BootP Relay Agent Interface Parameters
Parameter: Input IP Address
Path: Configuration Manager > Protocols > IP > BOOTP >
Relay Agent Interface Table > Forward I/F > Add
Default: None
Options: Any valid IP address
Function: Specifies the IP interface that receives BootP request packets from an external
network. This interface must have BootP configured on it.
Instructions: Specify the IP address of the interface through which the router will receive
BootP requests.
MIB Object ID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.18.3.5.3.8.3.2.1.3
Parameter: Output IP Address
Path: Configuration Manager > Protocols > IP > BOOTP >
Relay Agent Interface Table > Forward I/F > Add
Default: None
Options: Any valid IP address
Function: Specifies the IP interface that forwards BootP request packets to an external
network.
Instructions: Specify the IP address of the interface through which the router will forward
BootP requests.
MIB Object ID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.18.3.5.3.8.3.2.1.4
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BootP Client Interface Address Parameters
Parameter: IP Address
Path: Configuration Manager > Protocols > IP > BOOTP >
Relay Agent Interface Table > Client I/F > Add
Default: None
Options: Any valid IP address
Function: Specifies the IP address of the router that is using EZ-Install. This parameter
applies only to a Frame Relay PVC in group access mode.
Instructions: Specify the IP address (in dotted-decimal notation) of the router interface.
MIB Object ID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.18.3.5.3.8.1.1.1.3
Parameter: DLCI Number
Path: Configuration Manager > Protocols > IP > BOOTP >
Relay Agent Interface Table > Client I/F > Add
Default: None
Options: 16 to 1007
Function: Specifies the identification number of the upstream router’s PVC. The Frame
Relay network uses the DLCI number to direct data from the AN/ANH or ARN
router to the upstream router.
Instructions: Specify the number in decimal format. Use the DLCI number assigned by your
Frame Relay service provider.
MIB Object ID: 1.3.6.1.4.1.18.3.5.3.8.1.1.1.2
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Site Manager Parameters
Repeater Port Group Parameters
Parameter: Reset
Path: Configuration Manager (Dynamic mode only) > Platform > Setup Repeater >
Group Parameters
Default: NO_RESET
Options: NO_RESET | RESET
Function: Resets the repeater. The Configuration Manager tests each repeater port and
indicates in a log file whether the ports pass the diagnostics. The reset does not
affect the management counters defined in the RFC 1516 MIB specification, nor
does it affect the status of the ports. However, the reset does disrupt traffic flow.
Instructions: Accept the default, NO_RESET, or select RESET.
MIB Object ID: 1.3.6.1.2.1.22.1.1.4
Parameter: Selftest
Path: Configuration Manager (Dynamic mode only) > Platform > Setup Repeater >
Group Parameters
Default: NO_SELFTEST
Options: NO_SELFTEST | SELFTEST
Function: Causes the router to perform an agent-specific test on itself. This test does not
disrupt traffic flow.
Instructions: Accept the default, NO_SELFTEST, or select SELFTEST.
MIB Object ID: 1.3.6.1.2.1.22.1.1.5
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Appendix B
Troubleshooting Network Boot Problems
Use the information in this appendix to resolve problems directly related to startup
Topic
Page
Solving Startup Problems
B-1
Identifying Remote Connectivity Problems
Resolving Connectivity Problems
Maintaining the Router Software
Hints and Notes
B-8
B-10
B-17
B-19
Note: For other troubleshooting information, see Troubleshooting Routers.
Solving Startup Problems
problems. Proceed to the appropriate section:
•
•
•
•
Router Fails to Get IP Address (page B-2)
Router Fails to Netboot (page B-3)
Router Fails to Perform Directed Netboot (page B-5)
Router Netboots, but Fails to Load Applications (page B-5)
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Router Fails to Get IP Address
If a message at the AN/ANH or ARN router console indicates that the router
ANH or ARN router’s synchronous port and the upstream router is firmly
connected. Then, refer to the instructions in one of the following sections to find
and correct the problem:
•
•
Upstream Router Not Receiving BootP Requests
Upstream Router Not Sending BootP Responses
If you follow the instructions in these sections and cannot find and correct the
problem, contact the Nortel Networks Technical Solutions Center.
Upstream Router Not Receiving BootP Requests
If the upstream router is not receiving BootP requests, use the getcfg command to
display the router parameters and the bconfig and ifconfig commands to correct
them, if necessary. For instructions, see “Displaying Parameter Settings” on
page B-10 and “Debugging the BootP Server” on page B-12.
Upstream Router Not Sending BootP Responses
If the upstream router is receiving BootP requests but is failing to send BootP
responses, use Site Manager to verify the following:
•
•
The upstream router’s interface to the AN/ANH or ARN router is enabled.
BootP is enabled on the circuit connecting the AN/ANH or ARN router to the
upstream router.
•
•
•
•
The upstream router’s link modules and drivers are loaded.
IP is enabled on the upstream router.
BootP is enabled on the upstream router.
The BootP relay agent forwarding table associated with the upstream router
shows an IP address that is configured on the IP router.
•
•
The input IP address is correct.
If you are using EZ-Install over a Frame Relay PVC in group access mode,
the upstream router’s BootP client interface table is configured properly.
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Troubleshooting Network Boot Problems
Router Fails to Netboot
If the AN/ANH or ARN router fails to receive the configuration file or boot image
using a netboot option, first do the following:
•
Ensure that all cables between the router and the BootP server are firmly
connected.
•
problem:
•
•
•
Upstream Router Not Receiving BootP Requests
Router Not Sending BootP Responses
BootP Server Not Sending BootP Responses
If you have not isolated the problem to a specific interface, retrieve the number of
BootP packets forwarded and dropped from all routers between the AN/ANH or
ARN router and the BootP server. See “Displaying the Number of Packets
Forwarded and Dropped” on page B-16.
If you perform the instructions in these sections and cannot find and correct the
problem, contact the Nortel Networks Technical Solutions Center.
Upstream Router Not Receiving BootP Requests
1. Issue the Technician Interface getcfg command to display the router
parameters and the bconfig or ifconfig command to correct them, if
necessary.
For instructions, see “Displaying Parameter Settings” on page B-10 and
“Debugging the BootP Server” on page B-12.
2. Ensure that the router’s netboot interface is cabled properly.
For EZ-Install, ensure that the synchronous port is cabled to the upstream
router. For Netboot or Directed Netboot, ensure that the configured
synchronous, Ethernet, or ARN token ring interface is cabled to the IP
network.
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Router Not Sending BootP Responses
If a router between the AN/ANH or ARN router and the BootP server is receiving
BootP requests but is failing to send BootP responses, do the following:
associated with the router shows an IP address that is configured on the
IP router.
2. Ensure that the input IP address is correct. If the Hops count is lower
than the router’s position in the path, increase the Hops count.
For instructions, see “Creating the BootP Client Interface Table” on
page 3-14.
3. Use the Configuration Manager to ensure that BootP and IP are enabled
on the incoming and outgoing interfaces.
4. Ensure that the link modules and drivers are enabled.
For instructions, see Configuring and Managing Routers with Site Manager.
BootP Server Not Sending BootP Responses
If the BootP server is receiving BootP requests but is failing to respond to them,
do the following:
1. Follow the instructions in “Displaying the BootP Server IP Routes” on
page B-15.
2. Follow the instructions in “Debugging the BootP Server” on page B-12.
3. Ensure that the /etc/inetd.conf file contains no more than one bootps
entry.
If there is more than one entry, comment out the invalid entry. The valid entry
is as follows:
4. Ensure that the tftp dgramentry in the /etc/inetd.conf file is correct for
your system.
For instructions, see “Setting Up a TFTP Server” on page 2-9.
5. See “Verifying the BootP Server Setup” on page B-14.
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Troubleshooting Network Boot Problems
Router Fails to Perform Directed Netboot
If the AN/ANH or ARN router fails to perform Directed Netboot, verify the
following:
•
The interface that connects the router to the TFTP file server is configured
with an IP address.
•
•
All required files reside on the TFTP file server.
The boot image file is krnl_an.exe for an AN/ANH or krnl_arn.exe for an
ARN.
Contact the Nortel Networks Technical Solutions Center if you cannot find and
correct the problem.
Router Netboots, but Fails to Load Applications
If the AN/ANH or ARN router netboots a kernel file successfully, but displays an
error message indicating that it cannot load specific applications, it is unable to
retrieve files from the TFTP server that were provided on the software image.
These files are required to perform functions such as running the protocols
specified in the configuration file and displaying the log.
To troubleshoot a failure to load applications, do the following:
1. Ensure that, after booting, you have at least one interface configured
through which the file server that supplied the kernel file can be reached.
This is required for a router that has obtained its software image over the
network to load application or string files.
2. Ensure that all the application and string files (files with .exe and .str
file-name extensions) reside in the same directory as the kernel file.
3. Verify that you have TFTP configured on the router. To do this, display
If tftp.exe is missing, load it on the router.
4. Use Site Manager to ensure that IP is enabled and that TFTP is
configured in the router configuration file.
See “Verifying the BootP Server Setup” on page B-14.
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5. Use Technician Interface commands to verify or correct the status of the
synchronous, Ethernet, or token ring connectors used for network
booting.
For instructions, see Using Technician Interface Software. Examples of
AN/ANH or ARN router commands and responses follow, as well as some
connector and interface settings you should consider.
•
Enter the following command to display the router driver:
get wfLinkModules.15.0
On an AN/ANH, the response is as follows:
wfLinkModules.wfANLoad.0 = 2147483648
On an ARN, the response is as follows:
wfLinkModules.wfARNLoad.0 = 2147483648
The response indicates that the AN/ANH or ARN router driver is
configured to run in slot 1 (the only router slot).
The decimal number 2147483648represents slot 1. If the setting is not
2147483648, enter one of the following commands to correct it:
set wfLinkModules.15.0 2147483648;commit (<--- for AN/ANH)
set wfLinkModules.25.0 2147483648;commit (<---for ARN)
To display the configured drivers, enter the following command:
get wfDrivers.*.0
A combination of the following settings should appear in the list of
drivers, according to your AN/ANH or ARN router configuration:
wfDrivers.wfQsccSyncLoad.0 = 2147483648
COM ports
wfDrivers.wfQsccEnetLoad.0 = 2147483648
Ethernet ports
(nonrepeating)
wfDrivers.wfRptrLoad.0 = 2147483648
Ethernet repeater
ports (ANH only)
wfDrivers.wfTMS380Load.0 = 2147483648
Token ring ports
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Troubleshooting Network Boot Problems
Use the set command to correct settings, if necessary. For example, if the
router has a token ring port and the wfDrivers.wfTMS380Load.0setting
is not 2147483648, enter the following command to correct it:
set wfDrivers.wfTMS380Load.0 2147483648;commit
•
If the router is netbooting with a synchronous interface, enter the
following command to display information about the interface, where
connector is the interface connector number:
get wfSyncEntry.*.1.<connector>
Ensure that external clocking is set.
•
•
If the router is netbooting with an Ethernet interface, enter the following
command to display information about the interface, where connector is
the interface connector number:
get wfCSMACDEntry.*.1.<connector>
If the router is netbooting with a token ring interface, enter the following
command to display information about the interface, where connector is
the interface connector number:
get wfTokenRingEntry.*.1.<connector>
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Identifying Remote Connectivity Problems
•
•
•
•
Displaying Messages from the Router Console (page B-8)
Displaying Statistics and Error Messages (page B-8)
Guidelines for Using Packet Capture (page B-9)
Guidelines for Using a LAN Protocol Analyzer (page B-9)
Displaying Messages from the Router Console
If you cannot connect to the AN/ANH or ARN router using Site Manager, Nortel
Networks recommends that you use a modem or terminal console to connect to
the router using the Technician Interface.
If you cable a modem to the AN/ANH or ARN router, you can dial in and connect
to the router remotely. This setup provides the same capabilities as an on-site
console connection. Modem communications, however, are slower.
Viewing an AN/ANH or ARN router error message and entering commands using
a modem connection may simplify troubleshooting if you are not at the router site.
As an alternative, you can ask the person at the router site to read the console
messages to you and then you can tell that person which commands to enter.
Displaying Statistics and Error Messages
Use the Statistics Manager Quick Get tool or the Technician Interface get
command to display the number of BootP and TFTP packets forwarded and
dropped for each interface in the path between the AN/ANH or ARN router and
the BootP server.
Use the Events Manager or the Technician Interface log command to display the
events associated with the interface and the BootP and TFTP protocols.
For instructions on using the Quick Get tool and the Events Manager, see
Configuring and Managing Routers with Site Manager. For a description of events
that appear in the log, see Event Messages for Routers. For instructions on using
the get and log commands, see Using Technician Interface Software.
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Troubleshooting Network Boot Problems
Guidelines for Using Packet Capture
Use the Packet Capture utility to view incoming or outgoing BootP or TFTP
packets and isolate errors to a specific router interface. This utility is available
through the Technician Interface on routers running BayRS Version 7.80 or later.
See Using Technician Interface Software for instructions on how to use Packet
Capture. See Configuring SNMP, BootP, DHCP, and RARP Services for a
description of BootP packets.
Note: The instructions that follow assume that BayRS Version 7.80 or later is
running on all routers in the path between the AN/ANH or ARN router and the
BootP server.
Use Packet Capture as follows:
1. Test the BootP server’s next-hop router in the path to the AN/ANH or
ARN router.
2. Test the upstream router’s interface to the AN/ANH or ARN router.
3. Test the upstream router’s interface to the next-hop router.
4. Test the interfaces that receive and forward the BootP and TFTP packets
of the routers between the AN/ANH or ARN router and the next-hop
router.
5. Continue testing each router in the path until you isolate the problem
interface.
Guidelines for Using a LAN Protocol Analyzer
See the following guidelines when you use a LAN protocol analyzer:
•
If the netboot is failing, connect the analyzer to the BootP server interface to
determine whether it is receiving and responding to BootP and TFTP requests.
To read the ASCII translation, view the BootP reply packets for the
configuration file path name in hexadecimal mode.
Note: The LAN protocol analyzer does not decode all of the vendor tag fields.
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
•
receiving and forwarding them. If the upstream router is receiving, verify that
each router interface between the upstream router and the BootP server is
receiving and forwarding the requests.
If the BootP server is receiving requests but is failing to respond, see
“Router Fails to Netboot” on page B-3.
Resolving Connectivity Problems
This section describes how to:
•
•
•
•
•
Display the AN/ANH or ARN router’s netboot configuration
Debug the BootP server
Verify the BootP server’s setup
Display the BootP server’s IP routes
Display the number of BootP packets forwarded and dropped
Displaying Parameter Settings
Display the AN/ANH or ARN router’s netboot parameter settings to determine the
following:
•
•
•
Whether the router is set to boot using a local boot image or a remote boot
image
Whether the router is set to configure using a local configuration file or a
remote configuration file
The configuration of the synchronous, Ethernet, and token ring (ARN only)
connectors
Enter the following Technician Interface command to display the AN/ANH or
ARN router’s startup options:
getcfg
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Troubleshooting Network Boot Problems
The following sample response shows the default settings for an AN/ANH with
one Ethernet interface and two synchronous interfaces:
Boot Options
boot image=local
boot config=network
Netboot Parameters:
XCVR1..None
COM1...EZ-Install
COM2...EZ-Install
The following sample response shows the settings for an ARN with one Ethernet
interface, one token ring interface, and five synchronous interfaces:
Boot Options
boot image=local
boot config=network
Netboot Parameters:
MAU1...None
XCVR2..None
COM1...EZ-Install
COM2...EZ-Install
COM3...EZ-Install
COM4...EZ-Install
COM5...EZ-Install
The possible settings for boot imageand boot configare networkand local. If
the setting is network, the AN/ANH or ARN router requests the kernel file or
configuration file from a BootP server when booting. If the setting is local, the
router uses the kernel file or configuration file stored in flash memory.
The XCVRparameter shows the current setting of the Ethernet connectors. The COM
parameters show the current settings of the synchronous connectors. The MAU
parameter shows the setting of the token ring connectors (ARN only).
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The possible settings for synchronous connectors are as follows:
• EZ-Install(the default setting)
•
The IP address, next-hop IP address, subnet mask, and WAN protocol (Nortel
Networks Standard PPP or Frame Relay)
The possible settings for Ethernet connectors are as follows:
• None(the default setting)
•
The IP address with subnet mask and next-hop IP address (if you configured
one)
• None(the default setting)
•
The IP address with subnet mask, ring-speed option, and next-hop address (if
you configured one)
See Chapter 4 for instructions on using the ifconfig and bconfig commands to
change the parameter settings.
Debugging the BootP Server
Debug the BootP server as follows:
1. Enter the following command at the UNIX command line:
bootpd -d -d&
The bootpd debugger tool reads the /etc/bootptab file and generates the
/etc/bootpd.dmp file. The /etc/bootpd.dmp file contains the portion of the
/etc/bootptab file that the bootpd debugger could read successfully. The
debugger displays messages such as the following:
[1] 12914
hostname:/etc> reading "/etc/bootptab"
read 19 entries from "/etc/bootptab"
dumped 19 entries to "/etc/bootpd.dump".
2. Compare the bootptab file with the bootpd.dmp file.
If the bootpd.dmp file is truncated or is otherwise different from the bootptab
file, BootPD may have encountered a syntax error. Find the inconsistency in
the two files.
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Troubleshooting Network Boot Problems
(see Figure 2-1 on page 2-8) and correct any inconsistency.
4. If you cannot find an inconsistency, boot the router and view the bootpd
debugger messages to determine the cause of the error.
Table B-1 provides an example of the sequence of messages when a BootP
exchange is successful.
Table B-1.
Message
BootP Messages
Explanation
hostname:/etc> request from IP
addr 192.16.24.12
The UNIX host name, the path (/etc) of the
bootptab file, and the IP address of the
AN
found 192.16.24.12 AN.Boston
The IP address (192.16.24.12) mapped to
the host name, AN.Boston, in the bootptab
file
bootfile2 /$HOME/.builder_dir/
rel1200/an krnl_an.exe
The path name of the kernel file, as
specified in the bootptab file
couldn't access /$HOME/
.builder_dir/rel1200/an
krnl_an.exe.AN.Boston
Disregard this message. The BootP server
tries to access the host by both its name
and IP address. The “couldn’t access”
message means that the server tried to
access a host named AN.Boston, but failed
because the AN is not named. The attempt
to access the AN by its IP address
succeeds, as you can infer from the last
message.
vendor magic field is
99.130.83.99
Disregard this message.
sending RFC1048-style reply
The BootP server is sending a BootP
response in compliance with RFC 1048.
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Verifying the BootP Server Setup
This section describes what to do if the BootP server is receiving BootP requests
but is failing to respond, or is failing to forward the kernel, configuration,
application, or string files.
Verify the BootP server setup as follows:
1. Ensure that the kernel file and all of the application (.exe) files are in the
same directory.
You can place these files in any directory you want. The Image Builder
automatically generates the kernel file and application files when you open
the software image file. By default, the Image Builder stores these files for the
AN/ANH in the /$HOME/.builder_dir/rel<rel>/an directory, where <rel> is
the current BayRS release for the AN/ANH. The default directory for the
ARN is /$HOME/.builder_dir/rel<rel>/arn, where <rel> is the current BayRS
release for the ARN.
For example, Version 6.0 of the Image Builder stores the Version 12.00 files
for an ARN in the /$HOME/.builder_dir/rel12.00/arn directory.
2. Ensure that the router extracts the kernel file and all of the application
and string files from the same software image file.
If these files are from different software versions, the router may fail to boot
or may not operate properly.
3. Ensure that the bootptab file is in the /etc directory.
4. Ensure that the bootptab file for an AN/ANH contains the following
entries:
general:\
:hd=/$HOME/.builder_dir/rel<rel>/an:\
:bf=krnl_an.exe:\
:bs=auto:\
:vm=rfc1048:
The bootptab file for an ARN should contain these entries:
general:\
:hd=/$HOME/.builder_dir/rel<rel>/arn:\
:bf=krnl_arn.exe:\
:bs=auto:\
:vm=rfc1048:
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Troubleshooting Network Boot Problems
Note that /$HOME/.builder_dir/rel<rel>/an is the default location of the
kernel file and all application and string files for the AN/ANH. The default
location of the kernel file and all application and string files for the ARN is
/$HOME/.builder_dir/rel<rel>/arn.
5. Ensure that the bootptab file contains a definition for the router that is
failing to netboot.
6. Ensure that the configuration file name and path are correct in the
bootptab file.
T129="/rte3/cfg/AN_Bost.cfg"
7. Read the bootptab file carefully for misspellings or other errors.
Compare it with the sample file shown in Chapter 2 (see Figure 2-1 on
page 2-8).
Displaying the BootP Server IP Routes
To display the IP address of the next-hop router, enter the following command at
the UNIX command line of the BootP server:
netstat -rn | grep -i -n <IP_address>
IP_address is the IP address of the netbooting router’s network.
For example, enter netstat -rn | grep -i -n 192.32.155 to display the IP address
of the next hop to the network address 192.32.155.
If the BootP server is receiving RIP advertisements of the netbooting router’s
network, a message such as the following appears:
121:192.32.155.0
192.32.13.53 UG 0 0 le0
The numbers in this message indicate the following:
• 192.32.155.0is the IP address of the destination network.
• 192.32.13.53is the address of the next-hop router.
If the next-hop router is unavailable or incorrect, see “Setting Up Static
Routes to Next-Hop Routers” in Chapter 2.
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Displaying the Number of Packets Forwarded and Dropped
This section describes how to display the number of BootP packets forwarded and
dropped by a router. Perform this procedure for each router between the AN/ANH
or ARN router and the BootP server.
You can use either the Statistics Manager Quick Get tool or the Technician
Interface get command to retrieve this information. For additional information
about Quick Get, see Configuring and Managing Routers with Site Manager.
Quick Get Instructions
1. Select the following path:
wfApplication/wfInternet/wfBootpGroup/wfBootpRelayAgentGroup/
wfBootpRelayIntfTable
2. To display the number of packets forwarded, select the following:
wfBootpRelayIntfRequests
3. To display the number of packets dropped, select the following:
wfBootpRelayIntfHopsDrops
Technician Interface Instructions
Enter the following command to display information that may help you determine
if and why a device is dropping packets, where IP_address is the address of the
interface receiving the packets:
get wfBootpRelayIntfEntry.*.<IP_address>
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Troubleshooting Network Boot Problems
Maintaining the Router Software
The AN/ANH or ARN router file system resides on the flash memory card, which
is not user serviceable.
You use Technician Interface commands to maintain the local file system on the
AN/ANH or ARN router flash memory card. For more information, see Using
Technician Interface Software and Using Technician Interface Scripts.
Caution: Be very careful when you use the format command. This command
erases all files on the local flash memory card, and the AN/ANH or ARN
router will not be able to local-boot an image or configuration file until you
replace the files. You can avoid this situation by partitioning the flash memory
card. See Using Technician Interface Software or Configuring and Managing
Routers with Site Manager.
When Technician Interface commands require that you specify a volume, always
specify volume 1 for an AN/ANH or ARN router.
Upgrading the Software Image
You can upgrade an AN/ANH or ARN router’s kernel file (krnl_an.exe for the
AN/ANH or krnl_arn.exe for the ARN) using one or both of the following
options:
•
Use Netboot to start the router.
This option upgrades the image only in the router’s RAM.
•
Use TFTP to transfer the image to the router’s flash memory card, then use
Local Boot to start the router.
This option upgrades the image in both the router’s flash memory card and in
RAM.
Caution: If you use TFTP to transfer an upgraded image to an AN/ANH or
ARN router flash memory card, and the file transfer is interrupted (for
example, if the router resets, reboots, or loses power), the router’s local file
system on the flash memory card becomes corrupted and the router cannot
boot locally until you restore the file system.
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Restoring a Local File System
If the AN/ANH or ARN router’s local file system becomes corrupted, you must
restore it by upgrading the software image.
If the router resets, reboots, or loses power while restoring or compacting its flash
memory card, it automatically netboots the configuration file and software image.
(You must already have the network set up for Netboot or Directed Netboot to
succeed.)
Note: If the AN/ANH or ARN router reboots while writing to or compacting
partitioned flash memory, the file system becomes corrupted and the router
will not start after rebooting.
After the router netboots successfully, you can use TFTP to restore the software
image and configuration file on the local file system.
Caution: Compacting the file system on a flash memory card can take up to
15 minutes. When you compact an AN/ANH or ARN router’s file system,
allow the compaction to complete before resetting the router.
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Troubleshooting Network Boot Problems
Hints and Notes
This section contains the following important information:
•
•
Setup Hints
Implementation Notes
Setup Hints
This section contains hints for setting up an AN/ANH or ARN router.
•
Nortel Networks recommends that you first install an AN/ANH or ARN
router in the same site as your BootP server, Site Manager workstation, and
other Nortel Networks routers to test the software image, configuration file,
and routing path. This test provides you with the startup and troubleshooting
experience you need to perform these tasks on routers at remote sites. After
you perform the test, move the test router to the remote location, modify the
configuration file for that router, and set up the new paths.
•
After you build and test the remote router configuration file, make copies of it
on the Site Manager workstation. Then, modify the copies for each AN/ANH
or ARN router in your network, rather than starting over. To avoid mix-ups,
ensure that the file name you assign to each configuration file is unique and
meaningful for each router.
•
•
Before you set up the routing paths, it may be easier to isolate BootP and
TFTP configuration errors on the network if you upgrade all Nortel Networks
routers between the AN/ANH or ARN routers and the BootP server to Version
7.80 or later.
If you are using EZ-Install over Frame Relay to boot an AN/ANH or ARN
router, you can have up to 20 PVCs for a single Frame Relay interface on the
upstream router. If you have more than 20 PVCs on the Frame Relay
interface, the EZ-Install process may fail. To ensure that the process does not
fail, configure a maximum of 20 PVCs for a Frame Relay interface.
•
•
If the AN/ANH or ARN router or an upstream router will have small routing
or forwarding tables, you can increase performance by reducing the local
memory allocation and allocating more global memory.
If the AN/ANH or ARN router or an upstream router will have large
forwarding tables (for example, more than 500 servers), you might want to
increase the local memory allocation.
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Implementation Notes
This section contains notes for operating an AN/ANH or ARN router at a remote
site.
•
If you use TFTP to upgrade or restore the router’s file system, be sure to
specify the software image file (an.exe for the AN/ANH or arn.exe for the
ARN).
•
•
Nortel Networks supports BootP service on UNIX workstations, but not PCs.
If you want to netboot and you are using a PC as your Site Manager
workstation, transfer the files you want to netboot from the PC to a UNIX
workstation and configure the workstation as a BootP server.
On an AN/ANH or ARN router, you cannot use EZ-Install or Netboot directly
from a FDDI interface. On an AN/ANH router, you cannot use EZ-Install or
•
If you have a LAN protocol analyzer available, you may want to use it to
troubleshoot BootP server communication errors. (For information about
using the Packet Capture utility or an analyzer to isolate these errors, see
“Guidelines for Using Packet Capture” and “Guidelines for Using a LAN
Protocol Analyzer” on page B-9.)
•
•
BayRS Versions earlier than 7.80 do not include the Packet Capture utility.
The 12-port ANH polls the internal repeater module for operational status; it
does not poll individual Ethernet repeater ports for connection (link) status.
Therefore, the 12-port ANH is aware of the connection between the baseboard
and repeater module, but is not aware of any connection between the repeater
module and the Ethernet network. If the repeater module interface state
reports an operational status, the 12-port ANH may continue to transmit
information through the repeater module even though a physical Ethernet
connection does not exist.
•
•
At the AN Monitor prompt, you cannot view the contents of the local file
system on the flash memory card. Be sure to remember the name of the
configuration file when performing a Directed Netboot from the AN Monitor
prompt.
You can issue a boot command from the AN Monitor prompt. Specify a local
boot by entering 1: for the volume name.
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Appendix C
Using the Quick-Start Local Boot Procedure
The Quick-Start procedure connects a new AN/ANH or ARN router to a managed
network using the Local Boot option and a default configuration file.
If you have read Chapter 1 and want to use Quick-Start to connect an AN/ANH or
to gather the network information required to complete the procedure. Be sure to
Topic
Page
What Is Quick-Start?
C-2
Using the Worksheets
C-2
Running the Quick-Start Script
C-13
Note: The worksheets in this appendix apply only to AN, ANH, and ARN
routers. See Quick-Starting Routers for all other Nortel Networks routers.
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What Is Quick-Start?
The Quick-Start procedure is the initial startup configuration, which does the
following:
•
•
Enables IP so that the router can connect to Site Manager
Starts a locally booted router running on the network
You perform the Quick-Start procedure by running the install.bat script (for an
AN/ANH) or the inst_arn.bat script (for an ARN), and entering information at the
prompts. The router automatically selects options for some prompts, and you can
accept default values for many of the other prompts.
Note: The Quick-Start procedure for the ARN is nearly identical to the
procedure for the AN/ANH. This appendix identifies any major differences;
the hardware installation manuals include model-specific instructions for
running the Quick-Start script.
Using the Worksheets
This appendix includes a series of worksheets to help you organize the network
information you need for your configuration and to answer Quick-Start prompts.
The worksheets contain the options for each prompt and provide space for you to
record the options you select.
Note: The install.bat and inst_arn.bat scripts allow for many possible
configurations. Since typical remote access uses a serial interface over a wide
area connection, the worksheets provide only the options for a serial
configuration. When you configure a LAN interface, base your decisions on
the information provided in each install.bat or inst_arn.bat prompt.
If you are not configuring the router yourself, fill out the worksheets for a person
at the router site and relay the worksheet information. Written for a person at the
router site, the guides Installing and Operating AN and ANH Systems and
Installing and Operating Passport ARN Routers include identical worksheets and
instructions for completing the Quick-Start procedure.
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Using the Quick-Start Local Boot Procedure
Nortel Networks recommends that you fill out the worksheets as follows:
1. Fill out the Global Information worksheet completely.
This worksheet lists options common to all synchronous interface
configurations.
2. After you record your protocol selections on the Global Information
worksheet, fill out one Router Protocol worksheet.
This worksheet lists options for RIP, OSPF, and static route configurations.
For example, if you select RIP as your routing protocol, you need only fill out
the RIP worksheet.
3. Fill out one Wide Area Protocol worksheet.
Relay, Standard PPP, and SMDS configurations. For example, if you select
Frame Relay as your wide area protocol, you need only fill out the Frame
Relay worksheet.
4. Run install.bat or inst_arn.bat as described in “Running the Quick-Start
Script” on page C-13.
Alternatively, a person at the AN/ANH or ARN router remote site can run the
Quick-Start script using a management console modem connection.
5. Once the router has an initial connection to the network, see Configuring
and Managing Routers with Site Manager to configure the router.
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Global Information Worksheet
This section contains the prompts and options for all AN/ANH or ARN router
synchronous configurations.
Global Information Worksheet
Prompt
Options
Your Response
Enter the module number AN/ANH only: Because the AN/ANH is not a Enter the number that
[1]:
link module, the router bypasses this step
corresponds to the
and automatically accepts a default slot of 1. module you want to use.
ARN only: The script lists the modules that
you can use to connect the router’s IP
network interface to Site Manager.
For example, the script might offer the
following options:
1. Ethernet on Base Module
2. Serial on Adapter Module 1
3. Ethernet Tri-Serial on Expansion Module
Driver Type:
If there is only one interface on the module
you chose, the script automatically selects
the driver type for that interface and
Enter the number that
corresponds to the driver
for the module you
bypasses this prompt. Otherwise, the script selected.
displays a menu of driver types. The actual
menu depends on the modules you have
installed.
For serial interfaces and
driver.
Enter connector number
[1]:
If there is only one connector on the module For information about the
you chose, the script automatically assigns a module locations and
connector number and bypasses this prompt. connector names, see
Otherwise, the script lists the available
connectors. For example, for an ARN with
five serial connectors, the options are as
follows:
Tables 3-1 to 3-4 in
Chapter 3.
1. COM1
2. COM2
3. COM3
4. COM4
5. COM5
(continued)
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Using the Quick-Start Local Boot Procedure
Your Response
Global Information Worksheet (continued)
Prompt
Options
Enter clock source
number [2]:
1. Internal
2. External
Enter clock speed number This prompt appears only if you chose an
[10]:
internal clock source.
The script lists a range of values, with 64K as
the default.
Enter circuit name [S#]: The script displays a default circuit name for Press the [Return] key.
the COM interface you selected (for example,
S11 for COM1 and S12 for COM2).
Enter IP address in
Enter the IP address for the COM interface.
dotted decimal notation:
Enter IP subnetwork mask Enter the subnet mask for the COM interface
in dotted decimal
IP address.
notation:
Is the router connected y(es)
Press the [Return] key.
to the same local area
network as the Site
Manager workstation?
(y/n) [n]:
n(o)
Enter routing protocol
number [1]:
1. RIP
2. OSPF
Complete the worksheet
for the protocol you select.
3. Static Route to Site Manager
Enter wide area protocol 1. Nortel Networks Point-to-Point Protocol
Complete the worksheet
for the protocol you select.
number [1]:
(Proprietary)
2. Frame Relay
3. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Standard
4. Switched Multimegabit Data Service
(SMDS)
Do you wish to set
SNMP community
management?
y(es)
n(o)
(y/n) [n]:
Setting up SNMP community management is
optional.
Enter (TFTP) volume
number [1]:
The script automatically selects 1 as the
TFTP default volume.
Do you want to enable
FTP? (y/n) [n]:
y(es)
n(o)
Enabling FTP is optional.
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Global Information Worksheet (continued)
Prompt
Options
Your Response
Enter (FTP) volume
number [1]:
The script automatically selects 1 as the FTP
default volume.
Do you want to enable TI y(es)
TELNET (y/n) [n]:
n(o)
Enabling Telnet is optional.
Do you wish to save this y(es)
configuration to a file? n(o)
(y/n) [y]
Press the [Return] key.
Press the [Return] key.
Enter filename
[startup.cfg]:
Nortel Networks recommends using the
default file name, startup.cfg.
ARN only: Do you wish to
set up another port/
module? (y/n) [y]
y(es)
n(o)
Type n and press the
[Return] key.
Router Protocol Worksheets
routing protocol choices on the Global Information worksheet:
•
•
•
RIP Worksheet (page C-6)
OSPF Worksheet (page C-7)
Static Route to Site Manager Worksheet (page C-9)
RIP Worksheet
Prompt
Options
Your Response
Should RIP listen to the
default route? (y/n) [n]:
y(es)
n(o)
Note: RIP listens to the static route (a
specific network or subnet route to the Site
Manager location). Answering y(es) to this
prompt forces RIP to also listen to the
default route (0.0.0.0). This is useful when
the RIP updates that the router receives do
not include the static route.
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Using the Quick-Start Local Boot Procedure
Your Response
OSPF Worksheet
Prompt
Options
Enter OSPF router ID in
dotted decimal notation:
Enter an IP address to uniquely identify
the router in the OSPF domain. The script
provides the IP address of the COM port
as the default. Nortel Networks suggests
using the default IP address.
ARN only: When using the script to
configure OSPF on more than one COM
port, do not accept the default IP address.
Enter the same address for each port.
Enter the OSPF area ID in
dotted decimal notation
[0.0.0.0]:
Enter the area ID. This ID must match the
area ID of the router’s neighbor.
Note: The backbone area ID is always
0.0.0.0.
Enable Simple Password
y(es)
authentication? (y/n) [n]: n(o)
Password:
Note: If you answer y(es), the router
requests a password.
______________
Follow default paths for
unknown subnets? (y/n)
[n]:
y(es)
n(o)
Enter OSPF MTU size
selection [1]:
1. Default
2. Ethernet size (Nortel Networks Series
5 compatible)
3. User Defined MTU
Enter OSPF interface type
selection [1]:
1. Broadcast
2. NBMA
3. Point-to-Point
4. Point-to-Multipoint (Proprietary)
5. Point-to-Multipoint (Per OSPF
Standard)
Note: When using a wide area protocol
other than Nortel Networks Proprietary
PPP, Nortel Networks suggests selecting
NBMA.
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
OSPF Worksheet (continued)
Prompt
Options
Your Response
Enter decimal value in
seconds for Hello Interval
[10]:
The script suggests the following intervals:
Broadcast -- 10 seconds
Point-to-Point -- 15 seconds
NBMA -- 20 seconds
Point-to-Multipoint --10 seconds
Note: This value must match all other
interfaces in the OSPF area for the
connection to occur.
Enter decimal value in
seconds for Router Dead
Interval [40]:
The script suggests the following intervals:
Broadcast -- 40 seconds
Point-to-Point -- 60 seconds
NBMA -- 80 seconds
Point-to-Multipoint (STD) -- 40 seconds
Note: This value must match all other
interfaces in the OSPF area for the
connection to occur.
Enter decimal value for
Router Priority [1]:
Enter a router priority value. The lower the
value (above zero), the higher the priority.
(For Broadcast, NBMA, or
Point-to-Multipoint)
Note: If you set the router priority to zero
(0), the router is not eligible to become the
designated router on this network.
Enter decimal value in
seconds for Poll Interval
[20]:
Enter the maximum number of seconds
between the Hello packets that the router
sends to an inactive NBMA neighbor.
(For NBMA only)
The script suggests a 20-second interval.
Enter addresses for all NBMA neighbors
Enter IP address of
neighbor in dotted decimal you want the router to communicate with.
notation or enter q to
quit:
When you finish entering addresses, type
q to quit.
(For NBMA only)
Enter IP address of
Enter addresses for the PPP neighbors
neighbor in dotted decimal you want the router to communicate with.
notation:
(For PPP only)
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Using the Quick-Start Local Boot Procedure
Static Route to Site Manager Worksheet
Prompt
Options
Your Response
Destination Network
[0.0.0.0]:
Enter the gateway address of the
destination network. An address of 0.0.0.0
specifies the default route.
Destination Network Mask
[0.0.0.0]:
Enter the subnet mask of the destination
network. A mask of 0.0.0.0 specifies the
default route.
Next-Hop Address:
Enter a next-hop address. All static routes
require a next-hop address in the same
subnet as the initial IP interface.
Follow the default route
for unknown subnets?
(y/n) [n]:
y(es)
n(o)
The default route does not apply for
subnets unless you type y at this prompt.
Wide Area Protocol Worksheets
•
•
•
•
Nortel Networks Proprietary PPP Worksheet (page C-10)
Frame Relay Worksheet (page C-11)
PPP Worksheet (page C-11)
SMDS Worksheet (page C-13)
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
Nortel Networks Proprietary PPP Worksheet
Prompt
Options
Your Response
Enter BofL (Breath of Life)
timer value (1-60) [5]:
Enter the maximum amount of time
between the transmission of BofL
messages.
Enter Local Address
selection [3]:
1. DCE
2. DTE
3. EXPLICIT
Note: Reverse the local and remote
address values when configuring the
device at the other end of the circuit.
(Exception: When connecting to a
Nortel Networks Series 5 router that
uses DCE/DTE addressing, use the
same local address value.)
Enter Remote Address
selection [3]:
1. DCE
2. DTE
3. EXPLICIT
Note: Reverse the local and remote
address values when configuring the
device at the other end of the circuit.
(Exception: When connecting to a
Series 5 router that uses DCE/DTE
addressing, use the same remote
address value.)
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Using the Quick-Start Local Boot Procedure
Your Response
Frame Relay Worksheet
Prompt
Options
Enter Management type [3]:
1. DLCMI None
2. Rev 1 LMI
3. ANSI T1 617D
4. CCITT Annex A
5. LMI Switch
6. Annex D Switch
7. Annex A Switch
Enter addressing type [4]:
1. ADDR Q.921
2. ADDR Q.922 (MARCH ’90)
3. ADDR Q.922 (NOVEMBER ’90)
4. ADDR Q.922
Enter address field length
[2]:
2. Two Bytes
3. Three Bytes
4. Four Bytes
Enter DLCI number [30]:
Enter the permanent virtual circuit
(PVC) number.
(For DLCMI None, LMI Switch, Annex D
Switch, and Annex A Switch only)
Note: The valid range for the DLCI
number is 16 to 1007.
PPP Worksheet
Prompt
Options
Your Response
Enter Remote IP address in
dotted decimal notation:
Enter the IP address of the peer
connection.
Do you wish to turn on the PPP y(es)
echo function? (y/n) [n]:
n(o)
Enable PAP (Password
Authentication Protocol)?
(y/n) [n]:
y(es)
n(o)
Note: If you answer y(es), the script
requests a PAP ID and password for
this interface. If you answer n(o), it
prompts you to enable CHAP.
(continued)
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
PPP Worksheet (continued)
Prompt
Options
Your Response
Enable CHAP (Challenge
Handshake Authentication
Protocol)? (y/n) [n]:
y(es)
n(o)
Note: If you answer y(es), the script
requests a CHAP secret for this
interface.
Does the Remote Peer have PAP y(es)
authentication enabled?
n(o)
(y/n) [n]:
Note: If you answer y(es), the script
requests the PAP ID and password for
the remote interface.
Enable the LQR (Link Quality
Reporting) Protocol?
(y/n) [n]:
y(es)
n(o)
See Configuring PPP Services for
information about the Link Quality
Reporting (LQR) protocol and LQR
packets.
Enable use of the Remote Peer y(es)
router’s LQR Timer?
n(o)
(y/n) [y]:
Type y if the remote peer router
maintains its own LQR timer for this
interface. Type n if the router is
responsible for maintaining the timer
for this interface.
(For LQR only)
Number of seconds (1-120)
[3]:
Enter the maximum number of
seconds between the transmission of
LQR packets.
(For LQR only)
Enter [inbound] success rate
percentage (1-100) [90]:
Enter the minimum acceptable
success rate (percentage) of packets
transmitted by the peer router and
received on this interface over the last
five LQR periods.
Enter [outbound] success rate Enter the minimum acceptable
percentage (1-100) [90]:
success rate (percentage) of packets
transmitted by this interface and
received by the peer router over the
last five LQR periods.
C-12
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Using the Quick-Start Local Boot Procedure
SMDS Worksheet
Requested Information
Options
Your Response
Enter 10-digit individual
address:
Enter the individual address
assigned by your SMDS service
provider.
Enter 10-digit group address: Enter the group address assigned
by your SMDS service provider.
Enter 10-digit arp address:
Enter the Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP) address assigned
by your SMDS service provider.
Running the Quick-Start Script
To quick-start an AN/ANH or ARN router, you run the install.bat (AN/ANH) or
inst_arn.bat (ARN) Technician Interface script, and respond to the prompts. The
router automatically selects options for some prompts, and you can accept default
values for many of the other prompts. You run the script as part of the Local Boot
process.
To perform the Quick-Start procedure:
1. Make sure that you have the completed worksheets with you.
2. Start the router.
3. At the Technician Interface prompt, enter Manager to log in.
Note: Manager is case-sensitive; use an uppercase M.
The Technician Interface mounts the local file system and displays the
command-line prompt.
4. To ensure that the router is using the configuration file (config) on the
local flash memory card, issue the getcfg command.
Look for the following line in the getcfg command display:
boot config = local
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
If the line appears in the command display, proceed to step 5; otherwise, do
the following:
a. Enter bconfig config local.
For information about the bconfig command, see “Setting the Boot
Configuration” in Chapter 4.
b. Restart the router by entering boot.
The Technician Interface login prompt appears.
c. Enter Manager to log in.
The Technician Interface command-line prompt appears.
5. Enter dir to check the contents of the flash memory card.
The software image file (an.exe or arn.exe), configuration file (config), and
Quick-Start script file (install.bat or inst_arn.bat) should appear among the
files listed.
6. Enter one of the following commands to start the Quick-Start script:
•
For the AN/ANH:
run install.bat
For the ARN:
•
run inst_arn.bat
7. Follow the script online.
See the list of Quick-Start commands in Table C-1.
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Using the Quick-Start Local Boot Procedure
Table C-1.
Task
Quick-Start Commands
Action
Details
Accept a default
value
Press [Return]
Your console displays default values in
brackets; for example, [E11].
Repeat a step (for
Press [Control]-c; When you press [Control]-c, the script
example, if you make then, type n
a mistake)
prompts Terminate script y/n?Type n
to return to the beginning of the step so that
you can reenter the information.
Stop the Quick-Start Press [Control]-c; When you press [Control]-c, the script
procedure
then, type y
prompts Terminate script y/n?Type y
to terminate the procedure and return to the
Technician Interface prompt.
To restart the Quick-Start procedure, reboot
the router by entering boot.
8. Using your completed Quick-Start worksheets, enter the appropriate
network information in response to the prompts.
The AN/ANH or ARN router uses this information to configure interfaces to
the network.
The script prompts you for information in this order:
•
•
•
•
•
The initial Global Information worksheet information
Specific protocol information
Wide area protocol selection
Specific protocol information
The rest of the Global Information worksheet information
After you enter all of the Global Information worksheet and protocol
information, the script displays a configuration summary and prompts you to
save the configuration to a file.
9. Save the configuration file.
Note: If the AN/ANH or ARN router will use a routine startup procedure
other than Directed Netboot, be sure to name the configuration file config.
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Configuring Remote Access for AN and Passport ARN Routers
The script begins to test the IP configuration (Figure C-1).
Testing local IP interface
ping -IP 192.32.00.000 -r5
IP ping: 192.32.00.000 is alive (size - 16 bytes)
IP ping: 192.32.00.000 is alive (size - 16 bytes)
IP ping: 192.32.00.000 is alive (size - 16 bytes)
IP ping: 192.32.00.000 is alive (size - 16 bytes)
IP ping: 192.32.00.000 is alive (size - 16 bytes)
This test attempts to ping the Site Manager workstation.
NOTE: If routing has not yet converged, an attempt
to ping the Site Manager workstation may fail. If
this happens, you may either enter a new IP address or
quit and wait a short period of time and try again from
the TI command line.
Type q<return> to cancel this test.
Enter IP address of Site Manager workstation:
Figure C-1.
Quick-Start IP Configuration Test
10. To continue with the IP configuration test, enter the IP address for the
Site Manager workstation.
To cancel the test, type q.
11. For the ARN only, specify whether you want to configure another
interface.
Type n to stop the Quick-Start script and return to the Technician Interface
prompt.
To configure another interface, type y to return to step 6.
12. At the Technician Interface prompt, enter logout to exit the Technician
Interface.
After the router creates and tests the configuration, it starts using the information
you entered to bridge and route traffic. To configure the router interfaces using
Site Manager, see Configuring and Managing Routers with Site Manager.
C-16
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Index
Symbols
B
/etc/inetd.conf file, 2-9, 2-10
/etc/services file, 2-2
bconfig command
examples, 4-4
format, 4-3
/usr/wf/config directory, 2-4
bf (boot file) tag, in bootptab file, 2-6
A
boot
file tag, 2-6
acronyms, xv
from AN Monitor, B-20
getcfg command display, 4-10, B-11
image, defined, 4-3
interrupting, 4-2
Local Boot, C-14
options, 1-3
process, 1-5
size tag, 2-6
while writing to a file, B-18
AIX operating system
BootPD, 2-3
TFTPD, 2-9
AN monitor
boot process and, 4-2, B-20
defined, 1-2, 4-2
logging in to, 4-2
using, 4-2, B-20
Boot Config From Network parameter, 3-7, A-2
Boot Config Pathname parameter, 3-7, A-3
Boot Image Pathname parameter, 3-7, A-3
Boot Server Address parameter, 3-7, A-3
an.exe file, B-20
analyzing packets
on a router, B-9
on the BootP server, B-9
ANH
BootP
12-port, 5-4, B-20
8-port, 5-3
repeater ports
enabling, 5-2
resetting and testing, 5-5, A-9
analyzing packets on a router, B-9
client interface table, 1-7, 3-14
failure of, B-2
pass-through, enabling, 3-10
relay agent forwarding table, 3-12
relay, enabling, 3-10
setting up, 2-2 to 2-13
Site Manager support, B-20
socket, 2-2
application files, generating, 3-6
applications, troubleshooting, B-5
arn.exe file, 1-3, B-20
testing, B-19
automated addressing. See IP address
BootP server
analyzing packets, B-9
BayRS version, B-19
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debugging, B-12
comparing startup options, 1-16
displaying IP routes, B-15
location of files, 3-5
configuration file
corrupted, B-17
not receiving BootP requests, B-4
troubleshooting, B-4, B-14
creating, 3-2
customized, 1-12, 1-15
default boot location, 1-4
defined, 1-3
BootPD
hint for creating, B-19
copying, 2-2
debugger tool, B-12
linking to TFTPD, 2-10
using the local, C-14
configuring
bootpd debugger tool, B-12
bootpd.dmp file, B-12
Directed Netboot, 2-1, 4-1
EZ-Install, 2-1, 3-1
interfaces, 4-1
Local Boot, C-1
Netboot, 2-1, 4-1
bootptab file
debugging, B-13
editing, 2-3 to 2-8
symbols in, 2-5
syntax, 2-4
Connector IP Address parameter, 3-9, A-4
Connector Next Hop parameter, 3-9, A-5
Connector parameter, 3-8, A-4
troubleshooting, B-14
break sequences, issuing, 4-2
broadcast address, 1-6
Connector State parameter, 3-9, A-6
Connector Subnet Mask parameter, 3-9, A-5
conventions, text, xiv
C
cost of line usage, 1-17
customer support, xviii
clocking, synchronous interface, 4-6
command-line interface
logging in to, 4-2
D
commands
daemon
bconfig
TFTP, 2-9
correcting router parameters with, B-2
examples, 4-4
debugging the BootP server, B-12
format, 4-3
boot, C-14
dir, C-14
default IP interface settings
Ethernet, 4-7, 4-8
get, B-8
synchronous, 4-6
getcfg, 4-10, B-2, B-10
ifconfig, 4-5 to 4-9
log, B-8
run inst_arn.bat
See Quick-Start procedure
run install.bat
deleting files, B-17
diagnostics monitor (AN Monitor), 1-2
dial-up access, B-8
dir command, C-14
direct access. See Frame Relay
See Quick-Start procedure
Directed Netboot
compacting files, B-18
bconfig command, 4-4
Index-2
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configuring
boot client, 4-1
Frame Relay
interfaces for, 3-1
server location, 4-3
description, 1-4
ifconfig command, 4-9
requirements, 1-4
direct access PVC, 1-6
group access PVC
example, 1-7
setting up, 3-14
settings, 4-6
worksheet for, C-11
DLCI and IP address pair
creating in client interface table, 3-14
example, 1-7
frames, displaying, B-16
G
DLCI Number parameter, 3-15, A-8
DLCMI settings, 4-6
gateway, 3-10
get command, B-8
driver, displaying MIB entry for, B-6
group access PVC. See Frame Relay
E
erasing files, B-17
H
error messages, displaying, B-8
HDLC encapsulation, 4-6
Ethernet interfaces
configuring, 4-7
HP 9000. See HP-UX
ifconfig settings, 4-7
HP-UX
adding a TFTP user, 2-11
BootPD, 2-3
event log, router, 4-11, B-8
providing TFTPD access, 2-9
Events Manager tool, B-8
I
EZ-Install, 1-5 to 1-11
configuring, 2-1, 3-1
ifconfig command, 4-5
description, 1-4
initial startup option, 1-19
requirements, 1-4
image, software
corrupted, B-17
troubleshooting, B-2 to B-5
generating, 3-5
getting from a BootP server, 1-9
preparing, 3-6
specifying location of, 4-3
transferring, B-20
upgrading, B-17
F
FDDI limitation, B-20
file system, local, C-14
implementation notes, B-20
incoming interface, specifying, 3-12
files
inetd.conf file
corrupted, B-17
naming restrictions, 3-5
transferring. See TFTP
editing, 2-3
loading changes into memory, 2-12
setting up static routes, 2-11
format command, B-17
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troubleshooting, B-4
L
initial startup options, 1-13
LAN protocol analyzer, B-9
Input IP Address parameter, 3-13, A-7
inst_arn.bat file, running, C-13
line usage, minimizing
bandwidth, 1-18
cost, 1-17
IP address
assigning manually, 1-20, 4-5
DLCI, 3-14
failure, B-2
linking BootPD and TFTPD, 2-10
LMI, Frame Relay, 4-6
input parameter, A-7
obtaining automatically, 1-5
options for obtaining
EZ-Install, 1-5, 4-5
Local Boot, 1-12
Local Boot
description, 1-3
initial startup option, 1-22
using, C-1
Netboot or Directed Netboot, 4-5
output parameter, A-7
tag, 2-5
local file system
mounting, C-13
viewing, C-14
IP Address parameter, 3-15, A-8
log command, B-8
IP interface
login procedures, 4-2
Ethernet
synchronous
M
memory
connector setting, 4-6, 4-7
default settings, 4-6
allocation hints, B-19
preventing saturation, 1-17
IP routes
minimizing cost of line usage, 1-17
changing, 2-11
displaying, B-15
N
ip tag, in bootptab file, 2-5
naming configuration files, 3-5
K
Netboot
adding an interface for, 3-8 to 3-9, A-6
bconfig command, 4-1
configuring, 2-1, 3-1, 4-1
description, 1-4
requirements, 1-4
kernel files, 1-3
krnl_an.exe file
description, 1-3
generating, 3-6
upgrading, B-17
verifying as boot image, B-3
troubleshooting, B-3 to B-5
netstat command, 2-12, B-15
network analyzer, B-9
krnl_arn.exe file
description, 1-3
generating, 3-6
specifying instead of arn.exe file, B-3
upgrading, B-17
verifying as boot image, B-3
next-hop router
configuring, 3-14
not receiving BootP requests, B-2, B-3
not sending BootP responses, B-2, B-4
Nortel Networks Standard PPP
Index-4
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ifconfig options, 4-6
Quick-Start worksheets, C-9
defined, 1-15, C-2
inst_arn.bat script, C-14
install.bat script, C-14
running, C-13
using, C-14
O
operating systems, 2-3
R
options for obtaining startup files
application files, 1-3
string files, 1-3
remote dial-up, B-8
options for obtaining the IP address
Directed Netboot, 1-5
EZ-Install, 1-5
repeater ports, Ethernet, A-9
enabling, 5-2
Local Boot, 1-12
Netboot, 1-5
resetting, 5-5, A-9
testing, A-9
Optivity software, 1-1
OSPF, worksheet for, C-7
Reset parameter, 5-5, A-9
outgoing interface, specifying, 3-12
Output IP Address parameter, 3-13, A-7
resetting and testing ANH repeater ports, 5-5, A-9
resetting the router while writing to a file, B-18
RFC 1048, 2-7
P
RouterMan, 1-1
Packet Capture utility, B-9, B-20
routine startup options, 1-16
packets
analyzing, B-9
displaying forwarded and dropped, B-16
S
PathMan, 1-1
saturation of router memory, preventing, 1-17
Selftest parameter, 5-5, A-9
path-name restrictions, 3-5
pound sign in bootptab file, 2-5
Site Manager, 1-16
PPP worksheets
slot number, C-4
Nortel Networks Proprietary, C-9
Standard, C-11
Slot parameter, A-4
sm (subnet mask) tab, in bootptab file, 2-5
product support, xviii
publications
hard copy, xvii
software image
Q
an.exe file, 1-3
arn.exe file, 1-3
default boot location, 1-4
definition of, 1-2
preparing, 3-2
Quick Get tool, B-8
Quick-Start procedure
commands, C-14
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restoring, B-18, B-20
testing, B-19
T
upgrading, B-17
T129 size tag, in bootptab file, 2-5
T130 size tag, in bootptab file, 2-5
software, configuration
AN Monitor, 1-2
tags in bootptab file
definition, 2-6
format, 2-5
Optivity, 1-1
Site Manager, 1-1
Technician Interface, 1-2
tc (table continuation) tag, in bootptab file, 2-6
technical publications, xvii
Solaris
copying BootPD, 2-3
TFTPD access, 2-9
technical support, xviii
Telnet, enabling (Quick-Start), C-6
startup options
completing, 1-18
testing
displaying, 4-10, B-10
initial
coordinating with remote site, 1-13
EZ-Install, 1-19
Local Boot, 1-22
text conventions, xiv
TFTP
adding an HP 9000 user, 2-11
example, 1-10, 1-11
interruption, B-17
Netboot, 1-20, 1-21
routine
Directed Netboot, 1-17, 1-18
transferring software image file, B-20
See also Directed Netboot, EZ-Install, Local Boot,
TFTP Daemon (TFTPD)
linking to BootPD, 2-10
setting up, 2-9
selecting routine, 1-16
summary, 1-4
tg variable in bootptab file, 2-5
Timeout Secs. parameter, 3-13, 3-15
static routes to next-hop routers, setting up, 2-11
Statistics Manager tool, B-8
token ring interfaces
configuring, 4-8
string files
ifconfig settings, 4-8
limitation, B-20
definition, 1-3
generating, 3-6
troubleshooting, B-1 to B-16
Sun workstations, 2-2
U
SunOS
copying BootPD, 2-3
TFTPD access, 2-9
UDP, 2-2
underscore symbol in bootptab file, 2-5
UNIX workstation, 2-1
support, Nortel Networks, xviii
symbols in bootptab file, 2-5
upgrading the software image, B-17
synchronous interfaces
configuring, 4-5
upstream router
displaying MIB entry, B-7
ifconfig settings, 4-6
definition, 3-14
not receiving BootP requests, B-2, B-3
not sending BootP responses, B-2, B-4
receiving IP address from, 1-5
syntax of bootptab file, 2-4
System Administration Manager (SAM), 2-11
Index-6
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V
vendor magic field, 2-7, B-13
volume, specifying, B-17
W
wfBootpRelayIntfEntry, B-16
wfCSMACDEntry, B-7
wfDrivers, B-6
wfSyncEntry, B-7
wfTokenRingEntry, B-7
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